Markus Glaser (Bishop)

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Markus Glaser's grave, “Eternitatea” cemetery in Iași

Markus Glaser (born April 25, 1880 in Landau, today Schyrokolaniwka , Mykolaiv Oblast , Ukraine ; † May 25, 1950 in Iași ) was a Roman Catholic bishop of German descent and apostolic administrator of the diocese of Iaşi .

Life

Landau (Schyrokolaniwka) on the upper reaches of the Beresan

Origin and youth

Markus Glaser was born in the Catholic village of Landau in the colonist district of Beresan . He was the third child of Josef Glaser (born January 10, 1842 in Landau) and his wife Anna Maria (born Kunz * 1845 in Landau). Glaser's paternal great-grandparents Maria (* 1779) and Franz Glaser (* 1776) came from Schönau in the then Pirmasens district and his maternal great-grandparents from Altenstadt in the canton of Weißenburg . In 1809, after the devastation caused by the Napoleonic Wars , they followed the call of Tsar Alexander I to settle the area on the steppe river Beresan . Together with other colonists, they reached the Radzwillo border station via Bohemia , Silesia , Moravia and Galicia . From there it went via Odessa to the actual settlement area, where they are in the list of co-founders of Landau.

Seminar in Saratov around 1905

Training path

From 1887 to 1892 Glaser attended the church school in Landau, where he made good progress under the guidance of his teacher Christian Kunz. Subsequently, Glaser von Kunz received two years of private tuition in order to prepare for the Roman Catholic boys' seminar in Saratow . After he passed the second annual exam, he was admitted to the seminary and graduated in June 1897. In autumn of the same year Glaser began his theological and philosophical studies in the seminary , which he finished in 1900.

On December 4, 1900, he came to the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum in Rome , where he had to live under pseudonyms because the tsarist authorities did not want to allow Russian subjects to study theology in Rome. Markus Glaser was known as Markus Frey.

About Markus Glaser it is stated in the register book that he had already been a theology student in Saratov before entering the seminar and had already been ordained as a subdiaconate; he had used the pseudonym Markus Frey and had entered the first year of philosophical studies; to step; the future Archbishop of Mohilev recommended him.

“Glaser Marcus (pseyd.) Frey ex colonia Germanica in Russia meridionali dioec. Tiraspolensis, natus in Landau April 1880 legit. ex utroque parente catholico sicut et ipse. Studuit in semin. dioeces. et venit jam subdiaconus in Coll. 4 Dec 1900 commend. from Ill.mo et R.mo Comite Szembek, postea archiep. Mohilewiensi, applicat ad phil. I. anni Convictor, cum dispens. apostol. Dim. June 21, 1907 sacerdos (ad recipiendum sacerdotium simulque ad ulteriorem licentiam pro commemoratione in regione exterea sibi a Russiaco gubernio impetrandam anno 1905 ad aliquot menses in patriam debuit redire), Dr. phil et Dr. theol. Egregius vir, cum optimo ingenio magnum animi candorem, pietatem ac prudentiam felicissimo nexu in se unit. ”

- Matriculation book. Volume 3, No. 1033

To be allowed to work in Russia as a priest who had received confratres in Tsarist Russia, where he on 24 June 1905 (according to another source on 26 May 1905) in the majores ordination Minsk diocese by Bishop Josef Alois Kessler , the ordination received. After primary school he returned to Rome to obtain a doctorate in philosophy and theology . From 1907 he was in the service of his home diocese of Tiraspol , where he soon worked at the seminary in Saratov as professor and rector of dogmatics until 1916 . In 1917, after the outbreak of the revolution, he went to Chișinău in Bessarabia, which at that time still belonged to the Russian Empire , as a pastor , and became dean and advocate for the Germans living there.

During the First World War

The February and October revolutions began a new difficult phase for the churches of Russia. While after the February Revolution there was an impression of relief for the Catholic Church, after the October Revolution the Soviet power was hostile to any manifestation of religion that it had to combat.

Markus Glaser traveled to Germany after the February Revolution to “negotiate with the then Chancellor and the Apostolic Nuncio about the return of the Germans from Russia to the Reich”. In 1918 he and Pastor Immanuel Winkler belonged to the trust council of the German colonists of the Black Sea area.

The November Revolution of 1918/19 and the fall of the German Empire prevented both the plans of those Russian Germans who would have wanted to travel to Germany and Glaser's return to Russia. So he turned to Iaşi, what was then the provisional capital of Romania , where there were also a large number of German-speaking villages.

On February 5, 1924, Markus Glaser was appointed by Pope Pius XI. appointed Pontifical Chamberlain and on October 31, 1930 “ Honorary Prelate of His Holiness ”.

During the Second World War

On September 1, 1939 he became rector of the seminary in Iași. On November 15, 1941, “Prelate Dr. Markus Glaser from Chișinău "" appointed head of the Catholic mission in the occupied territory ( Bessarabia and Transnistria ) and after 10 days Prelate Glaser became the Apostolic Visitator of Transnistria "On his arrival in Odessa he found that of the 150 priests of the former diocese Tiraspol only three survived communist persecutions. The Catholic mission in Transnistria was further developed under Glaser's leadership.

On July 26, 1942, Markus Glaser was appointed Superior of the Catholic Mission in Transnistria , based in Odessa, and on July 25, 1943 by Pope Pius XII. appointed titular bishop of Caesaropolis .

“In July 1942, Msgr. Was appointed head of the Catholic Mission of Transnistria, which was based in Odessa. Glaser called as Apostolic Visitator, who became Titular Bishop in June 1943 ... "

He was ordained bishop on July 25, 1943 by the Apostolic Nuncio in Romania Archbishop Andrea Cassulo , co- consecrators were Alexandru Theodor Cisar , the Archbishop of Bucharest , and Mihai Robu , the Bishop of Iași. After his episcopal ordination, Markus Glaser was also appointed Apostolic Visitator for southern Russia, the Crimea and the Caucasus. But as early as 1944 he had to leave the area entrusted to him, because the Red Army, including Transnistria, recaptured all the countries to which his jurisdiction should have extended.

post war period

After the death of Bishop Mihai Robu (September 1944), Pope Pius XII appointed Markus Glaser as Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Iași. He succeeded in reopening the seminary and training young men for the priestly profession. With the appointment of the new Bishop Anton Durcovici and enthronement on April 14, 1948, his office ended. The new bishop called him his vicar general. After the Soviet-occupied Romania had been transformed into a "People's Republic" on January 1, 1948, Bishop Durcovici was arrested on June 26, 1949, like the other Roman Catholic bishops. Glaser had to take over the office of administrator again until he was arrested in May 1950 after several interrogations by the Romanian secret service Securitate . Bishop Markus Glaser died on May 25, 1950 after painful interrogation in prison of a heart attack and was buried in the "Eternitatea" cemetery in Iași.

Appreciation

The Catholic Church has Bishop Dr. Dr. Markus Glaser was accepted into the German martyrology of the 20th century as a witness of faith in 1999 .

See also

literature

  • Conrad Keller: The German Colonies in South Russia. Volume 2, Western Producer, Saskatoon, 1973.
  • Ekkehard Völkl: Transnistria and Odessa (1941–1944). In: Series of publications by the East European Institute Regensburg-Passau. Volume 14, Verlag Lassleben, Regensburg, 1996, ISBN 3-7847-3164-3 .
  • Raymund Netzhammer: Bishop in Romania: in the field of tension between the state and the Vatican. Volume 2, Verlag Südostdeutsches Kulturwerk, Berlin, 1996, ISBN 3-88356-102-9 .
  • Helmut Moll (publisher on behalf of the German Bishops' Conference), witnesses for Christ. Das deutsche Martyrologium des 20. Jahrhundert , Paderborn et al. 1999, 7th revised and updated edition 2019, ISBN 978-3-506-78012-6 , Vol. II, pp. 1125-1126.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karl Stummp: Emigration from Germany to Russia in the years 1763-1862. Landsmannschaft der Germans from Russia, 9th edition, 2009, p. 749.
  2. ↑ Karl Stummp: Emigration from Germany to Russia in the years 1763 to 1862. P. 348.
  3. ↑ Alexander I's settlement manifesto dated February 20, 1804 ( Memento of the original dated December 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.migrationsmuseum.it
  4. ↑ Karl Stummp: Emigration from Germany to Russia in the years 1763-1862. Landsmannschaft der Germans from Russia, 9th edition, 2009, p. 279.
  5. ^ Ernst Christoph Suttner: Markus Glaser and Alexander Frison: two witnesses of faith among our Confratres majores. (PDF) p. 2.
  6. ^ Ernst Christoph Suttner: Markus Glaser and Alexander Frison: two witnesses of faith among our Confratres majores. P. 3.
  7. ^ Markus Glaser in the Historical Research Association of Germans from Russia eV
  8. ^ Ernst Christoph Suttner: Markus Glaser and Alexander Frison: two witnesses of faith among our Confratres majores. P. 7.
  9. ↑ PA AA, R 10592, p. A36335 of August 22, 1918.
  10. ^ Katrin Boeckh: Romanization and Repression. On church politics in the Odessa / Transnistria area 1941-1944, in: Yearbooks for the history of Eastern Europe, 45. 1997 , p. 73.
  11. ^ A b Ernst Christoph Suttner: Markus Glaser and Alexander Frison: two witnesses of faith among our Confratres majores. P. 9.
  12. ↑ Annuario Pontificio , 1951.
  13. ^ Revue des Ordinations Épiscopales, Issue 1943, Number 44.
  14. ^ Ernst Christoph Suttner: Markus Glaser and Alexander Frison: two witnesses of faith among our Confratres majores. P. 10.
  15. ^ Historical research association of Germans from Russia eV
  16. ↑ Biography on the homepage of the Diocese of Iași.
personal data
SURNAME Glaser, Markus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Roman Catholic Bishop, Apostolic Administrator of Jassy
DATE OF BIRTH April 25, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH Shyrokolanivka
DATE OF DEATH May 25, 1950
Place of death Iași