Bisamberg (mountain)

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Bisamberg
View from Leopoldsberg over the Danube to Bisamberg

View from Leopoldsberg over the Danube to Bisamberg

height 358  m above sea level A.
location Bisamberg , Austria
Dominance 4.7 km →  Buchberg
Notch height 140 m ↓  southeast of Stetten
Coordinates 48 ° 18 '49 "  N , 16 ° 22' 44"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 18 '49 "  N , 16 ° 22' 44"  E
Bisamberg (mountain) (Vienna)
Bisamberg (mountain)
Bisamberg water reservoir, in the background

Bisamberg water reservoir, in the background

Template: Infobox Berg / Maintenance / BILD1

The Bisamberg is a 358 meter high mountain in the Korneuburg district ( Lower Austria ), the southern foothills of which extend into the 21st Viennese district ( Floridsdorf ), namely to Stammersdorf and Strebersdorf . It houses the floristic most Arid of the wine district and has from a conservation point of view of international significance.

geography

The Bisamberg is largely located in the municipality of the same name Bisamberg , which is located at the northwest foot of the mountain. The market communities of Langenzersdorf and Hagenbrunn as well as the Viennese district of Floridsdorf also have a share in Bisamberg.

To the west the mountain drops steeply towards the Danube and, together with the Leopoldsberg to the south, forms the Vienna Gate , the breakthrough of the Danube to the Vienna Basin. Geologically, the Bisamberg is a continuation of the flysch zone of the Vienna Woods east of the Danube, which flows in this section from north-northwest to south-southeast.

nature

Although the Bisamberg belongs geologically to the Alps, it lies biogeographically between the Central European climate , which is irradiated from the west, influenced by the Atlantic, and the higher rainfall, and the Pannonian climate, which is irradiated from the east . The flora is part of the Pannonian flora province , part of the South Siberian - Pontic - Pannonian flora region , and differs significantly from the flora of the Vienna Woods. Typical is a small-scale interlocking mosaic of rock steppes, dry lawns , semi- dry lawns , fringes , shrubbery, hornbeam - oak mixed forests and, in drier places, downy oak bush forests. Furthermore, the loess-covered slopes have been used for viticulture for centuries . The Bisamberg and its fauna and flora were shaped in their present-day form through the centuries of human cultivation. Changes in agricultural management in the last 100 years or so have led to a drastic decrease in open areas (pastures, fields) and an equally drastic increase in forest areas. From the Franziszeischen cadastre it can be seen that around 1820 the western part of the Bisamberg consisted of 67% green areas, 21% vineyards and only 7% forest and arable land. In 1880, the proportion of forest fell to 1%, which was due to the city of Vienna's enormous demand for wood and the creation of free fields of fire in front of the defensive structures built during wartime. Large-scale afforestation began at the end of the 19th century, which massively changed the landscape that had been formed over the centuries. By 1994 the proportion of forest increased to 67%, while the proportion of species-rich dry and semi-arid grasslands was decimated to 7%. During the reforestation, non-local woody species such as robinia , black pine and tree of the gods were introduced to a large extent . While black locust trees accumulate nitrogen in the soil and lead to eutrophication , the fallen needles of the black pine acidify the soil. Another problem is the high settlement pressure in the area and the associated constant loss of open space and the increasing exposure to traffic emissions from commuters.

The Bisamberg is largely designated as a Natura 2000 and landscape protection area, individual parts, such as the old ski jumps , are also designated as natural monuments or protected biotopes. A LIFE nature conservation project launched by the EU in 2006 in cooperation with the nature conservation authorities of Vienna and Lower Austria aimed to preserve the unique flora and fauna of the Bisamberg. This is to be done, for example, by maintaining and expanding the dry grassland and removing non-local trees such as robinia and black pines . The rare plant species represented on Bisamberg include u. a. the Spring Adonis , the non-ferrous iris , the Diptam , the yellow lady's slipper , the purple orchid , the spider , Hummel and bee orchid and the black and the large-Küchenschelle . In addition, you can find high-grade botanical rarities, such as the forest steppe wormwood , the Pannonia Pippau or the summer green evergreen , which can otherwise only be found in a few places in Austria and Eastern Central Europe and are already extinct in many places. From a faunistic point of view, the Bisamberg is also unique: 731 species of butterflies , 393 species of bees and 347 species of bugs , for example, were recorded and are intended to represent the high diversity here. Around 56% of the bee species occurring in Austria occur on Bisamberg and Stammersdorf, which is why this area can be described as the country's richest in bee species.

history

The Bisamberg has been inhabited for thousands of years. Finds prove the oldest evidence of copper processing in Austria . There was also a Celtic settlement on the Bisamberg .

Since the Bisamberg has a view of the Little Carpathians , the Hainburg Mountains and the Leithagebirge and the Pragerstrasse and Brünnerstrasse , two important access roads to Vienna, can be controlled, the mountain played an important role several times from a military point of view. In the first half of the 19th century, Archduke Maximilian Joseph von Österreich-Este planned the construction of a fortification system around Vienna. This should consist of stone towers with a diameter of 35 meters, similar to the systems of the Linz tower fortification . 35 towers were planned on the right and 22 on the left side of the Danube. Some towers should be built on the Bisamberg. However, only a single tower, which no longer exists today, was built near Rothneusiedl and the project was abandoned after the Archduke's death in 1863.

Even before the start of the Austro-Prussian War , the planning of fortifications around Vienna began on April 11, 1866. When the war broke out, work on the Vienna bridgehead was already in full swing. Two rings were built: an outer ring, the so-called belt, consisting of 31 individual fortifications and the inner ring consisting of two continuous lines of defense at Floridsdorf and Stadlau . The defensive belt extended from Langenzersdorf , over the Bisamberg, Leopoldau , Kagran , Hirschstetten , Aspern and the Lobau to the Freudenau . Around a dozen of the works were built on or in the immediate vicinity of the Bisamberg (see historical map). For this purpose, the topsoil in the central area of ​​the ski jumping hills was removed and trenches were dug around the facilities. The resulting material was used to build up walls. Some plants were equipped with optical telegraph stations and the necessary drinking and washing water had to be carted up the dry mountain in horse-drawn vehicles. One plant was armed with up to eight battery guns, between 4 and 10 field guns and 50 to 300 soldiers. There was only minimal contact with the enemy with Prussian reconnaissance units, as an armistice was concluded and the Prussian troops came to a standstill at the Russbach . On July 27th, work began to dismantle the bridgehead.

At the beginning of the First World War , the old entrenchments were reactivated and, as part of the Vienna bridgehead, were supposed to protect the city from a possible Russian attack. After the Russian troops were stopped in the Carpathian Mountains , the defenses were not used this time either.

Today the former fortifications III (at Gamshöhe) to VI (at the edge of the forest near the Zigeunerbründl) and X to XIII are still visible in the area. The latter four old ski jumps are located in the open field, but due to their topography cannot be used economically and are home to untouched lawn and meadow steppes and are partially protected.

In Herrenholz (a wooded area on the eastern slope) there was a repair shop for aircraft engines ("Austro-Fiat Flugmotoren Ges.mbH", later renamed "Wiener Flugmotoren Reparaturwerk") during World War II , which was destroyed by air raids . Only the air raid shelters and an extinguishing water basin remained largely intact and were only removed in 2002.

On June 11, 1899, the Elisabeth Column was inaugurated “on the highest elevation of the Bisamberg” in memory of Empress Elisabeth, who was murdered in 1898 .

From 1933 to 2010 (a pre-summit of Bisamberg, 320 meters high) was below the Falkenbergs a medium wave transmitter, the transmitter Bisamberg long time, their masts on the Vienna municipality, the tallest structures in Austria . At the foot of the Bisamberg, northeast of Stammersdorf, there is the Bisamberg water tank with a capacity of 60,000 m³ from the Vienna waterworks .

See also

gallery

  • The Bisamberg and its surroundings around 1873, with the old ski jumps from around 1866 ( recording sheet of the state survey)

  • Langenzersdorf lies in the Danube valley in the south of the Bisamberg and further south from Strebersdorf the outlying communities of Vienna

  • The forest steppe wormwood grows in a small area on the Bisamberg and otherwise only in a handful of other locations in the Pannonian flora province .

  • The Pannonia-Pippau has its main distribution area much further east and occurs in Austria only on the Bisamberg and on the Kronawettberg a few kilometers away.

  • The summer green-evergreen is a sub-Mediterranean-Pontic-Pannonian floral element that occurs very rarely in Austria.

  • The dwarf iris , which grows on the Bisamberg especially on the western slope, does not offer pollinators any nectar: ​​disappointed, they fly to a different colored plant ...

  • ... and land on an individual of the same species, where they again receive no nectar (so-called flower of deception ).

  • The flowers of the bumblebee ragwort imitate a female longhorn bee and thus attract male longhorn bees, who involuntarily take over the pollination of the ragwort.

  • The Elisabeth column on the Bisamberg in Lower Austria. Klosterneuburg can be seen in the background on the right bank of the Danube.

and display information about the image
The cover of the water tank and its embedding in the environment

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Wolfgang Holzner et al .: Austrian dry grass catalog. “Steppes”, “heaths”, dry meadows, poor meadows: existence, endangerment, possibilities of their conservation. In: Green series of the Federal Ministry for Health and Environmental Protection , Volume 6, Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-900-649-065 , object ÖK 41/20
  2. ↑ Erich Hübl, Rudolf Maier: Vegetation and flora of the Bisamberg. In: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  3. ↑ The Heurigen on Bisamberg are popular excursion destinations
  4. ^ Rudolf Maier: Landscape under pressure from settlements - Bisamberg quo vadis? In: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  5. ↑ Heinz Wiesbauer: Management measures within the framework of the LIFE-Nature project. In: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  6. ↑ a b c Rudolf Maier: The Bisamberg - nature island on the edge of a megacity. In: D. Amerding (ed.): Natural Heritage: Native orchids in Austria and Germany. 1st symposium in Austria on domestic orchids. Selected lectures. Austrian Orchid Protection Network 2009 Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.3 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.austrianorchids.org
  7. ↑ http://www.wien.gv.at/umweltgut/public/ Wien Umweltgut (map)
  8. ^ E. Vitek, A. Ch. Mrkvicka, W. Adler, E. Horak, W. Fleck, B. Haslehner: Wiens Pflanzenwelt. Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-902421-04-5 .
  9. ↑ Franz Michael Grünweis: Artemisia pancicii - the forest steppe wormwood - a long time undiscovered rarity on the doorstep. In: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  10. ↑ Manfred A. Fischer: The Pannonien-Pippau - the second largest botanical treasure of the Bisamberg. In: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  11. ↑ Manfred A. Fischer: Vinca herbacea - the evergreen that is neither evergreen nor always green. In: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  12. ↑ Heinz Zettel, Heinz Wiesbauer: Wild bees (Apidae). as well as the introduction in: Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the old jumps, variety on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .
  13. ↑ a b Erich Hillbrand: The fortifications of the Bisamberg in the last 100 years. Part 1. In: Erich Gusel (Red.): Around the Bisamberg. A home book. Volume 2, Lang-Enzersdorf 1961.
  14. ↑ Prussian-Austrian War. In: Raimund Hinkel, Kurt Landsmann: Floridsdorf from AZ, the 21 district in 1,000 key words. Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-85447-724-4 .
  15. ↑ [An Empress Elisabeth Monument on the Bisamberge.] In: Das Vaterland, Abendblatt. June 12, 1899, p. 3, top center (online)

literature

  • Heinz Wiesbauer, Herbert Zettel, Manfred A. Fischer, Rudolf Maier (eds.): The Bisamberg and the Old Schanzen, diversity on the edge of the city of Vienna. St. Pölten 2011, ISBN 978-3-901542-34-3 .

Web links

Commons : Bisamberg  - collection of images, videos and audio files