German martyrology of the 20th century

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At the general audience on May 8, 2019, Prelate Moll presented Pope Francis with the seventh edition of the German Martyrology.

The German Martyrology of the 20th Century is a hagiographic- historical directory of Germans who can be considered martyrs from the Roman Catholic perspective . It is published by Helmut Moll on behalf of the German Bishops' Conference .

development

It was particularly important to Pope John Paul II to keep alive the memory of the “martyrs of the Christian faith”. During his pontificate he performed 482 canonizations and 1,338 beatifications . The canonized and beatified included large numbers of those who were expelled as martyrs.

In his apostolic letter Tertio millennio adveniente of November 10, 1994 in preparation for the Holy Year 2000 , John Paul II stated that in the 20th century "the martyrs had returned, often unknown, as it were 'unknown soldiers' of the great cause of God". He urged the local churches to do everything possible not to lose the memory of those who had suffered martyrdom. Also the testimony for Christ up to the point of bloodshed "has become the common heritage of Catholics, Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants".

In 1996 the German Bishops' Conference entrusted the Cologne diocesan priest and historian Helmut Moll with the creation of a German martyrology. Moll was consultor of the Vatican Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 1993 until his departure in 2004 . Joachim Cardinal Meisner , the long-time chairman of the liturgy commission of the German Bishops' Conference, arranged for each German diocese to appoint a person responsible for this project, who worked for Moll as the full-time head of the office set up by the DBK. Moll also won people in charge from religious orders , associations and other Catholic associations. The 160 authors of the two to four-page short biographies come from various professional and church fields. In 1999, Cardinal Lehmann, as chairman of the German Bishops' Conference and Prelate Moll, presented the work in its first edition to Pope John Paul II during an audience. With the 4th (84 added life pictures, 2006), 5th (76 new life pictures, 2010) and 6th edition (101 life pictures, 2015) it was expanded. The two-volume work offers almost 1000 portraits of people who, after verified compliance with the binding teaching criteria by the authors and editors, have suffered a violent death because of their faith and have therefore been included in the martyrology. The 7th, revised and updated, but no longer extended by new short biographies, appeared in March 2019. Selected biographies from the section on persecution under National Socialism appeared in Italian in 2007 under the title Testimoni di Cristo . A translation of selected biographies from the 3rd edition into English was also planned.

Structure of the martyrology

The life pictures of the faith witnesses were assigned to four areas:

  1. "Martyrs from the time of National Socialism" (416 people - structured according to dioceses, jurisdictions of the visitors and religious orders),
  2. "Martyrs from the time of communism" (171 people - broken down by region of origin),
  3. "Purity Martyrs" (118 people - structured according to content and sorted regionally or according to dioceses within the groups),
  4. “Martyrs from the mission areas” (187 people - grouped in chronological order by community).

The original plan was to include “Martyrs in the GDR” (1945–1989) as the fifth category. This project turned out to be unworkable because no case could be named.

The victims of National Socialism are grouped according to the current German dioceses from whose territories they came. Persons who cannot be sorted there from areas that today belong to Russia, Poland or the Czech Republic are assigned to the imperial German dioceses that previously existed there (referred to in the publication as “visitatures”). Religious men and women religious are listed separately and sorted by community. The section on the chronologically broad "Era of Communism", which extends from October 1917 to the Cold War era , divides its staff into Russian Germans and Danube Swabians and lists some other victims in additional, smaller groups for people from the former Sudetenland (after 1945), Albania and Slovakia as well as clergy connected with Germany. In a 2015 interview, Helmut Moll defined the so-called purity martyrdoms as a “ chastity martyrdom where women were clearly molested, abused and killed by men”. They are divided into defenseless female youths, nuns and women from various eastern regions towards the end of the Second World War; Another department treats women and men who protectively posed in front of threatened women and were killed in the process. The division of martyrs from the mission areas practically only includes religious, who are grouped according to chronological criteria as well as by communities and are often discussed by authors who belong to the respective community itself.

Admission criteria

As a criterion for inclusion in the German Martyrology , the editors refer to the concept of martyrs used by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. In principle, they use the same criteria as those used by the Catholic Church for beatifications and canonizations with regard to martyrdom. These go to the Italian canonists Prospero Lambertini (1675-1758) back, the future Pope Benedict XIV. Since ancient times were " holy " or "Blessed" to the categories of "martyrs" ( martires , also called "martyrs") and the "Confessor" ( confessores ) assigned, the latter had not been killed for their faith. In his work Opus de servorum Dei beatificatione, et beatorum canonizatione (“On the beatification of the servants of God and the canonization of the blessed”), Lambertini put together the standards for the recognition of martyrdom, taken from older church tradition and teaching. To this end, Lambertini lists three hagiographic-canonical requirements that must be met at the same time:

  • the fact of violent death (martyrium materialiter),
  • the motive of hatred of faith and the church among the persecutors (martyrium formaliter ex parte tyranni),
  • the conscious inner acceptance of God's will despite the threat to life (martyrium formaliter ex parte victimae) .

However, the Martyrologium also lists cases in which there are delimitation difficulties. The majority of the admitted persons have not yet been recognized as martyrs by the Vatican Congregation; the sixth edition contains only 15 blessed and one saint ( Edith Stein ).

What the criterion of German nationality is concerned, also members of German minorities in Eastern Europe, working there German Order members and others were of German descent or affiliated with Germany martyrs added. In the words of the editor Helmut Moll in an interview from 2015, the directory mainly brings together “ ethnic Germans (Russian Germans and Danube Swabians)” among the “German-speaking martyrs of communism ”. The inclusion criteria had already been shown in the Catholic theological journal Die Neueordnung 2005 in a treatise on German martyrology: The portrayed are "martyrs of the German tongue (the Russian Germans and Danube Swabians are ethnic Germans) [...]. They come from the territory of the then German Empire or lived as priests and religious abroad or in mission countries ”. The attribution "German" of the martyrology is based on the genetic popular term for "ethnic Germans".

The inclusion of Austrian Nazi victims referred to in an Austrian review, as well as those from the East Belgian regions of Montzen , Eupen-Malmedy and St. Vith, which were part of the German Reich from 1940 to 1944 , to which a Belgian reviewer critically refers, follows the historical German one Administrative structure until 1945.

Ecumenical dimension

In his apostolic letter Tertio millennio adveniente, Pope John Paul II expressly referred to the ecumenical dimension of the memory of martyrs. The testimony for Christ to the point of the shedding of blood is a common inheritance of the various Christian denominations . The care of the memory of the martyrs is therefore also about an “ecumenism of the saints”; the communion of saints speak louder than the authors of division. In a similar sense, Pope Francis spoke of an “ecumenism of blood” which is evident in the persecution of Christians in many parts of the world.

Based on this understanding, the German Martyrology in the Department for the Victims of National Socialism also listed five non-Catholics from the beginning, but not in individual articles, but in “ecumenical groups”, i. H. Collectables that treat their fate alongside that of Catholics with whom they have worked. There are four Protestants and one Orthodox : Dietrich Bonhoeffer , the Scholl siblings , Alexander Schmorell from the White Rose and the Protestant pastor Karl Friedrich Stellbrink . Because of this broadening, the work is also certified as having “a certain ecumenical dimension”, which it also claims for itself. A Protestant reviewer points out that a fifth Protestant Christian is mentioned in the expanded editions of the Martyrology ( Helmut Himpel ), and assesses the ecumenical claim of the work, which is already raised in the blurb, given the small number of non-Catholics treated as “then a little embarrassing". Confessional taunts from Moll, who stated in his introduction that martyrial behavior was only the exception in the Confessing Church , while he made no such statement for the Roman Catholic Church under National Socialism, tarnish the picture. Himpel was the fiancé of Maria Terwiel from the area around the Rote Kapelle , which is listed as the only Catholic member of the communist-social-democratic resistance against National Socialism , to which by far the largest part of the Nazi victims persecuted for ideological reasons is attributed. Finally, an ecumenical dimension is completely missing in the second part about the victims from the time of communism in south-eastern Europe , which lists no non-Catholic Christians at all (e.g. Romanian Germans ) and among the Catholics almost exclusively clergy and religious and, with one exception, no simple believers .

reception

A continuously updated compilation of reviews by the Archdiocese of Cologne would like to show that the martyrology in Catholic media was consistently positive. The Luxembourgian liturgical scholar François Reckinger, former advisor for questions of the doctrine of the faith in the Archdiocese of Cologne, particularly emphasized the category of "martyrs of purity" in his discussion in 2000, which is of great educational importance today, since "young people often themselves within the Church learn ”that in“ sexual matters almost everything is allowed ”. However, like other reviewers, he criticized what he saw as what he saw as a "pompous language".

In his review of the sixth edition from 2016, Klaus Schatz repeated what he had already noticed earlier, namely that biographically "consistently excellent" research and documentation had been carried out and that "problematic pages [...] were not suppressed in individual cases". Above all in political contexts, however, the idea adopted by the crusade sermons is questionable that those who have fallen in the crusade will immediately go to heaven as a martyr.

The work was also well received by the Stephanus Foundation of the International Society for Human Rights . In 2008 she awarded her prize to the editor Helmut Moll. This in turn was approved by the German Association for Christian Culture, whose chairman is an editor of the weekly Junge Freiheit .

Reimund Haas from the Historical Archives of the Archdiocese of Cologne came to the conclusion in a review (2000) that the work was "epochal" as a contribution to Catholic hagiography , which in turn had "a difficult scientific status in postmodern Central Europe, apart from short-term fashion waves". This is not only due to the reservations of the churches that emerged from the Reformation, but also to the extraordinarily large number of beatifications and canonizations by John Paul II.

The judgment of the historian Ulrich von Hehl was more critical (2000). The collective work represents a "primarily theological-pastoral" claim. The admission criteria remained “peculiarly indefinite”. Although they were held far, numerous victims of National Socialism were missing. The deficits in the literature list indicated that no “systematic recording and evaluation of relevant historical research results” had taken place. Von Hehl highlighted historiographical errors and a "lack of differentiation". The role of the Catholic faith as a reason for persecution and admission should also be questioned. Under National Socialism, converts from the Jewish minority were persecuted for racial reasons, others mainly for political reasons, the quality of "Catholic" was of secondary importance for these people. In cases in which drunken members of the Red Army, the US Army or other allied armed forces had committed rape or murder in the final phase of the war, the victims would be “theologically inflated [...] to suit their cases to the aforementioned category system to do. ”Von Hehl stated that not a few of the listed victims under National Socialism had“ felt very much left alone ”by their church. The content of the work appeared to him to be rather disparate, because next to “brilliantly successful portraits” and not very successful “honest efforts” there were texts “that are more likely to be assigned to the genre of hagiographic devotional literature”.

The Protestant theologian and church historian Thomas Martin Schneider ( University of Koblenz-Landau ), who published his review in 2016 after the publication of the sixth edition of the German Martyrology, criticizes the exculpating tendency of the presentation, insofar as Moll explains the failure of the church under National Socialism through the fate of the Tries to outweigh the victims and fails to mention the conclusions of research on the behavior of the Catholic Church during the Nazi era. Despite the impressive abundance of the collected biographical material and the many touching fates, Schneider considers the work to be hardly usable from a scientific-historical point of view, because it often conveys a picture of completely flawless vitae, this fits into a rather cumbersome system of categories and criteria, biographical breaks or omitting ambivalent character traits and filling in gaps in the sources with edifying assumptions. The reviewer also has no understanding for the rigor, which in his opinion is difficult to understand even for Catholics, with which virginity is made absolute in the so-called purity martyrs. Victims of rape who, out of fear of death, did not resist rape persistently enough or were unable to prevent their defloration are implicitly attributed completeness and Moll even explicitly assumes a sin . Also, presumably because of this focus on female purity, no male victims of abuse are recorded in the martyrology.

The Stauffenberg biographer Ulrich Schlie praises the seventh edition of the German Martyrology in a review essay on new publications on the subject of religiously motivated resistance to the Nazi regime from 2019 and emphasizes that the sheer number of life images compiled the large proportion of Christians illustrate that because of their fidelity to the Gospel they came into conflict with the National Socialist dictatorship and "shows the dimension of the National Socialist persecution of Christians". He praised the martyrology as "an impressive documentary achievement of the individual local churches" and certifies that the seventh edition also takes into account the latest research results. It was already noted earlier that the usefulness of the work consists primarily in the unique compilation of biographical information about people who are often hardly known or largely forgotten beyond their immediate field of activity, so that one can often even use initial biographical information without the martyrology would rely on remote and very difficult to access sources of information.

Several reviews highlight the unexpectedly great response that the work received from the public from the start. The 1,800 copies of the first edition, which came on the market in good time a year before the intended publication date in the Holy Year 2000, were sold out within a few days, which in 2000 led to the unchanged second edition. A third, reviewed edition appeared in 2001 and was out of stock again at the beginning of 2006, so that by shortly after the end of the pontificate of John Paul II, 7,000 copies of the German Martyrology had already been sold. Between 2006 and 2015, the four to six editions, which were successively expanded by the new images of life, were published. The additions were often prompted by outside requests to include additional witnesses of faith, which is also taken as an indication of the success of the biographical compilation. The technical implementation was criticized because the biographies that were added were initially added to the existing scope in the form of a separate appendix and were only integrated into the systematic part of the inventory with the sixth edition. This can also be interpreted as a sign of the editors' haste to meet the demand. The resolution of this problem in 2015 led to the fact that the sixth edition, with which the list of sources and bibliography was also adapted, brought a significant gain in user friendliness. On the positive side, it is noted that the newly recorded martyrs' biographies, unlike the old, almost all unchanged images of life taken over from the previous editions, are based on some very current literature that dates back to 2014.

In the summer of 2017, Helmut Moll received the August Benninghaus Prize as editor of the Martyrologium , which was primarily intended to honor his work on the hagiographic work. The Jesuit Benninghaus died in 1942 in the Dachau concentration camp and was included in The German Martyrology of the 20th Century in 2015 .

The student group Joseph Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI. met from August 31 to September 3, 2017 for its annual meeting in Rome on the topic of Christian persecution and martyrdom . Helmut Moll, himself a member of the student group, gave a lecture on this.

On the occasion of his 75th birthday, employees, colleagues and friends dedicated a commemorative publication to Moll with the title Testimony for Christ . The volume appeared in the series of publications of the Gustav-Siewerth-Akademie and was presented to Prelate Moll in connection with the presentation of the 7th edition of the Martyrologium on July 9, 2019.

The Archdiocese of Cologne is making a touring exhibition with materials from the German martyrology on "Martyrs of the Archdiocese of Cologne in the 20th Century" available on loan to interested parishes, schools and other institutions. The presentation, which is sometimes presented to the audience by Prelate Moll personally at introductory events with the hosts, focuses on the group of martyrs from the time of National Socialism .

The volume about the martyrs of the Archdiocese of Cologne with the title "If we don't commit our lives today ..." was published in 2020 in the eighth expanded edition. A new addition is the biography of the civil engineer Max Zienow (1891–1944), who was executed on October 9, 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden prison.

literature

  • Helmut Moll (Ed. On behalf of the German Bishops' Conference): Witnesses for Christ. Das deutsche Martyrologium des 20. Jahrhundert , Paderborn et al. 1999, 7th, revised and updated edition 2019, ISBN 978-3-506-78012-6 .
  • Helmut Moll : If we don't commit our lives today. Martyrs of the Archdiocese of Cologne from the time of National Socialism , Cologne 8th, extended edition 2020, ISBN 3-931739-09-0 .
  • Helmut Moll : Martyrdom and Truth. Witnesses of Christ in the 20th century. Gustav Siewerth Academy , Weilheim-Bierbronnen 2005, 6th edition 2017, ISBN 978-3-928273-74-9 .
  • Albrecht Graf von Brandenstein-Zeppelin , Reimund Haas (ed.): Testimony for Christ. The martyr church of the 20th century. Festschrift for Prelate Prof. Dr. Helmut Moll on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Gustav Siewerth Academy, Weilheim-Bierbronnen 2019, ISBN 978-3-928273-64-0 .
  • Thorsten Hoffmann: To die for faith. Origin, genesis and topicality of martyrdom in Christianity and Islam (= contributions to comparative theology , volume 30). Schöningh, Paderborn 2018, ISBN 978-3-506-78735-4 (on the “German Martyrology of the 20th Century”: Chapter IV “Revitalization and Radicalization of Martyrdom Theology”, pp. 201–255).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b German Bishops' Conference (ed.): Announcements of the Apostolic See , No. 119 (1994), p. 33; also online on the Vatican website.
  2. ↑ Book presentation: The Catholic German Martyrs of the 20th Century. Press release of the German Bishops' Conference of June 17, 1999, accessed on January 16, 2020.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Peter Fleck: Review of the fourth edition: Witnesses for Christ. The German Martyrology of the 20th Century, ed. by Helmut Moll on behalf of the German Bishops' Conference, 4th edition, Schöningh-Verlag, Paderborn 2006, 2 volumes (PDF; 240 kB). In: Archive for Hessian History 67 (2009), pp. 467–469.
  4. ↑ Helmut Moll (ed.): Witnesses for Christ. The German martyrology of the 20th century. Paderborn 2019, 7th edition, Volume I, pp. LIX – LXIV ("List of authors").
  5. ^ "Witnesses for Christ. The German Martyrology of the 20th Century". Press release No. PRD99-072 of the press office of the German Bishops 'Conference of November 18, 1999 (statement by Bishop Karl Lehmann, Chairman of the German Bishops' Conference, on the presentation of the publication), accessed on May 30, 2019.
  6. ↑ Helmut Moll (ed.): Testimoni di Cristo. I martiri tedeschi sotto il nazismo (series: Storia della Chiesa ). Edizioni San Paolo, Turin 2007.
  7. ↑ Helmut Moll: The Martyrs of the 20th Century. Testimony and Examples. In: Communio 31 (2002), pp. 429-446, online ( memento of March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on the pages of the Archbishop's Diocesan and Cathedral Library in Cologne.
  8. ↑ a b Michaela Koller: Great testimonies from men and women in today's time of the new evangelization. Interview with Prelate Professor Helmut Moll - Part 2, in: Zenit , November 30, 2015, accessed on January 15, 2020.
  9. ^ Theofried Baumeister : Confessor. In: Herders Lexikon der Heiligen (abridged and slightly revised paperback edition). Freiburg im Breisgau 2011, ISBN 978-3-451-06180-6 , pp. 354f.
  10. ^ Reimund Haas : Helmut Moll (ed. On behalf of the German Bishops' Conference): Witnesses for Christ. The German Martyrology of the 20th Century. 2 volumes, 1828 pages. Paderborn 2015 (review of the 6th edition). In: Pastoral Journal for the dioceses, Aachen, Berlin, Essen, Hildesheim, Cologne and Osnabrück. No. 8/2015 (August 2015), p. 255 ( online ); the like. Theological introduction of martyrology, especially pp. XXXIX-XLI (6th Ed.).
  11. ^ Archdiocese of Cologne, Deutsches Martyrologium, [1] .
  12. ↑ Christina Agerer-Kirchhoff: Christian Martyrs in the 20th Century. In: The New Order 59 (2005), No. 1, pp. 60–73 (online) ; here: p. 61.
  13. ↑ For "ethnic Germans": John Jay Hughes: Review witnesses for Christ. The German Martyrology of the 20th Century. In: The Catholic historical review 87 (2001), pp. 116-119.
  14. ↑ Peter Schwarz: Witnesses for Christ. … , In: Mitteilungen (Ed. Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance), Volume 157, July 2002, p. 9, [2] .
  15. ^ Alfred Minke: Review in: Revue d'histoire d'ecclesiastique (Ed. Catholic University of Liège), vol. 96, January-June 2001, pp. 273-274.
  16. ↑ Referred to by: Dorothea Sattler : New ways of unity. Shaping ecumenism. In: Günter Frank, Volker Leppin, Herman J. Selderhuis: Who does the Reformation belong to? National and confessional dispositions of the interpretation of the Reformation. Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2013, pp. 265–286, here: p. 274.
  17. ↑ Pope speaks of the "ecumenism of blood". In: Katholisch.de , June 4, 2017, accessed on January 16, 2020.
  18. ↑ a b Helmut Moll (Ed.): Witnesses for Christ. The German martyrology of the 20th century. Paderborn 2019, 7th edition, Volume I, p. XLIV f. (“Theological Introduction”).
  19. ↑ a b c Thomas Martin Schneider: Review of the sixth edition: Moll, Helmut (ed.), Zeugen für Christus. The German martyrology of the 20th century. Ed. On behalf of d. German Bishops' Conference. 2 vol. 6., ext. u. newly structured Ed. In: ThLZ 141 (2016), No. 11 (November), Sp 1248-1250..
  20. ↑ Ursula Pruss: Maria Terwiel. In: Helmut Moll (ed.): Witnesses for Christ. The German martyrology of the 20th century. Volume 1, 7th, revised and updated edition, Schöningh, Paderborn 2019, pp. 182–186 (here: pp. 183 f.); see also: Johannes Tuchel : ideological motivations in the Harnack / Schulze-Boysen organization ("Red Orchestra"). In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte , Volume 1 (1988), pp. 267–292; here: p. 282.
  21. ^ Peter Mario Kreuter ( IOS , curriculum vitae at the IOS ): Review of the fourth edition: Zeugen für Christus, Das deutsche Martyrologium des 20. Jahrhundert (PDF; 188 kB). In: Südost-Forschungen 68 (2009), pp. 526-528.
  22. ↑ See Archdiocese of Cologne, Reviews - a selection , undated (the selection includes not only reviews, but also announcements and marketing texts).
  23. ^ François Reckinger: A martyrology with ecumenical breadth (PDF; 109 kB). In: Anzeiger für die Seelsorge , H. 10 (Oct. 2000); on language cf. also: “unctuous”, “reminding of a sermon”, in: Review by Peter Mario Kreuter (PDF; 188 kB) in: Südost-Forschungen. International journal for history, culture and regional studies of Southeast Europe , vol. 68 (2009), pp. 526–528, here: p. 528.
  24. ↑ Klaus Schatz, Review: Witnesses for Christ. The German Martyrology of the 20th Century , 6th edition. In: Theologie und Philosophie , 91, 2016, pp. 303–304, here: p. 304 [3] .
  25. ↑ For the last information, see: Stephanuspreis awarded to Prelate Helmut Moll for Martyrologium. In: Culture and Media Online. Bulletin of the Action Children in Danger / An initiative of the German Association for a Christian Culture - DVCK eV (cannot be linked here because it is on the list of prohibited links), September 26, 2008, [4] .
  26. ↑ Review by Reimund Haas in: Katholische Nachrichtenagentur - Öki, March 14, 2000, p. 9, see also: [5] .
  27. ↑ See the cases cited by the Circle of Friends of Maria Goretti: [6] .
  28. ↑ Ulrich von Hehl: Strong in enduring. In: FAZ, March 13, 2000, No. 61, p. 57, see: [7] .
  29. ↑ The reviewer's résumé on the university website , accessed in January 2020.
  30. ↑ Ulrich Schlie: Faith, Love, Assassination. In: Herder Korrespondenz 73 (2019), Issue 7 (July), pp. 40–44 ( online : PDF; 2.3 MB); here: p. 43 f.
  31. ↑ a b c Michael Becht: Review of the sixth edition: Witnesses for Christ: the German Martyrology of the 20th Century / ed. by Helmut Moll on behalf of the German Bishops' Conference (PDF; 285 kB). In: Informationsmittel IFB 15-2, 23 November 2015, p. 2 f.
  32. ↑ Michael Durst : Review of the fifth edition: Witnesses for Christ. The German Martyrology of the 20th Century, ed. by Helmut Moll on behalf of the German Bishops' Conference. Fifth, expanded and updated edition (PDF; 253 kB). In: Forum Katholische Theologie 27 (2011), pp. 324–326; here: p. 324.
  33. ↑ Roland Müller: "The church has already survived many empires". In: Katholisch.de , July 20, 2017, accessed on May 28, 2019.
  34. ↑ 6th, expanded and newly structured edition, Paderborn u. a. 2015, Vol. II, pp. 950-953.
  35. ↑ Student group meeting in Rome 2017 on the website of the student group, accessed in May 2019.
  36. ↑ Helmut Moll: Content and form of Christian martyrdom in the 20th / 21st Century. A historical-theological discussion. Online (PDF; 261 kB) on the website of the student group, accessed in May 2019.
  37. ↑ Report on the job site's homepage. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; accessed on July 10, 2019 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / opencms.erzbistum-koeln.de .
  38. ^ "Witnesses for Christ" - biographies and portraits of German martyrs published. Report on the homepage of the Archdiocese of Cologne, July 10, 2019, accessed on December 22, 2019.
  39. ^ Martin Grote: Fascination for Young and Old - Martyrs Exhibition. In: Parish Letter Advent 2017 , Catholic Church in the pastoral care area Bornheim - An Rhein und Vorgebirge, p. 13 f.
  40. ^ Martyrs of the Archdiocese of Cologne. Description of the offer on the homepage of the Archdiocese of Cologne, Education Department, accessed on January 15, 2020.