Allied war crimes in World War II

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The Allied war crimes in World War II were violations of international martial law by the Allies in World War II , which were directed against the civilian population or against the military of the Axis powers .

Government policy

The military of the western allies were instructed by their governments to comply with the Geneva Conventions . They assumed they were waging a just war . Even when violations of the conventions occurred, no most serious violations, such as genocide, were committed.

Europe

Belgium

In a massacre in Chenogne, Belgium (about 8 km from Bastogne), American soldiers shot around 60 German prisoners of war from the Wehrmacht on New Year's Day 1945 after they had been ordered not to take prisoners.

Great Britain

On their retreat from Belgium from the rapidly advancing Wehrmacht in 1940, Polish soldiers under British command killed the Belgian racing cyclist Julien Vervaecke (1899–1940). As the owner of a restaurant in Menen, he had fought against the devastation of the same by the British. On May 24, 1940, he was forcibly abducted by soldiers and probably shot the next day in Roncq , France .

There were repeated shooting of shipwrecked German marines by crews of British warships.

After the sinking of the German destroyer Z 12 Erich Giese by the British destroyers HMS Cossack (F03) and HMS Foxhound (H69) on 13/14. April 1940 off Norway, the German shipwrecked men were shot at.

After the Wehrmacht invaded Greece, on May 12, 1941, the British submarine Rorqual (LCdr Dewhurst) sank the Greek motor sailor Osia Paraskevi (Οσία Παρασκευή), which was on the way from Kastron ( Limnos ) to Kavala . The seven Greek crew members were previously allowed to board a lifeboat, while the 4 German soldiers were prevented from doing so by force of arms. After the ship was sunk, the four swimming Germans were shot with machine guns.

On July 9, 1941, the British submarine HMS Torbay (N79) sank a German motor sailor off Crete. Seven German soldiers, members of a mountain division in Crete, who had escaped in a rubber dinghy, were arrested on the orders of the submarine commander LtCdr. Miers shot with machine guns. The first officer on watch and a seaman refused to take part in the shooting. The same submarine sank several other German motor gliders and prevented the crews from disembarking. There was never any trial against LtCdr Miers.

Canada

According to Mithcham and von Stauffenberg , soldiers of The Loyal Edmonton Regiment in Sicily killed several German prisoners in Leonforte in July 1943 .

According to the new research by Antony Beevor , several cases of German prisoners of war were shot during Operation Overlord , v. a. Member of the Waffen-SS , by Canadian soldiers. Some of these war crimes are directly related to the massacre of Canadians in the Abbaye d'Ardenne for which Kurt Meyer of the 12th SS Panzer Division "Hitler Youth" was responsible. Meyer later accused the Canadian Forces of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division of violating the Hague Conventions during Operation Overlord in northern France in 1944 . He claimed that as early as June 7th, records had been found ordering no prisoners to be taken if they interfered with the operations. Kurt Meyer also relies on evidence from Bernhard Siebken's war crimes trial, in which the Canadian infantry were accused of having shot German soldiers on at least one occasion who surrendered during the attack. Beevor also expresses the suspicion, albeit in clauses, that SS soldiers of the "Hitler Youth" division captured during the Battle of Falaise on August 8 and 9 were also killed by members of the Second Canadian Corps.

CP Stacey, the official Canadian battle historian, reports that on April 14, 1945, a rumor had spread that the commanding officer of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada was killed by a civilian sniper . As a result , in a mistaken retaliation, the Highlanders set fire to civilian properties in Friesoythe . Stacey later wrote that the Highlanders first removed the German civilians from the properties and then set the houses on fire. He commented that "luckily he can say that [he] never heard of any other similar case."

France

Maquis

After the " Operation Dragoon " landings in southern France and the collapse of the German military occupation in August 1944, only a few Germans managed to flee France, which is why many surrendered to the French armed forces inside . The Resistance killed some of their German prisoners of war, most of them members of the Gestapo or the SS .

On September 10, 1944, the Maquis killed 17 German prisoners of war in Saint-Julien-de-Crempse in the Dordogne department , of whom 14 could be identified. The murders were retaliatory acts for German murders of 17 residents of the village of St. Julien on August 3, 1944, which were also committed in retaliation for activities of the Resistance in the area of ​​St. Julien, which was then home to an active Maquis cell.

Moroccan goumiers

French- Moroccan troops of the Corps expéditionnaire français en Italie (CEF), also known as Goumiers , committed crimes en masse in Italy, during the Battle of Monte Cassino , and in Germany. According to European sources, more than 12,000 civilians, mainly young and old women and children, were kidnapped, raped or killed by the Goumiers. This topic was also dealt with in the Italian film And Yet They Live , with Sophia Loren .

Mass rapes, looting and assaults while taking south-west Germany and Vorarlberg

During and after the occupation of towns and villages, French troops were very likely to commit rape, looting and other attacks, including shootings. The French officers usually let their troops go for several days. In some places, however, they intervened drastically after a few days by having them executed for such acts if the perpetrators were colonial soldiers, Moroccan goumiers, Algerians or Senegalese. In many cases, residents who supported the Nazi regime or protested against the attacks were victims of killings or abuse. Hostage shootings also took place, for example in Reutlingen, where the captain of the security service of the French army, Max Rouché (1902–1985) - a professor of German studies in Bordeaux - on April 24, 1945 as reprisal on the suspected murder of a French soldier who died in a traffic accident, had four German civilians executed as hostages. Among the cities where mass rape was committed were Stuttgart , Pforzheim , Freudenstadt , Magstadt and many others.

The Württemberg hospital town of Freudenstadt was not defended by German troops and had been declared an open town . Nevertheless, the city suffered a heavy French bomb attack. French troops shelled them with HE shells and incendiary shells on April 16 and 17, 1945; Then soldiers of the 3rd Moroccan Spahi Regiment under Major (later General) Christian de Castries entered Freudenstadt without a fight. They and subsequent French units looted for up to five days. They started numerous fires (including at the town hall), banned extinguishing and prevented German people wishing to extinguish fire from doing so by force. There were numerous rapes by French-Moroccan occupation soldiers. One doctor, Renate Lutz, stated that over 600 women raped had been treated for treatment in her practice alone.

Soviet Union

Katyn monument
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The Soviet Union had not signed the 1929 Geneva Conventions on the Treatment of Prisoners of War. This raises the question among historians whether the Soviet treatment of prisoners of war constituted war crimes. According to the sources, the Axis prisoners of war were "[not] even remotely treated according to the Geneva Conventions" and hundreds of thousands fell victim to imprisonment. Nevertheless, this line of argument was rejected at the Nuremberg Trials, on the grounds that the Hague Conventions (which did not replace the 1929 Geneva Conventions, but expanded them and, unlike the 1929 Conventions, were ratified by the Soviet Union), as well as other international martial law are binding for all nations.

Other cases of mass rape and other war crimes occurred during the occupation of East Prussia and Danzig , in parts of Pomerania and Silesia, and during the Battle of Berlin .

In the spring of 1940, several thousand Polish officers were murdered by Soviet troops in the Katyn massacre . The massacre was an action ordered by Josef Stalin and carried out by the NKVD . A total of around 24,000 Poles were killed in this massacre, mainly from the country's military and intellectual elite.

Yugoslavia

In Yugoslavia, after the victory of the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army, especially in May and June 1945, there were mass executions of members of the Croatian Ustasha militia, the Croatian Domobrani , the Slovenian Domobranci , Serbian Chetniks and German associations. Around 2000 members of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division “Prinz Eugen” were shot near Brežice . Thousands of shot Slovenes, Croats and Serbs lie in mass graves that have only been explored in the years since the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, including in the Gottscheer Hornwald ( Kočevski Rog ), in Tezno or in the Barbara tunnel near Huda Jama. In 1945, thousands of members of the Wehrmacht died in so-called atonement marches.

United States of America

Several SS men were shot dead by angry US soldiers in the Dachau concentration camp shortly after the liberation.

In the judgment of historians, the following war crimes occurred by the United States :

  • The Canicattì massacre (July 1943): At least six Italian civilians were killed on the orders of Lieutenant Colonel McCaffrey. The then initiated, secret investigation did not lead to any punishment of McCaffrey. The incident remained unknown for a long time until Joseph S. Salemi of New York University published an article on the subject.
  • The Biscari massacre : In July and August 1943, 76 unarmed prisoners of war (two Germans, 74 Italians) were killed by US troops.
  • Operation Teardrop : Eight of the surviving, captured crew members of the sunk German submarine U 546 were tortured by US military personnel. The US historian Philip K. Lundeberg wrote that the chastisement and torture of the survivors of the U 546 was a one-off act of violence with the aim of obtaining information about possible rocket attacks on US soil from German submarines as quickly as possible.
  • Operation Overlord 1944: According to research by Antony Beevor (published in 2010), who produced several eyewitness accounts, US soldiers, as well as Canadians and British , committed a number of war crimes, in particular the shooting of German prisoners of war. In part, this is due to the severity of the fighting. Among other things, they were members of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions .
  • Battle of the Bulge : After the Malmedy massacre , a written order from the headquarters of the 328th Infantry Regiment, dated December 21, 1944, was found, which stated that no SS troops or paratroopers would be taken prisoner, but rather immediately upon visual contact shoot.
  • Fighting in the Reich territory in 1945: When Major-General Raymond Hufft (US Army) crossed the Rhine in 1945, he ordered his troops not to take any prisoners. After the war, when he pondered the war crimes he authorized, he admitted that "if the Germans had won, I would have been indicted in Nuremberg instead of them". Stephen Ambrose stated: “I interviewed well over 1,000 veterans. Only one of them said that he shot a prisoner [...]. Perhaps a third of the veterans […] could, however, remember incidents where they saw how other GIs shot unarmed German prisoners with their hands raised. ”The historian Klaus-Dietmar Henke determined by evaluating various sources (veterans and association literature, available Publications, local literature and files; the latter two source materials, however, only for southern Germany) "92 local clues in Germany, where - with all fundamental reservations - American war crimes against German soldiers could have occurred ." Henke refers as an example that he was able to verify on the killing of possibly 20 SS soldiers prisoner of war in the community of Jungholzhausen (district of Schwäbisch Hall) on 15./16. April 1945. Increasingly, such war crimes occurred where the Americans still had to accept losses in the last days of the war - "as between Main, Neckar and Jagst." The US-American historian Justin Michael Harris, who in his online work on the motifs investigates the killing of prisoners by US soldiers in Europe from 1943 to 1945, has identified a number of cases, especially from American veteran literature, in which individual members of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, but also entire groups, were killed for various reasons after their capture ; The units to which the perpetrators belonged are named without exception. Overall, Henke judges the research situation: "The [US] Army itself has apparently not followed up on information and rumors in 1945 or later, so that this dark chapter can probably never be clarified beyond doubt and the aura of a dubious favorite topic of apologetic authors can be stripped of its clothes." (P. 926).
  • In the American-occupied Bavaria there were numerous cases of sexual violence after the invasion. The historian Miriam Gebhardt refers to 540 invasion reports of the Catholic pastors of the Archdiocese of Munich-Freising . These reports provide dramatic evidence that rape occurred in almost every village in 1945.
  • On April 18, 1945, a Waffen-SS combat group surrendered to the Americans during the Battle of Nuremberg . The prisoners were taken to a cemetery and shot there. The case was investigated by the police after the end of the war; the police report mentions eight victims.
  • In the Lippach massacre , 36 newly drafted Waffen-SS recruits were murdered by US Army soldiers.
  • On May 1, 1945, six prisoners of war members of the Waffen SS were shot in Haar (near Munich) . A resident tried unsuccessfully to prevent the crime, but was sent away by the Americans. Those shot were buried in the local cemetery.

Asia and the Pacific

"In the final years of the war against Japan, the Japanese reluctance to give up was in cruel harmony with the Allies' lack of interest in taking prisoners," said John W. Dower, a social historian of the Pacific War. Dower suggests that most Japanese soldiers have been told that they would be "killed or tortured" if they fell into Allied hands.

As a result, when defeat became apparent, most Japanese soldiers fought to the death or committed suicide. There was also the perception that it would be shameful and disgraceful for a Japanese soldier to surrender, which increased the tendency to fight to the death. Even the Japanese Field Service Code stated that giving up was not allowed. There were also widespread reports at the time that Japanese prisoners killed Allied medics, field doctors and guards with hidden weapons after they surrendered. This led many Allied soldiers to consider taking prisoners too risky.

China

According to Rudolph Joseph Rummel, there is little information about the treatment of Japanese prisoners of war by the NRA during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).
However, in addition to Chinese civilians and recruits, Japanese civilians were also mistreated by Chinese soldiers. The Chinese farmers were "often no less afraid of their own soldiers than they were of the Japanese," said Rummel. For example, 90% of NRA recruits died of illness, malnutrition or the effects of violence before they even started basic training.

The following are examples of war crimes committed by the Chinese armed forces:

  • In 1937 there were violent attacks, torture and murder in Shanghai by Chinese soldiers against Japanese prisoners of war and Chinese civilians, who were accused of collaborating . Some of these scenes were captured in pictures by the Swiss businessman Tom Simmen. (The photos were published by Simmen's son in 1996 and show NRA soldiers arbitrarily executed by beheading and shooting, as well as public torture.)
  • During the Tongzhou incident in August 1937, Chinese soldiers previously recruited by Japan switched sides and killed 250 civilians and 20 Japanese military personnel.
  • In May 1943, the nationalist troops in Hubei Province ordered the evacuation and subsequent looting of entire villages. Civilians who refused to leave or were unable to leave were killed.

Australia

According to Mark Johnston, "the killing of unarmed Japanese was normal". The Australian commanders tried to put pressure on the troops to take prisoners, but the soldiers were extremely reluctant to carry out the order. According to Charles Lindbergh, prisoners were often thrown from airplanes and then told they had committed suicide. The consequence of this behavior, according to Johnston, was that "some Japanese soldiers were undoubtedly deterred from surrendering to the Australians".

United States of America

In the Pacific, surrendering Japanese soldiers were often deliberately killed by the Americans. According to Richard Aldrich, who published a study of the diaries kept by US and Australian soldiers, there were sometimes even massacres of prisoners of war. Dower explains that in "many cases [...] Japanese who were captured were shot on the spot or on the way to the prison yard." According to Aldrich, it was a common practice among US troops not to take prisoners .

This analysis is supported by British historian Niall Ferguson , who also says that in 1943 “a confidential [US] intelligence report noted that just the promise of ice cream and three days off […] would convince American soldiers, surrender Japanese not to kill ".

According to Ferguson, such practices were, among other things, the reason for the low rate of captured to killed soldiers (about 1: 100) at the end of 1944. In the same year, high-ranking Allied commanders tried to put an end to the "no prisoner" attitude among their soldiers, to get Japanese soldiers to surrender. The main reason for this was that current practices restricted the collection of intelligence information by prisoners. According to Ferguson, the actions taken by commanders improved the rate of captured to killed Japanese soldiers to 1 in 7 by mid-1945. However, it was still common practice among US forces not to take prisoners at the Battle of Okinawa from April to June 1945.

Ulrich Straus, an American Japanologist , suggests that US troops at the front developed an intense hatred of Japanese military personnel, which is why they were “not easily persuaded” to take prisoners or to protect them. This is mainly due to the then common view that surrendering Allied military personnel would receive “no mercy” from the Japanese. Allied soldiers believed that the Japanese soldiers would tend to fake surrender and then launch surprise attacks. Because of this, according to Straus, "senior officers opposed the order to take prisoners, on the assumption that American troops would be exposed to unnecessary danger [...]." When prisoners were taken nonetheless in the Battle of Guadalcanal , the Army Interrogator Captain Burden said that many prisoners were shot during the transport because "it was too much trouble to take them away."

Ferguson suggests that “It wasn't just a fear of disciplinary action or a matter of honor that kept German or Japanese soldiers from surrendering. Much more important was the view of most of the soldiers that the prisoners would be killed by the enemy anyway, so you could just keep fighting. "

The American historian James J. Weingartner attributes the extremely low number of Japanese prisoners of war to two important factors. These were, on the one hand, the reluctance of the Japanese to surrender and, on the other hand, a widespread American “view that the Japanese were 'animals' or 'subhumans' and thus did not deserve appropriate treatment for prisoners of war”. A final reason is supported by Ferguson, who says that "Allied troops saw the Japanese as the Germans saw the Russians - as subhumans ."

The mutilation of Japanese corpses

The Allied practice of collecting Japanese body parts happened on such a "scale that even the Allied military authorities concerned themselves with during the conflict and that the American and Japanese war press reported and commented on extensively."

The collection of Japanese body parts began relatively early in the war, whereupon an order for disciplinary action against the collection of such "souvenirs" was issued in September 1942.

When Japanese remains were sent back from the Mariana Islands , around 60% of the bodies were missing their heads.

The Judge Advocate General (JAG) of the US Army stated in a memorandum dated June 13, 1944 that "such cruel and brutal methods", in addition to being repulsive, were violations of martial law. He recommended the dissemination of a directive to all commanders, which should emphasize that “the mistreatment of enemy war dead is a blatant violation of the Geneva Conventions of 1929, which stated: After every engagement, the war participant who remains in possession of the field should take action to search for the wounded and dead and to protect them from robbery and abuse. "

These practices were also in violation of the unwritten, customary rules of land warfare and could result in the death penalty. A week later, this point was confirmed by the US Navy JAG, which also added that "the cruel behavior of some US personnel could result in retribution by the Japanese, which would be condemned under international law."

Rapes

There were allegations that some US soldiers raped Okinawan women during the Battle of Okinawa (1945).

The Okinawan historian (and former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives ) Oshiro Masayasu writes, based on years of research:

“Shortly after the US marines landed, all women in a village on the Motobu Peninsula fell into the hands of American soldiers. At that time there were only women, children and old people in the village, as all young men had been mobilized for the war. Shortly after the landing, the Marines 'mixed up' the entire village but found no signs of Japanese forces. Taking advantage of the situation, they began a 'hunt for women' in the middle of the day, and those who were hiding in the village or in neighboring bomb shelters were pulled out one by one. "

Even so, Japanese civilians “were often amazed at the comparatively humane treatment they received from the American enemy.” According to Mark Selden and Laura Hein (in Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power ), “[Americans] did not pursue methods such as torture , Rape and murder of civilians that the Japanese military warned about. "

After the Japanese abandoned Kanagawa Prefecture , there were 1336 rapes reported during the first ten days of the occupation.

Instrumentalization by Holocaust deniers

The focus on actual or perceived crimes committed by allies during the war is also part of the literature of Holocaust deniers , especially in countries where Holocaust denial is prohibited. According to historian Deborah Lipstadt , the concept of "comparable Allied mistakes" such as the evictions and the Allied war crimes is central and is a recurring theme of contemporary Holocaust denial; a phenomenon which she calls “immoral equivalences”.

See also

Portal: Imperialism and World Wars / Second World War  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the subject of imperialism and World Wars / Second World War
Portal: Military  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the military topic

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Martin K. Sorge: The Other Price of Hitler's War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II. Greenwood Press, 1986, p. 147. ISBN 0-313-25293-9 .
  2. ↑ Peter Schrijvers: The unknown dead. Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge. University Press of Kentucky, 2005, pp. 303 f. ISBN 0-8131-2352-6 .
  3. ↑ The German cyclist. June 18, 1941.
  4. ↑ Patrick Cornillie, Rik Vanwalleghem: Karel van Wijnendaele. Lannoo Uitgeverij, 2006, ISBN 90-209-6547-6 .
  5. ^ Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart: killing of castaways .
  6. ↑ Alfred de Zayas : The Wehrmacht investigation center. Documentation of Allied war crimes in World War II. 7th ext. Edition Langen Müller, Munich 2001, pp. 368–376.
  7. ^ Alfred de Zayas (2001), pp. 377-380.
  8. ^ Paul Chapman: Submarine Torbay. Hale, London 1989, pp. 59-67.
  9. ^ Samuel Mitcham and Friedrich von Stauffenberg. The battle of Sicily .
  10. ^ Antony Beevor: D-Day. The battle for Normandy. C. Bertelsmann Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-570-10007-3 , p. 198 f., P. 288.
  11. ↑ a b Meyer (1957), p. 233.
  12. ^ Antony Beevor: D-Day. P. 460.
  13. ^ Stacey (1960), p. 558.
  14. ↑ Stacey 1982, pp. 163-164.
  15. ^ Antony Beevor: D-Day. Viking, 2009, p. 447.
  16. ^ After the battle. Magazine, Issue 143.
  17. ↑ Italian women win cash for wartime rapes dead link.
  18. ↑ "1952: Il caso delle" marocchinate "al Parlamento" .
  19. ↑ Ian Kershaw : The End. Fight to the end. Nazi Germany 1944/45. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-05807-2 , p. 417; Marc Hillel: L'occupation française 1945-1949. Balland 1983, p. 107; Friedrich Blumenstock: The invasion of the Americans and French in northern Württemberg in April 1945. Stuttgart 1957, p. 231ff.
  20. ↑ Facts and background information on the shooting of the hostages in Reutlingen in 1945. In: Reutlinger General-Anzeiger. April 16, 2005, accessed October 30, 2016.
  21. ↑ Hans Rommel: Ten years ago. April 16/17, 1945. How it came to the destruction of Freudenstadt. Publishing house Oskar Kaupert, Freudenstadt 1955, DNB 454186762 . (Freudenstädter Heimatblätter Supplement 1).
  22. ↑ Annette Bruhns: The war against women. on: spiegel.de , 2005.
  23. ↑ Annette Bruhns: The war against women . Ed .: Spiegel Special. No. 2 , 2005, The Eastern Campaign, p. 84 .
  24. ↑ Margarete Dörr: "Whoever hasn't seen time ...". Women's experiences in World War II and in the years after . Campus Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-593-36095-0 , pp. 575 .
  25. ↑ Case Study: Soviet Prisoners-of-War (POWs), 1941–1942 . Gendercide Watch website.
  26. ^ Matthew White: Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm: Stalin.
  27. ↑ POWs and the laws of war: World War II legacy . Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2003.
  28. ↑ Jennifer K. Elsea (Legislative Attorney American Law Division): Federation of American Scientists CRS Report for Congress. Lawfulness of Interrogation Techniques under the Geneva Conventions. (PDF; 187 kB). September 8, 2004, p. 24, first paragraph (see also: footnotes 93 and 87).
  29. ^ Process of the Wehrmacht High Command . December 30, 1947 to October 28, 1948, Part VIII ( Memento of October 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ).
  30. ↑ James Mark: Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944-1945. In: Past & Presen. 188, 2005, pp. 133-161.
  31. ^ William I. Hitchcock : The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945-2002. Excerpt, Chapter One ( Memento of March 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), 2003, ISBN 0-385-49798-9 .
  32. ^ Alfred de Zayas : A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950. 1994, ISBN 0-312-12159-8 .
  33. ↑ Elizabeth B. Walter: Barefoot in the Rubble. 1997, ISBN 0-9657793-0-0 .
  34. ^ Antony Beevor : They raped every German female from eight to 80. In: The Guardian . May 1, 2002.
  35. ↑ Tamara Griesser-Pecar: The torn people. Slovenia 1941-1946. Occupation, collaboration, civil war, revolution. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-205-77062-5 .
  36. ^ Ekkehard Völkl: Settlement furor in Croatia. In: Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Hans Woller (ed.): Political cleansing in Europe. The reckoning with fascism and collaboration after World War II. Munich 1991, ISBN 3-423-04561-2 , pp. 358-394.
  37. ↑ John Prcela, Stanko Guldescu (ed.): Operation Slaughterhouse. Eyewitness Accounts of Postwar Massacres in Yugoslavia. Philadelphia 1970.
  38. ↑ Kurt W. Böhme: On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Volume I / 1: The German prisoners of war in Yugoslavia 1941–1949. Munich 1962, p. 134.
  39. ↑ George Herbert McCaffrey (1890-1954)
  40. ^ Giovanni Bartolone: Le altre stragi: Le stragi alleate e tedesche nella Sicilia del 1943–1944.
  41. ↑ George Duncan: Massacres and Atrocities of World War II in the Axis Countries. ( Memento from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  42. ↑ James J. Weingartner: A Peculiar Crusadee: Willis M. Everett and the Malmedy massacre . NYU Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8147-9366-5 , p. 118.
  43. ↑ James J. Weingartner: Massacre at Biscari: Patton and an American War Crime. In: Historian. August 23, 2007, Volume 52, Issue 1, pp. 24-39.
  44. ^ Philip K. Lundeberg: Operation Teardrop Revisited. In: Timothy J. Runyan, Jan M. Copes: To Die Gallantly: The Battle of the Atlantic. Westview Press, Boulder 1994, ISBN 0-8133-8815-5 , pp. 221-226.
  45. ↑ Clay Blair : Hitler's U-Boat War. The Hunted, 1942-1945. (Modern Library ed.). Random House, New York 1998, ISBN 0-679-45742-9 , p. 687.
  46. ^ Antony Beevor: D-Day. The battle for Normandy. Munich 2010, pp. 67, 80–83, 120 f., 136, 163, 176, 183 f., 193, 198 f., 221, 228 f., 232, 241 f., 253, 275 f., 288 f., 318, 374, 403 f., 411, 420, 460, 466, 475 f., 497, 519, 536, 540.
  47. ^ Bradley A. Thayer: Darwin and international relations. P. 186.
  48. ^ Bradley A. Thayer: Darwin and international relations. 189. In the footnote there (No. 194) he cites Joanna Bourke, 'An Intimate History of Killing', p. 170 as the source (the 6th chapter of the book deals with war crimes). Bourke cites Newsweek, April 12, p. 28 (Judgment at Fort Benning ) as a source.
  49. ^ Bradley A. Thayer: Darwin and international. P. 190.
  50. ↑ Klaus-Dietmar Henke: The American Occupation of Germany , Munich 1995, p. 926, note 767 (emphasis in the original).
  51. ^ Justin Michael Harris: American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II (Texas State University-San Marcos, Dept. of History, 2009) .
  52. ↑ Sexual violence in the American zone of occupation. on: BR-Online.
  53. ↑ Gebhardt, When the soldiers came. The rape of German women at the end of the Second World War , DVA 2015, ISBN 978-3-421-04633-8 , Chapter 3 (p. 115–168), Einmarschberichte p. 123ff.
  54. ^ Nuremberg City Archives: C 31 Police Headquarters; C 31 / I Criminal Police, No. 20–22.
  55. ^ Karl Kunze: End of the war in Franconia and the battle for Nuremberg . Verlag Edelmann, Nuremberg 1995, ISBN 3-87191-207-7 .
  56. ^ Alfred Paffrath, Gertraud Wildmoser, Alfred Wildmoser: The community hair - a chronicle . Haar parish, Haar 1998.
  57. ↑ Haar - A Place of Serious Crime . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . May 5, 2015.
  58. ^ John W. Dower: War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. Pantheon, New York 1986, ISBN 0-394-75172-8 , p. 35.
  59. ↑ John W. Dower: War Without Mercy. 1986, p. 68.
  60. ^ A b John W. Dower: War Without Mercy. 1986, p. 69.
  61. ↑ Edgar Rice Burroghs: Tarzan and "The Foreign Legion" . 1947.
  62. ↑ a b Rummel 1991, p. 112.
  63. ↑ a b Rummel 1991, p. 113.
  64. ↑ Rudolph J. Rummel: China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers, 1991, ISBN 0-88738-417-X , p. 115.
  65. ↑ Tom Mintier, September 23, 1996. "Photos document brutality in Shanghai" . CNN.
  66. ↑ Mark Johnston: Fighting the enemy: Australien soldiers and their adversaries in World War II . Pp. 80-81.
  67. ↑ a b Mark Johnston: Fighting the enemy: Australien Soldiers and their adversaries in World War II . P. 81.
  68. ↑ a b Ben Fenton In: Daily Telegraph (UK), June 8, 2005.
  69. ^ Niall Ferguson: Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat. In: Was in History. 2004, 11 (2), pp. 148-192.
  70. ^ A b Niall Ferguson: Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat. In: Was in History. 2004, 11 (2), p. 150.
  71. ↑ Ferguson 2004, p. 181.
  72. ↑ a b c Ulrich Straus: The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II (excerpts). University of Washington Press, Seattle 2003, ISBN 0-295-98336-1 , p. 116.
  73. ^ Ulrich Straus: The Anguish Of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II (excerpts). University of Washington Press, Seattle 2003, ISBN 0-295-98336-1 , p. 116.
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  83. ↑ Michael S. Molasky: The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory. P. 16.
  84. ↑ Michael S. Molasky, Steve Rabson: Southern Exposure: Modern Japanese in Literature from Okinawa. P. 22.
  85. ^ Susan D. Sheehan, Laura Hein, Mark Selden: Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power. P. 18.
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