Spleen herbs
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Alternate leaf spleen ( Chrysosplenium alternifolium ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Chrysosplenium | ||||||||||||
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The Chrysosplenium ( Chrysosplenium ) constitute a genus within the family of the Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae) with about 57 to 65 kinds .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Milzkraut Artem are small, perennial, herbaceous plants that usually reach heights of 10 to 20 centimeters. They form runners (stolons) or tubers as persistence organs from which upright side shoots emerge.
The leaves can be opposite as well as alternate . They are always undivided and more or less petiolate. Stipules are missing.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescences are characteristic : the flowers are mostly surrounded by yellow to green, flat bracts . The flowers are seldom solitary. The calyx consists of four, rarely five sepals, which can be yellow, green or reddish brown. The flowers have no petals . There are four or eight stamens , rarely ten. Bracts, sepals, stamens and carpels are more or less all on the same level.
Locations
Chrysosplenium species thrive in the temperate to arctic regions of the northern hemisphere . Some of the species, such as B. also the two Central European species, grows in wet places next to streams or on rocks in mountain gorges. Many species also grow in drier places in crevices or on gravel slopes.
Origin of name
The scientific genus name Chrysosplenium is derived from the Greek words χρῡσός = chrysos for gold, because of the bright yellow colored bracts, and σπλήν = splen for spleen, because of the spleen-like leaves. The name was first used by Tabernaemontanus (1591). As can be seen from the doctrine of signatures , the plant was used against diseases of the spleen in the Middle Ages . This is where the German common name Milzkräuter comes from .
Systematics and distribution
The genus name Chrysosplenium was 1753 Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, p 398 first published . Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. was established as the lectotype in 1905 .
The 57 to 65 species occur in Europe (2 species), Asia , America and Africa . Most of the milkweed species are found in East Asia. About 35 species grow in China, 20 of them only there. Ten species are found in Japan. Only two species are native to southern South America.
The genus Chrysosplenium contains 57 to 65 species (selection):
- Chrysosplenium absconditicapsulum J.T. Pan : It occurs only in southern Tibet .
- Chrysosplenium album Maxim. : It occurs in Japan.
- Chrysosplenium alpinum (Schur) Schur : It occurs only in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania, Ukraine)
- Alternate leaf spleen ( Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia , North America and Greenland .
- Chrysosplenium americanum pig. ex Hook. : It occurs in eastern Canada and the eastern United States.
- Chrysosplenium axillary Maxim. : It occurs in Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and China.
- Chrysosplenium biondianum Engl .: It occurs in southern Gansu and southwestern Shaanxi .
- Chrysosplenium carnosum Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in northern India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, Tibet and the Chinese province of Sichuan.
- Chrysosplenium cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Chrysosplenium chinense (H.Hara) JTPan : It occurs in northern Hebei and northern Shanxi .
- Chrysosplenium davidianum Decne. ex Maxim. : It occurs in Sichuan , in Yunnan and maybe also in Guizhou .
- Chrysosplenium delavayi Franch. : It occurs in China and northern Myanmar.
- Chrysosplenium dubium J. Gay ex Ser. : It occurs in North Africa and Southwest Asia , in Europe only in southern Italy .
- Chrysosplenium flagelliferum F.Schmidt : It occurs in Japan, China, Korea, Mongolia and Russia.
- Chrysosplenium forrestii Diels : It occurs in northern India, in Nepal, Bhutan, in northern Myanmar, in southeastern Tibet and in northwestern Yunnan .
- Chrysosplenium fuscopuncticulosum Z.P. Jien : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan.
- Chrysosplenium giraldianum Engl .: It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Henan and Shaanxi .
- Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Nutt. : It occurs in Washington, Oregon and California.
- Chrysosplenium glossophyllum H.Hara : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Sichuan.
- Chrysosplenium griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson : It occurs in two varieties in northern India, in Sikkim, Nepal, Bhutan, in northern Myanmar, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Chrysosplenium hebetatum Ohwi : It is only found in Taiwan .
- Chrysosplenium hydrocotylifolium H.Lév. & Vaniot : It comes in three varieties in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and maybe also Guangxi.
- Chrysosplenium iowense Rydb. : It occurs in Canada, Iowa and Minnesota .
- Chrysosplenium japonicum (Maxim.) Makino : It occurs in two varieties in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning and Zhejiang.
- Chrysosplenium jienningense W.T.Wang : It occurs in the Chinese province of Fujian and maybe also in Zhejiang.
- Chrysosplenium lanuginosum Hook. f. & Thomson : It comes in five varieties in northern India, in Nepal. Sikkim, Bhutan, northern Myanmar and the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan and perhaps also Guangdong and Guangxi.
- Chrysosplenium lectus-cochleae Kitag. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.
- Chrysosplenium lixianense Z.P.Jien & JTPan : It occurs in Sichuan.
- Chrysosplenium macrophyllum olive. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Guangdong , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangxi , Shaanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan , Zhejiang and maybe also Fujian and Guangxi .
- Chrysosplenium microspermum Franch. : It occurs in western Hubei, southern Shaanxi and eastern Sichuan.
- Chrysosplenium nepalense D.Don : It occurs in northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, northern Myanmar, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge : It occurs in Nepal, Mongolia, Russia, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Yunnan and perhaps Shaanxi.
- Opposite spleenwort ( Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. ): It occurs only in western Europe.
- Chrysosplenium oxygraphoides Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in southwest Sichuan and southeast Tibet at altitudes of 3200 and 4300 meters.
- Chrysosplenium pilosum Maxim. : It occurs in three varieties in Russia, Korea and China.
- Chrysosplenium qinlingense Z.P.Jien & JTPan : It occurs in southern Gansu and southern Shaanxi.
- Chrysosplenium ramosum Maxim. : It occurs in Japan, in Russia and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin and maybe also Liaoning.
- Chrysosplenium rosendahlii Packer : It occurs in Alaska and Nunavut .
- Chrysosplenium serreanum Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in Japan, Korea, Russia, Mongolia and China.
- Chrysosplenium sphaerospermum Maxim.
- Chrysosplenium sikangense H.Hara : It occurs in southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan.
- Chrysosplenium sinicum Maxim. : It occurs in Russia, Korea, Mongolia and China.
- Chrysosplenium taibaishanense J.T.Pan : It occurs in southern Shaanxi.
- Northern milkweed ( Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Lund ex Malmgr.) Th.Fries ), occurs in Europe only in northern Scandinavia, in northern Russia and on Svalbard , also in northern Eurasia, in Greenland, Canada and in the United States.
- Chrysosplenium uniflorum Maxim. : It occurs in Nepal, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Chrysosplenium wrightii Franch. & Savigny : It occurs in Yukon , British Columbia , Alaska and in East Asia.
- Chrysosplenium wuwenchenii Z.P.Jien : It occurs in southeast Sichuan.
photos
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium
swell
- Pan Jintang, Hideaki Ohba: Saxifragaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 8: Chrysosplenium , p. 346 - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description, System and Occurrence)
- Douglas E. Soltis, Miyuki Tago-Nakazawa, Qiu-Yun Xiang, Shoichi Kawano, Jin Murata, Michio Wakabayashi, Carola Hibsch-Jetter: Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) based on matK sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 88, 2001, pp. 883-893: Online. (Sections Description, System and Occurrence)
Individual evidence
- ^ Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume IV, Part 2A . 2nd Edition. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1961.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 398 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Pan Jintang, Hideaki Ohba: Saxifragaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 8: Chrysosplenium , p. 346 - online with the same text as the printed work.
- ↑ a b c Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen, Raino Lampinen, Arto Kurtto: Atlas florae europaeae. Volume 12 Resedaceae to Platanaceae. Helsinki 1999, ISBN 951-9108-12-2 , pp. 218-220.
- ↑ a b c d e f Craig C. Freeman, Nicholas D. Levsen: Chrysosplenium Linnaeus. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America , Volume 8.
