Louis Jacquinot

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Louis Jacquinot (born September 16, 1898 in Gondrecourt-le-Château , Département Meuse ; † June 14, 1993 in Paris ) was a French politician who worked from 1932 to 1942, between 1946 and 1959, 1962 to 1963 and most recently from 1967 to 1973 was a member of the National Assembly . He held several ministerial offices and was among other things Minister of the Navy responsible for the modernization of the Navy after the Second World War and Minister for the overseas territories .

Life

Third Republic

Lawyer and member of the National Assembly

After attending school during the First World War, Jacquinot volunteered his military service and then completed a law degree , which he completed with a licentiate. For his bravery and military service he was awarded the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 . He then took up a practice as a lawyer and was admitted to the Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) in Paris. In March 1930 he became head of cabinet of War Minister André Maginot and held this position until December 1930.

In the elections of May 1, 1932, Jacquinot was elected a member of the National Assembly for the first time as a candidate for the Center républicain in a constituency in the Meuse department, which included Commercy , among other things . He received 8,266 of the 13,696 votes cast and was able to prevail clearly against the previous constituency owner Louis-Édouard Taton-Vassal of the Alliance démocratique (AD), who received 4,678 votes. During this electoral period he was a member of various committees such as the Aviation Committee, the Committee on Accounts and Auditing, the Committee on Free Regions, the Committee on Civil and Criminal Legislation, the Army Committee, and most recently the Enquete Commission to investigate the causes of the events on February 6, 1934. On this day numerous right-wing groups demonstrated against the government of Prime Minister Édouard Daladier in Paris , which escalated violently and were classified by the left as a fascist coup attempt. The right-wing veterans' organization Croix de Feu took part in this parade with two delegations. The leader of the Croix de Feu , François de La Rocque , however, ordered the demonstration to be broken up when the other groups on the Place de la Concorde in front of the Palais Bourbon , the Ministry of the Interior, became violent. This is why other representatives of the extreme right accused him of not having been consistent enough and of failing to overthrow the Daladier Republican government.

Re-election in 1936 and World War II

In the elections of April 26, 1936, Jacquinot was re-elected as a candidate for the Alliance des républicains de gauche et des radicaux indépendants (ARGRI) in his constituency in the Meuse department in the first ballot. He achieved 9,454 of the 13,249 votes cast and was able to prevail clearly against the candidate of the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), Sauce, which received only 2,273 votes. During this legislative period he was again a member of the Army Committee (Commission de l'armée) and the Committee for Alsace-Lorraine (Commission d'Alsace-Lorraine) . During this legislative period he dealt primarily with questions of national defense and foreign policy.

Due to a decree of July 1939, the election period of the members of the National Assembly elected in 1936 was extended until May 31, 1942, so that no new elections took place because of the Second World War . On March 21, 1940, Jacquinot was appointed Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of the Interior by Prime Minister Paul Reynaud and served in the Reynaud government until May 10, 1940. After the start of the western campaign to conquer France by the German Wehrmacht , he was drafted as a lieutenant in active military service, which he completed in the 61st artillery regiment of the 42nd Division. During the fighting he was seriously wounded on June 11, 1940 and therefore did not take part in the parliamentary session on July 10, 1940, in which the National Assembly gave Marshal Philippe Pétain the power to draft a new constitution.

Opponent of the Vichy regime, member of the Resistance and commissioner of the CFLN

He was a declared opponent of Marshal Pétain's Vichy regime and was involved in the Réseau Alliance , a group of the Resistance movement . In 1942 he was arrested for the first time for his activities in Marseille and then imprisoned in Prades . In January 1943 he was taken to the Francoist concentration camp of Miranda de Ebro in Spain before he was able to flee to London and later to Algiers . There he met General Charles de Gaulle , the founder of the Forces françaises libres (FFL).

Jacquinot was one of the 20 members of the Provisional Constituent Assembly (Assemblée consultative provisoire) in Algiers and became after de Gaulle and General Henri Giraud founded the French Committee for National Liberation on June 3, 1943, CFLN (Comité français de la Liberation nationale) , in November 1943 appointed commissioner for the navy in this government- in- exile . Together with Henri Queuille , Pierre Mendès France , André Philip , André Le Troquer and Jean Pierre-Bloch , he was one of the six members of the Provisional Legislative Assembly on the Committee for National Liberation and was also the only moderate representative in this government-in-exile.

For his services in the Second World War he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Legion of Honor and the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 .

Minister and Member of the Constituent Assemblies

After the liberation of Paris , Jacquinot also became a member of the Provisional Government of the French Republic as Minister of the Navy and finally took over the office of Minister of the Navy (Ministre de la marine) on September 10, 1944 in the first government of Charles de Gaulle November 1945. During this time he dealt not only with the reorganization of the Navy , but also initiated a purge of the officers' corps. The modernization of the navy initiated by him also related to strategy, technology and armament. Already at this time he pointed out to General de Gaulle the necessity of researching and processing nuclear energy for the benefit of the navy.

In the elections of October 21, 1945 for a constituent assembly (Assemblée nationale Constituante) , Jacquinot ran for the Parti républicain de la liberté (PRL) in the Meuse department and was elected with 30,702 of the 91,064 votes cast. At the same time he became a member of the General Council of Canton Gondrecourt-le-Château and Mayor of Gondrecourt-le-Château . He held this office for thirty years and was also President of the General Council of the Meuse department.

After de Gaulle had formed his second government on November 21, 1945 and this established its own ministry for the armed forces, headed by Edmond Michelet as Ministre des armées , Jacquinot lost the office of Minister of the Navy. Instead, Jacquinot became Minister of State and Minister for Muslim Affairs (Ministre d'Etat chargé des affaires musulmanes) . He held this office until the end of de Gaulle's tenure on January 20, 1946, but held it temporarily until Prime Minister Félix Gouin took office on January 26, 1946.

In the new election of a constituent assembly on June 2, 1946, from which the Mouvement républicain populaire (MRP) emerged as the leading party, Jacquinot was re-elected as a candidate of the Républicains indépendants with 25,936 of the 91,784 votes cast in the Meuse department, although he had a few votes to the Rassemblement des gauches républicaines (RGR) lost.

Fourth republic

Election to the National Assembly in 1946 and Minister of the Navy in 1947

As Secretary of the Navy and defense expert to Jacquinot of continued sustainable for the completion of construction battleship Jean Bart , a

In the elections for the first national assembly of the Fourth French Republic , founded on October 21, 1946, which then took place on November 10, 1946 , Jacquinot was able to improve the election result of his list of Républicains indépendants , which now received 35,985 of the 87,534 votes cast. However, this time the RGR did not draw up its own list in this department, as it was courting almost the same electorate.

During this first legislative period, Jacquinot saw himself in the opposition and was particularly hostile to Gaullism . Nothing changed when he was appointed Minister of the Navy in the first government of Prime Minister Paul Ramadier on January 22, 1947 and was a member of this until his resignation on October 22, 1947.

As Minister of the Navy, in a parliamentary debate in the Palais Bourbon , he succeeded in convincing the members of the National Assembly that credit was required to rebuild the Navy, its bases and naval arsenals. On August 6, 1947, he pointed out the absolute necessity to acquire aircraft carriers and the expansion of the naval aviation associations . The aircraft carriers proposed by him should have 16,700 register tons , a speed of 32 knots and 49 aircraft. Without purchasing aircraft carriers, he believed that France would be forced to place its navy under the command of another nation in the event of war. In addition, the future fleet had to be reorganized with regard to two tasks: on the one hand to guarantee the security of France, on the other hand to guarantee the security of the Union française . He also considered it necessary to reduce the dependence of the French Navy on its allies and to provide modernized task forces quickly, especially because of the Indochina War that began in 1946 . As Minister of the Navy, he was convinced that the outdated naval bases had to be dismantled and that a reorganized navy would probably be more compact but more effective. He also shared the opinion of former Prime Minister Félix Gouin , who suggested the creation of a tactical UN fleet. In the debates about naval modernization, he rejected the proposal by MP Jean Capdeville to postpone borrowing, as well as the opinion of Pierre Cot that France would have no financial means to modernize its navy. He underlined once again that aircraft carriers are the core of future-proof naval forces. In the final budget debate, Naval Minister Jacquinot's proposal was finally adopted.

After leaving the government, he was a member of the Committee on National Defense (Commission de la défense nationale) and the Committee on Overseas Territories (Commission des territoires d'outre-mer) and in 1948 he was also appointed titular judge to the Supreme Court in March 1947 Court of Justice (Haute Cour de justice) , two thirds of which were MPs and one third was other people.

In the defense budget debate in June 1949, Jacquinot defended his positions as Minister of the Navy and welcomed the use of graduates from the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in defense administration so that officers could concentrate on their defense work. On the other hand, he criticized the concentration of the military authorities in Paris and the increase in staff there. He reiterated his call for a loan, since the French armed forces were poorly set up and this was the only way to modernize and support the allies. Ultimately, he insisted on the necessary completion of the battleship Jean Bart and voted to borrow "his" aircraft carriers.

Minister for Veterans and War Victims 1949-1951

On October 28, 1949, Prime Minister Georges Bidault appointed him Minister for Veterans and War Victims (Ministre des Anciens Combattants et des Victimes de guerre) in his second government . He retained this ministerial office after the formation of the third Bidault government on February 7, 1950 and in the subsequent second government of Prime Minister Henri Queuille from July 2 to 12, 1950, in the first cabinet of René Pleven between July 12, 1950 and 10 March 1951 and also in the third Queuille government from March 10 to August 11, 1951. In this ministerial office he submitted a number of draft laws, for example on May 30, 1950 approval of the ratification of the 1949 Geneva Convention on Protection of civilians in wartime.

In this ministerial office, like his predecessors, he endeavored to compensate for the war damage and to support the work of the associations of deportees, veterans and other interest groups. For example, in 1950 he announced the increase in veterans' pensions, the consolidation and development of solidarity among war generations, and the restoration of the veteran's hierarchy to interwar status.

Re-elected in 1951 and Minister for Overseas Territories

In the elections of June 17, 1951, Jacquinot ran in the Meuse department on a joint list of Républicains indépendants , the Center national des indépendants et paysans (CNIP), Républicains Nationaux and RGR, which also formed an alliance with the list of the MRP. One of his opponents was General Auguste Gilliot, who was drawn up for the Gaullist list of the Rassemblement du peuple français (RPF). The RPF won 26,614 of the 90,245 votes cast, but couldn't jeopardize the Jacquinot list. This came to 28,876 votes and won two seats , especially because of the poor performance of the list of the socialist SFIO and the MRP.

A few weeks later, on August 11, 1951, Prime Minister René Pleven appointed him Minister for Overseas Territories (Ministre de la France d'Outre-mer) in his second government . He also held this ministerial office in the first government of Prime Minister Edgar Faure from January 20 to March 8, 1952. The non-consideration for a ministerial office in the office of Prime Minister Antoine Pinay , which was in office from March 8, 1952 to January 8, 1953, depended on the mutual Hostility related between Jacquinot and Pinay. One of his closest collaborators at the Ministry for Overseas Territories was François Luchaire , who later became a member of the Constitutional Court ( Conseil constitutionnel ) .

Subsequently, on January 8, 1953, Jacquinot was reappointed Minister for the Overseas Territories in his cabinet by Prime Minister René Mayer and also exercised this function in the subsequent first and second cabinet of Prime Minister Joseph Laniel from June 28, 1953 to June 19, 1954 . During this time Jacquinot married the widow of long-time minister Maurice Petsche , who died on September 16, 1951.

As Minister for Overseas Territories, Jacquinot made two important trips to Africa in 1952 and a visit to Guinea in 1954 . He advocated the application of French labor law (Code du travail) and the economic development of overseas territories. He saw the inauguration of the dams at Djoué near Brazzaville on February 2, 1954 and the Sanaga dam near Edéa in Cameroon on February 5, 1954 as an example of a model development of the former colonies. In March 1954 he visited French West Africa to find out about the reform of local institutions. He took the view that a merger of the Assemblies of the Colonies with the Assembly of the Union française could create an influential institution. On his return to Paris on April 9, 1954, he reported to the National Assembly on developments in the overseas territories. He underlined that France is already supporting the local economy by paying prices for colonial goods that are higher than world market prices and also providing budget funds for development there. The economic plan placed particular emphasis on the development of agriculture, but also communication. He also considered constitutional amendments necessary to strengthen the position of the Union française . In addition, in 1951 he issued the Jacquinot Decree named after him, which allowed women in Mali over the age of 21 or legally divorced to freely choose their husbands without being dependent on others who might benefit from a marriage could.

Unsuccessful candidacy for President 1953

Jacquinot ran for president in 1953, but was defeated by his party colleague René Coty

In June 1953, there was first speculation in the press about a candidacy Jacquinot for the office of President of the Republic to succeed Vincent Auriol, who was elected in 1947 . A candidacy could lead to problems with Prime Minister Laniel, who had the same ambitions and was also an opponent of Antoine Pinay. On December 17, 1953, the first two ballots for the election of the state president took place, which at that time took place through the two chambers of parliament, i.e. the National Assembly as the lower house and the Council of the Republic ( Conseil de la République ) as the upper house.

Laniel was in each of these two ballots after the candidate of the SFIO, Marcel-Edmond Naegelen , in second place and took first place since the third ballot on December 18, 1953, but did not reach the required absolute in the seventh ballot on December 20, 1953 Majority. Thereupon Jacquinot ran for the first time in the eighth ballot, which also took place on December 20, 1953, but only achieved 14 votes and was thus beaten behind Joseph Laniel (430 votes), Marcel-Edmond Naegelen (381 votes) and Antoine Pinay (25 votes). After he had renounced a candidacy in the ninth and tenth ballot on December 21, 1953, he finally entered on December 23, 1953 after Laniel's renunciation of another candidacy again in the eleventh ballot. Naegelen received 372 votes, Jacquinot 338 votes and René Coty , who like Laniel, Jacquinot and Pinay also ran for the CNIP, 71 votes. On December 23, 1953, the twelfth ballot took place, in which this time Coty was ahead with 431 votes and Naegelen with 333 votes and Jacquinot with 26 votes were in second and third place. Coty just missed an absolute majority in this ballot with 48.87 percent. Only the thirteenth ballot, which also took place on December 23, 1953, finally brought the decision: René Coty achieved an absolute majority with 477 votes with 54.76 percent and was elected as Auriol's successor as President of the Republic. In this last ballot, Naegelen got 329 votes and Jacquinot 21 votes.

North Africa policy, re-elected MP in 1956 and Minister of State

The former Minister for the Overseas Territories, Jacquinot, attended a meeting convened by Prime Minister Edgar Faure on October 18, 1955, which dealt with political developments in North Africa . He saw it as a contradiction that the politico-military pressure on Algeria increased at the same time as France was concerned with the impending independence of Tunisia and Morocco . He accused the Prime Minister of putting pressure on Mohammed V and, on the other hand , of encouraging the pan-Islamic movement . He pointed out that since the Indochina War and the defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ , the armed forces had been demoralized and expected a determined domestic and foreign policy.

In the elections of January 2, 1956, Jacquinot stood for the list connection Indépendants et paysans d'action sociale , but could not repeat the election success of 1951. The recovery of the Parti communiste français (PCF), the candidacy of a list from Pierre Mendès France and also the list of Défense agricole économique et sociale conduite, cited by André Beauguitte , diminished the prospects of his list. With 28,857 of the 101,446 votes cast, Jacquinot won a seat, while the runner-up on his list, René Rousselot, was not re-elected.

On June 1, 1958, Jacquinot was appointed Minister of State (Ministre d'État) by Prime Minister de Gaulle in his third cabinet , to which he was a member until January 8, 1959. Along with André Malraux , Eugène Thomas and Edmond Michelet , he was one of the ministers who had already belonged to the de Gaulle government in 1946. In this function he not only undertook diplomatic missions in Latin America , but accompanied Prime Minister de Gaulle , together with the Minister for the Sahara Max Lejeune , on his visit to Algiers on June 4, 1958. While de Gaulle was giving a public speech, he and Lejeune negotiated with the Comité de Salut Public , which made their dissatisfaction with French politics during the Algerian conflict clear. During this time he also worked on the constitution of the Fifth French Republic , which was ratified on October 4, 1958.

Fifth Republic

Minister of State in the Debre cabinet

In the elections for the first National Assembly of the Fifth French Republic, founded on October 5, 1958, on November 30, 1958, Jacquinot ran again successfully for a seat in the National Assembly for the Indépendants et paysans d'action sociale in the first constituency of the Meuse department.

On January 8, 1959, he was appointed by Prime Minister Michel Debre as Minister of State in his cabinet and then resigned from the National Assembly on February 8, 1959. As part of a cabinet reshuffle, Prime Minister Debré appointed him Minister of State with responsibility for the Sahara and the overseas territories (Ministre d'État, chargé du Sahara, des TOM et DOM) on August 24, 1961 and held this ministerial office until the end of Debrés Term expires on April 14, 1962.

Minister of State in the Pompidou cabinets and member of the National Assembly

In the first government of Prime Minister Georges Pompidou , formed on April 16, 1962 , he was again Minister of State with responsibility for overseas territories and retained this function in the second Pompidou cabinet from November 28, 1962 to January 8, 1966 . In this capacity he visited New Caledonia in September 1963 . Among other things, it was about the political administration and the political representation of the archipelago, which were curtailed in 1958 by President de Gaulle.

In the meantime, he was re-elected a member of the National Assembly on November 18, 1962 in the first constituency of the Meuse département for the Union pour la Nouvelle République (UNR) - Union Démocratique du Travail (UDT), and this time his mandate on January 7th Resigned in 1963 because of his ministerial office.

In the elections of March 12, 1967, Jacquinot was re-elected as a candidate for the Union des Démocrates pour la Ve République (UDR) as a member of the National Assembly and represented the first constituency of the Meuse department after his re-election on June 23, 1968 until he left the parliament on April 1, 1973, where he was most recently a member of the Union des démocrates pour la République (UDR).

Background literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Georgette Elgey: Histoire de la IVe République: La République des contradictions (1951-1954) , 1993, ISBN 2-21366-423-4
  2. ^ A b Christian Roche: Le Sénégal à la conquête de son indépendance: 1939-1960: chronique de la vie politique et syndicale, de l'Empire français à l'indépendance , 2001, ISBN 2-84586-113-3 , p. 249.
  3. ↑ a b Bernard de Gelis: Lignes de partage , 2001, ISBN 2-72332-027-8 , p. 262
  4. ↑ Tony Chafer: The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization , 2002, ISBN 1-84520-630-4 , p. 240.
  5. ^ A b Elizabeth Schmidt: Cold War and Decolonization in Guinea, 1946-1958 , 2007, ISBN 0-82141-763-0 , p. XIII
  6. ^ Didier Maus, Jeannette Bougrab: François Luchaire, un républicain au service de la République , 2005, ISBN 2-85944-515-3 , p. 14.
  7. ↑ Susann Baller: The Arrival of the Other: Representations of Social and Political Orders in Reception Ceremonies , 2008, ISBN 3-59338-580-5 , p. 177
  8. ↑ Martin-René Atangana: French Investment in Colonial Cameroon: The FIDES Era (1946-1957) , 2009, ISBN 1-43310-464-4 , pp. 111, 146
  9. ^ Emily S. Burrill: States of Marriage: Gender, Justice, and Rights in Colonial Mali , 2015, ISBN 0-82144-514-6 .
  10. ^ Gilbert Ziebura: The V Republic: France's New Government System , 2013, ISBN 3-32296-244-X , pp. 145, 157.
  11. ↑ Entry on the homepage of the National Assembly (1st legislative period)
  12. ^ Debré cabinet
  13. ↑ Michel Debré: Trois Républiques pour une France - tome 3: Gouverner, 1958-1962 , 1988, ISBN 2-22622-570-6 , p. 28 and others
  14. ↑ Gilles Le Beguec: La République des avocats , 2003, ISBN 2-20035-638-2
  15. ^ A b Robert Aldrich, John Connell: France's Overseas Frontier , 2006, ISBN 0-52103-036-6 , p. 304.
  16. ↑ Pompidou I cabinet
  17. ↑ Pompidou II cabinet
  18. ↑ Eric Roussel: Georges Pompidou , 2004, ISBN 2-70964-102-X
  19. ^ Sarah Mohamed-Gaillard: L'archipel de la puissance ?: la politique de la France dans le Pacifique Sud de 1946 à 1998 , 2010, ISBN 9-05201-589-9 , p. 62 u. a.
  20. ↑ Entry on the homepage of the National Assembly (2nd legislative period)
  21. ↑ Entry on the homepage of the National Assembly (3rd legislative period)
  22. ↑ Entry on the homepage of the National Assembly (4th legislative period)
personal data
SURNAME Jacquinot, Louis
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French politician, member of the National Assembly
DATE OF BIRTH September 16, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Gondrecourt-le-Château , Meuse department
DATE OF DEATH June 14, 1993
Place of death Paris