Leopoldsberg
| Leopoldsberg | ||
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_-_Leopoldsberg_(3).JPG) East-southeast view of the Leopoldsberg |
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| height | 425 m above sea level A. | |
| location | Vienna , Austria | |
| Mountains | Vienna Woods | |
| Dominance | 0.62 km → Kahlenberg | |
| Notch height | 20 m ↓ Elisabethwiese | |
| Coordinates | 48 ° 16 '44 " N , 16 ° 20' 43" E | |
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| rock | Flysch | |
| Age of the rock | Campanium | |
_-_Leopoldsberg.JPG) Leopoldsberg from the 295 m high Burgstall |
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The Leopoldsberg is a 425-meter-high mountain in the 19th Vienna district Döbling and nordöstlichster foothills of the Vienna Woods .
geography
It is located at the northernmost point of the mountainous northern edge of the urban area of Vienna on the right bank of the Danube , steeply above the river, and together with the lower, but more easterly located mountains Burgstall and Nussberg , marks the north-eastern end of the Vienna Woods and the Alps as a whole. With the Bisamberg, 5 km to the north, on the left bank of the Danube, the Leopoldsberg forms the so-called Vienna Gate . The Danube enters the Vienna Basin through them .
The Leopoldsberg is a northeastern branch of the Alps , geologically part of the flysch zone and a popular panoramic mountain in the Vienna Woods. It falls with a gradient of 50 to 70%, in sections up to 100% steeply to the Danube ("nose" with the nose path ). The river bank is only 400 meters away from the summit with an altitude difference of around 260 meters. Because of its steepness, the Leopoldsberg has the only natural rock outcrop in Vienna.
The state border between Vienna and Lower Austria does not run over the summit of the Leopoldsberg. It runs east-northeast on the north slope of the mountain and meets the railway body of the Franz-Josefs-Bahn at the Donauwartesteig . From there, it frames the Kuchelau port of the Danube in such a way that it lies entirely within the city of Vienna.
history
A small hilltop settlement was probably built on the mountain during the more recent Urnfield culture (9th century BC), which, with the exception of only minor interruptions, existed until the early La Tène period (5th century BC). Subsequently, there was a break in settlement until the 2nd century BC. BC, as a late Celtic settlement until the 1st century BC. Began.
Neither during the first excavations by Jaroslaw Czech von Czechenherz in 1905 nor during the construction of the Vienna Höhenstraße in 1935, prehistoric ramparts or other defensive structures could be found. The walls discovered by Czech later turned out to be early modern Klaubstein vineyard retaining walls . Between 1990 and 1998 excavations by the University of Vienna and the Vienna City Archeology took place under the direction of Otto Helmut Urban , which also did not uncover any ramparts from the Bronze or Iron Ages . There is still no evidence that older fortifications were destroyed by the medieval castles.
The area of discovery extends from the summit over the west ridge and the south terrace (today's corridor "Öde Weingärten") with a width of 250 and a length of 500 m. The Hallstatt period shows mine structures in the castle area and hillside structures on the south terrace, the backfilling of which contained some damaged objects (various primers ). The later phase shows post structures with the remains of a diverse range of handicrafts (faulty castings, slag, millstone fragments) as well as harnesses and iron rider spurs on the south terrace. Although the Leopoldsberg must be seen as one of the central settlement places of the Hallstatt and Late Latène Period in the Vienna area, the small extent of the area used and the apparent lack of fortifications indicate a local center. The earlier theories that there was an important Celtic oppidum on the Leopoldsberg, which is said to have been the predecessor of the Roman Vindobona (a thesis by Oswald Menghin that remained in the local tradition until 2000), is merely a misinterpretation of the find situation.
It was first mentioned in a document as de Chalwenberge between 1130 and 1136. It got its name, Kahlenberg , probably from the bare rock slope facing the Danube or from the castle hill, which was kept bare at the top for defense reasons. Other old spellings are Kalenberg , Kallenberg , and Chalenberg . In the 12th century Leopold III. build a castle on Kahlenberg against the incursions of the Magyars. Leopold himself died in the castle in 1136.
Vineyards emerged early on the northern slope of the Kahlenberg and were first documented in 1304. The castle on the Kahlenberg often changed hands as a result. From 1253 to 1258 it was owned by Ottokar II. Přemysl , in 1287/88 Albrecht I holed up here from the rebellious Viennese and expanded it several times. In 1484 it was conquered by Matthias Corvinus , and in 1498 it fell back to the Habsburgs . In 1529 the castle was set on fire before the arrival of the Turks , the remains were later blown up. In accordance with a vow to avert the plague, Emperor Leopold I founded the Leopold Chapel on the mountain in 1679 . In 1683 the completed part was destroyed by the Turks. After the victory against the Turks at the Battle of Kahlenberg (September 12, 1683), Leopold had the chapel rebuilt and consecrated to Saint Leopold in 1693 , whereupon the mountain was named Leopoldsberg.
The slightly higher Sauberg to the west was then renamed Kahlenberg . Under Joseph II , the Leopoldsberg church was desecrated and consecrated again in 1798 by Klosterneuburg Abbey . A castle built in 1718 burned down in 1891.
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In August 1872, construction began on a funicular railway leading over the northern flank of the Leopoldsberg in the direction of Kahlenberg from 1873, the year of the Vienna World Exhibition , whereby it was necessary in advance to build a temporary cable car to bring the building material .
The valley station of the funicular was located roughly at today's border between Vienna and Lower Austria and from August 31, 1873 had a connection to the Kaiser-Franz-Josephs-Bahn and the Danube Steamship Company's own shipping pier via a now defunct train station ( DDSG). In 1876 it was bought by the Kahlenbergbahn Gesellschaft and closed for reasons of competition.
A hall of fame or war was planned several times, but was never built , the idea being similar to Walhalla in Bavaria.
Since 1935, the newly built Viennese Höhenstraße has led to the Kahlenberg and from there to the Leopoldsberg. It can be reached publicly from Vienna Heiligenstadt train station (U4, tram line D) with the bus line 38A.
In 1948 the memorial for those returning home was erected to commemorate the suffering of those returning from the Second World War. It is equipped with a large fire bowl, which was lit in memory of those who died in captivity and shone far into the country.
In the course of a scheduled stopover in Vienna on October 10, 1955, a Convair CV-340-58 (YU-ADC) of Jugoslovenski Aerotransport (JAT) collided with the site on its way from Belgrade to London on Leopoldsberg. The machine crashed near the Josefinenhütte . 7 of the 29 occupants did not survive the accident. The Austrian Tourist Club erected a memorial stone at the crash site . ( See also: Air accident on the Leopoldsberg in 1955 )
The castle area around the mountain peak was not open to the public for eleven years until 2018. The Viennese architect Alexander Serda took over the area as a tenant from the owner, Klosterneuburg Abbey . A comprehensive restoration of the existing building followed. The ban was lifted in early September 2018. There is no longer a restaurant in the castle; the former car entrance to the castle courtyard has been replaced by a park.
See also
- List of memorial plaques on Leopoldsberg
- Nasenweg , a promenade on the Leopoldsberg, along the "Nase"
literature
- Otto H. Urban , Brigitte Cech (contributions): The Leopoldsberg. Archaeological research on Vienna's local mountain (with several contributions), Vienna Archaeological Studies, Vol. 2, ZDB -ID 2217200-2 . Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-9500492-5-8 .
- Karl Kothbauer: Döbling and its vineyard and field names. Dissertation. University of Vienna, Vienna 2001, OBV .
- Christian F. Winkler, Alfred Hengl: From Leopoldsberg to Hermannskogel. History of the Kahlengebirge. Sutton, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-097-7 .
Web links
- Funicular to the Leopoldsberg ( Memento from June 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on seilbahngeschichte.de
- Web presence with the history of the church at Leopoldsberg
Individual evidence
- ↑ Geodata viewer of the city surveying Vienna , layer contour lines
- ↑ Otto Helmut Urban : Archeology on the Leopoldsberg . In: science.orf.at , 2003, accessed on December 11, 2018.
- ↑ 1. Excavations . In: Otto H (elmut) Urban: Archeology on the Leopoldsberg . (Presentation slides). Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory at the University of Vienna, Vienna 2007, slide 5. - Online (PDF; 6.5 MB).
- ↑ a b Susanne Sievers , Otto Helmut Urban , Peter C. Ramsl: Lexicon for Celtic Archeology. A-K, L-Z . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-7001-6765-5 , p. 1151 f.
- ↑ H (einrich) Wolf: Essays. The landslides on the Kahlenberg slope along the Danube. In: Weekly of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects , year 1876, No. 15/1876, April 8, 1876 (Volume I), pp. 149–152. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Volkswirthschaftliche Zeitung. (...) Railway to the Leopoldsberg. In: Das Vaterland , No. 239/1873 (13th year), September 1, 1872, p. 5 (unpaginated), column 3 middle. (Online at ANNO ). .
- ↑ Trade, Industry, Transport and Agriculture. (...) cable car. In: Wiener Zeitung , No. 206/1873, September 4, 1873, p. 788, bottom left. (Online at ANNO ).
- ^ History of the railways of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Volume: 1.2. Karl Prochaska, Vienna 1898, p. 552
- ^ Martin Fuchs: Mountain railways in the Vienna Woods. Rack railway - cable car - Knöpferlbahn . 2nd, revised and supplemented edition. M. Fuchs, Vienna 2004, OBV , p. 34ff.
- ^ Wiener Zeitung : Plan B for Leopoldsberg? ; Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ↑ Historical renovation on Leopoldsberg. In: wien.orf.at. September 8, 2018, accessed December 11, 2018 .
Remarks
- ↑ In the autumn of 1883, the abandoned station building, at least in part, was still there. - See: Locales. On the rails. In: Wiener Zeitung , No. 240/1883, October 18, 1883, p. 4 center. (Online at ANNO ). .