Carnivàle mythology

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Raphael's Archangel Michael from the intro sequence

Carnivàle is an American television series set in the United States in the 1930s. The series follows the actions of young Ben Hawkins, a worker in a carnival fair , and the Californian priest Brother Justin Crowe. The overarching story is built around the 'eternal' conflict between the forces of good and evil , embedded in a complex mythological structure of metaphors , symbols and allegories . This mythological structure extends to areas and subjects such as the Christian religion , the Templar Order and the Tarot , but also to historical events such as the Great Depression , the American Dust Bowl and the first nuclear test .

Samson, the short carnival manager, introduces the mythological framework of the series in a spoken prologue at the beginning of the pilot episode:

“Before the beginning, after the great war between heaven and hell, God created the Earth and gave dominion over it to the crafty ape he called man… and to each generation was born a Creature of Light and a Creature of Darkness… and great armies clashed by night in the ancient war between good and evil. There was magic then. Nobility. And unimaginable cruelty. And so it was until the day that a false sun exploded over Trinity, and man forever traded away wonder for reason. "

“Before the beginning, after the great war between heaven and hell , God created the earth and chose this clever monkey as ruler, whom he called human. And in every generation lived a figure of light and a creature of darkness . Large armies clashed at night in the ancient war between good and evil . There was magnanimity and magic and incredible cruelty. Yes, that's it. But then the false sun rose over Trinity , and man has forever exchanged his knowledge of miracles for reason. "

- Intro to the pilot episode in the original and the German dubbed version

The "Pitch Document"

The creator of the series, Daniel Knauf , did not answer questions about mythology, but did publish notes on the mythological structure during and after Carnivàle's life . In addition, two years after the series was canceled, he published the production summary of Carnivàle's first season, the so-called "Pitch Document" . It was originally written to give HBO and Knauf's co-authors an overview of the intended plot. The document contains a lot of background information, some of which go well beyond what was shown and discussed in the (prematurely discontinued) series itself.

Avatars

About the avatar term

Most of the mythological elements in Carnivàle relate to so-called avatars (or figures of light and creatures of darkness ), human-like beings with supernatural powers that embody good and evil.

The term avatar (sometimes also avatara ) comes from Hindu mythology and usually refers to the incarnation (incarnation) of a higher being. Carnivàle's action never clearly explains the meaning of the term, yet HBO and the authors used this term alternately for the figure of light and the creature of darkness from the pilot episode's opening monologue. The series depicts avatars as human-like beings with supernatural powers that embody good and evil. Their constant struggle is to create the Dark Centuries or the Ages of Enlightenment .

Carnivàle presents this dualistic struggle between the figures of light and dark on numerous levels. The last name of the main characters, Ben Hawkins and Justin Crowe, suggest the symbolism of hawk ( hawk ) and ravens or crows ( crow out). The hawk stands for the winged form of light , the raven or the crow for the creature of darkness .

The last two tarot sheets from the intro sequence are " The Sun " and " The Moon ", which stand for God and the Devil . The same symbolism can be found in the logo, created by Daniel Knauf, the series and the Carnival.

Features of the avatars in the series

The characters Ben and Justin Crowe are characterized by their use of supernatural powers as avatars. For the audience, however, it is not immediately obvious which of the two avatars serves the good or the bad. Many viewers and critics interpret Ben Hawkins as a creature of light and Brother Justin Crowe as a creature of darkness.

The series gives clues, such as the creatures of darkness with deep black eyes (according to Daniel Knauf, shapes of light have an invisible aura). The nature of an avatar is determined by the type and use of its powers. The pitch document says that avatars draw their talents and powers from the same source. These abilities can vary in type and strength and include, among other things, the manipulation and transfer of life force , spiritual healing , telekinesis and telepathy , as well as the ability to transfer small amounts of forces to mortals. Although Carnivàle shows the powers of Ben and Brother Justin, after the end of the first season, critics were still unsure of the avatar nature of the main characters. As Ben's good character and Justin's dark legacy became clearer over the course of the second season, critics began to interpret Carnivàle's underlying message as "basically the opposite of spiritual belief: fatalism ." Daniel Knauf denied any theory of determinism and repeatedly drew attention to the characters' free will to overcome their fate . The free choice makes it possible for the action that the avatars consciously do not make use of their powers or behave against their actual origin (good or bad). However, an avatar would still have a hard time not falling back into their predefined morals.

Each avatar has visions of the past, present and future. Sometimes literally, other times just symbolically. Access to this level of pure truth is a birthright of the avatars and can be improved through study and practice. You can convey these visions to others through dreams. Only creatures of darkness are known to be physically weakened when the opponent makes use of his powers. Avatars can sense the existence of their hostile opponent, but are unable to identify them over a greater physical distance. However, you can track down and locate avatars of the same “kind” very precisely over great distances. In Carnivàle , these skills are used to connect the two arcs.

Terms and succession planning

Example of an avatar family tree
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 alpha
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prophet
(GdL)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prophet
(KdD)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vectorus
(w)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Prophet
(GdL)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Prophet
(KdD)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vectorus
(w)
 
 Vectorus
(m)
 
 Vectorus
(m)
 
 Prophet
(KdD)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Prophet
(GdL) †
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vectorus
(m)
 
 Prophet
(GdL) *
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Prophet
(KdD) †
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vectorus
(w)
 
 Prophet
(KdD)
 
 Prophet
(GdL) *
 
 Vectorus
(m)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vectorus
(w)
 
 Prince
(GdL)
 
 Vectorus
(w)
 
 Public servant
(GdL)
 
 Vectorus
(m)
 
 Vectorus
(m)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 omega
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • GdL = shape of light
  • KdD = creature of darkness
  • † = last avatar of a dynasty without male descendants
  • * = first avatar of a new dynasty

Daniel Knauf based the system of avatars in the fictional universe on a line of succession, similar to that of royal families. The terms royal ( royals ), king and prince were exchanged in the series with the words Vectori , Prophet and Prinz ( Prince ). Queens and princesses have no fictional counterparts and were instead replaced by the concept of Alpha , Omega and Usher ( Usher ). These placeholder avatars also have special laws or replace existing ones. Critics have rarely discussed the meaning of the avatars, although Daniel Knauf provided detailed explanations and the " Pitch Document " , published later, presented the complex mythological structure.

The first prophet in Carnivàle mythology is Alpha . This figure was never mentioned in the series, but Knauf described her as a female figure who lived before the Flood and whose history was lost with the destruction of the Alexandria library . Alpha produced the first pair of avatars . They are indications of a higher strength or a higher sex ; Light and darkness. A figure of light and a creature of darkness have lived in every generation since then, and unlike Alpha, they are always male.

The avatars' blood migrates between families, forming a dynasty . The firstborn son of an avatar receives a so-called shell at birth, which reveals him as the avatar of a new generation; regardless of whether the new avatar belongs to the light or the dark. So there is one avatar per generation for each page. The birth of an avatar leaves the mother barren and insane. Before this point in time, however, she can give birth to any number of female children from an avatar. These children, just like their respective descendants, are called Vectori , beings with avatarian blood, but who are not themselves avatars and who therefore continue to move away from the bloodline of the avatars from generation to generation. Although Vectori cannot become avatars, as the necessary cover is only given at birth, they can show small abilities. They also often show signs of madness .

The oldest avatar of a gender is dominant and is called a prophet . He has blue blood, also known as Vitae Divina . Next in order is the ascendant prince . Any other avatars of the same gender are princes, sorted by generation. Although avatars form blood dynasties from father to son, genders can mix in a dynasty. When the youngest prince of a dynasty dies, it ends. Most dynasties only last an average of three generations, as avatars can be killed by normal means. When a dynasty ends, the first-born male child with the most Avataratic blood in the world becomes the prince and establishes a new dynasty.

If a prophet dies while an ascendant prince is alive, two things can happen: If the prophet is killed by his ascendant prince, the prince receives the prophet's shroud with a gift. In order for the gift to be passed on, the prophet must be of sane mind and either be ready to pass it on or be so surprised that he cannot defend himself psychologically. However, if the prophet is disturbed, the prince can be driven insane. If the prophet dies in another way, the ascendant prince automatically becomes a prophet, with the possibility of a gift.

Two unique avatars join Alpha as an exception to the avatars rules. Carnivàle's Avataric mythology prophesies the servant of destruction as a harbinger of the end times and the introduction of Armageddon . It is known by thousands of names in thousands of books, but can only reveal itself once. He appears as the tattooed man in visions and can only be killed with a weapon cast in Vitae Divina, which must be thrust directly into the main branch of his tree tattoo, under which his dark heart beats. Injuries from such anointed weapons never completely heal. In addition, Omega ( also called Omega the Destroyer and Antichrist in the “ Pitch Document ” ) was prophesied, who for a long time equated Carnivàle's magical figures with the official. Omega, like Alpha, is female and is the only known exception to the male limitation in avatars. In addition, Omega is widely traded as the last avatar, based on " the beginning and the end ".

Signs in the series

Certain characters appear to have had supernatural abilities since the beginning of the series. Ben Hawkins and Brother Justin Crowe not only share the same visions of two soldiers (one also wears a tailcoat ) and a man with a tree tattoo on his chest, but also of each other. Ben can heal and revive beings at the expense of other lives. Brother Justin meanwhile can mind reading and manipulating. Ben and Lodz, a blind mentalist of the Carnival, both have visions of the medieval Knights Templar . The fortune teller Sofie can communicate telepathically with her catatonic mother, who was raped by the tattooed man some time ago. The progressive action adds to the importance of the two mysterious soldiers who are later revealed as Henry Scudder and Management. Strange words with an unknown meaning keep popping up in the series. Variations of the sentence "Every Prophet in his House " are uttered over and over again, apparently without meaning. Ben finds the letters TARAVATARAVA in a mine shaft, which he can later interpret as an avatar . The second season introduces the term public servant ( usher ). Management repeated this term to Ben twice. After Management's death, Ben suddenly has knowledge of princes , prophets and the minister . The sentence “Sofie is the Omega -L” is once written on a mirror, but without any further explanation. Sofie demonstrates her powers and abilities, similar to those of Ben and Brother Justin, in the last episode.

What is an avatar?

Daniel Knauf and the “ Pitch Document ” defined Ben as the figure of light and Brother Justin as the creature of darkness. Both are the avatars of the current generation. In addition, Brother Justin is the official, represented spiritually by the tattooed man. Their respective fathers were previous generation avatars: Henry Scudder was the creature of darkness and Lucius Belyakov (management) the figure of light. The color of the avatars' blood reflects their status. Ben and Brother Justin's blood was red when they were still princes, and after they became prophets their blood turned into Vitae Divina (blue blood). Management's blood was also Vitae Divina, while Scudder's blood was never shown on the series. Scudder's father, Hilton, was an avatar of unknown nature. Carnival's mentalist, Lodz, is a mortal who, however, got avatarian skills from Scudder in exchange for his sense of sight.

Several women in Carnivàle have close relationships with the Avatars, but only two have Avatar blood: Belyakov's daughter Iris is a Vectorus , and Justin's daughter Sofie is the Omega . Although Sofie is two years older than Ben, the father's avatarian generation places her in the next generation of avatars. The other women are human mothers who went insane after giving birth to an Avatar. Ben's mother Flora was religiously fanatical and didn't want to touch her son. Scudder's mother Emma cut out her eyes and killed many of her family members the night Scudder was born. Sofie's mother Apollonia became catatonic. Justin's and Iris's mother was not discussed in the series, but the “ Pitch Document ” mentions their chronic paranoid schizophrenia after Justin's birth. As far as is known, these mothers did not get pregnant again after giving birth to an Avatar.

In a chat in February 2005, Knauf indicated other avatars: “What do Jesus , Caligula , Alexander the Great , Caesar , Buddha , Vlad III. Drăculea , Brother Justin, Ben Hawkins, Luscius [sic] Belyakov, Hilton Scudder, and Henry Scudder together? ”The Pitch Document says,“ If an avatar was meant to master his powers, he could do it with the precision of a scalpel . That was the case with many prophets like Buddha, Jesus and Mohammed , as well as with Caligula and Vlad Draculea. ”In this initial plot overview, Rasputin and Borgia were also avatars. However, like other avatars in Carnivàle , none of the historical characters in the series was directly mentioned.

The tattooed man and the tree

A man with a tree tattoo on his chest and back appears for the first time in the first few minutes of the pilot episode. He also appears in various avatarian visions and dreams, for example in Ben's and Brother Justin's dreams in which he chases Henry Scudder through a cornfield, in Ben's microsleep-like visions, in Sofie's dream images of the rape of her mother and in an expanded vision of Brother Justin, in whom he foresees his dark future. Ben meets a little boy with a similar tattoo on his chest and back at the end of season one. Brother Justin finds the tree on a hill at the beginning of season two, which leads to him getting the tattoo. The tree appears during the series in the Gospel of Matthias , in a painting in the Knights Templar in Loving, New Mexico, and in many pictures in Cleric Kerrigan's room.

In mythology , trees are usually freely interpretable. Carnivàle inventor Daniel Knauf announced that the tree in Carnivàle symbolizes the iconic tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden . His implied meaning and power led Knauf to put it on the tattooed man's chest, because “this is the place where you build your empire. That's what evaporates everything, [...] and it just had a certain power. ”The tattooed man (played by Don Swayze ) is often depicted without sight of his face, although in a few frames in the pilot you can see that he is from Clancy Brown (Brother Justin) is played. Knauf confirmed the tattooed man as a spiritual representation of the ushers of destruction ( Usher of Destruction ).

Historical and cultural allusions

Dust bowl

Sandstorm in the Texas Dust Bowl , 1935.
“Today drought and epidemics are raging right in the heart of this great country. Gigantic sandstorms as big as mankind has never seen them since the days of the prophets. And I keep asking myself: What are these appearances? "
- Brother Justin Crowe in the pilot episode Milfay ( World of Dust )

The plot Carnivàles plays the mid-1930s, during the height of the Great Depression and a social and political upheaval. The unemployment rate was high and European fascism rose in the years leading up to World War II . The residents of the Great Plains suffered from the effects of the Dust Bowl . Farmers not only got into debt and lost their property, but also endangered their health; Sand pneumonia was a common cause of death.

Carnivàle is a retrospective interpretation of that time. The Okie Ben loses his mother and his farm on the sand as a Carnival it takes along. As the Carnival travels through the southwestern United States , California priest Brother Justin helps the Dust Bowl refugees, who over time become its greatest supporters. Although the series replaces the real sociological reasons for the drought with fantasy elements and the presence of the devil , the dust bowl situation is brought up over and over again. Samson's catchphrases are variations of “We got dust to shake!”. The episode Black Blizzard ( Black Blizzard ) focuses on the struggle of Ben and the Carnival against a huge sandstorm . It only rains twice during the series. The first time Ben and Sofie sleep together; the authors wanted to emphasize that avatar sex "touches heaven". It rains the second and last time when Brother Justin forcibly takes the gift from Henry Scudder in the episode Cheyenne, WY .

religion

Religion plays a major role in Carnivàle . Samson's prologue in the pilot episode is based on a few introductory paragraphs on the first page of the “ Pitch Document ” that were not originally planned to be performed. While Samson's prologue only briefly discusses creation according to Genesis , the original focuses on the battle between God and Satan :

“Before the beginning, after the great celestial war that rocked the very foundation of Heaven and Hell, God and Satan established an uneasy truce. Never again would they face each other in direct confrontation. So God created the Earth, inhabiting it with the crafty ape he called Man. And henceforth, to each generation was born a creature of Light and a creature of Darkness, and they would gather to them men of ilk nature and thus, by proxy, carry on the war between Good and Evil. "

“Before the Origin, after the great heavenly war that shook the foundations of heaven and hell, God and Satan agreed an uncertain truce. They would never face each other face to face again. So God created the earth and populated it with the clever monkey named man. And henceforth a figure of light and a creature of darkness was born into each generation. And they would gather people of their same nature and continue the war between good and evil on their behalf. "

- Daniel Knauf : Pitch Document

Inventor Daniel Knauf believed that Carnivàle's religious aspects stem from the epic stories of good and evil that played a major role during the 1930s. Executive Producer Ronald D. Moore saw religion as a way of expressing the struggle between good and evil, faith and the nature of people. Neither the audience nor the actors were given any hints on how to interpret the biblical symbolism. Clancy Brown, who played the role of Brother Justin, didn't know during the first season whether his character was a figure of light or a creature of darkness. However, he himself thought that the visions led Brother Justin to believe that he was on a righteous mission of God until the end of season one.

Daniel Knauf felt that Brother Justin had certain characteristics with other religious leaders who were often persecuted for their delusional visions. Historical figures such as Father Coughlin , Brigham Young, and Aimee Semple McPherson served as inspiration, although the writers reluctant to tell their individual stories. Daniel Knauf thought right at the beginning about making Brother Justin a Protestant pastor , but when the producers had to choose a certain religious affiliation, Knauf fought against the plans to make him Catholic . Knauf, himself a Catholic, agreed on the Methodist denomination, which in his eyes is much less clichéd, suspicious or controversial. According to his own statements, Knauf at Carnivàle was not inspired by God.

Carnivàle is also based on other religious symbols and parallels. The National Shrine of the Little Flower in Royal Oak, Michigan , founded by Father Coughlin in the 1930s, was used as the template for the temple in Brother Justin's vision in the episode Los Moscos . This vision suggests the world Brother Justin wants to build by holding power through his sermons on the radio. The producers planned to use radio towers instead of normal church towers for the temple. The design also included Eastern European domes and Western European domes. In the same vision, the tattooed man appears next to a tree resembling the Tree of Knowledge , implying that Brother Justin is the minister . According to Knauf, the official represents a “timeless character who appears in different cultures”, and who “is there to initiate Armageddon ” as a “harbinger of the end times ”.

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar symbol in Carnivàle

Carnivàle introduces the Knights Templar , a medieval Christian knightly order , in the eighth episode of the first season Lonnigan, Texas ( side effect pain ), in which Ben meets the "freak-finder" Boffo Phineas. When Ben comes with Boffos ring in contact, he experienced a series of strong visions of the Knights Templar in which they practice rituals stuck heads on spears and people on funeral piles burn. The ring bears a red cross and when Samson hands a piece of jewelry with the same symbol to Lodz, the mentalist has the same visions as Ben and falls on the floor shouting: " In hoc signo vinces " ("In this sign you will win"). The Knights Templar remains a recurring subplot until Ben discovers the meaning of the symbol at the beginning of the second season. The house of the Benevolent Order of the Templars appears for the last time in the fourth episode of the second season Old Cherry Blossom Road ( The Old Woman ), in which the escaped criminal Varlyn Stroud uses him to track down Ben. When Wilfred Talbot asks Smith the location of the Saunière manuscript at the end of the second season, Scudder replies that it is hidden in Rennes-le-Château .

Although the Knights Templar only had one subplot during the two seasons, they have a complex backstory that could not be told due to the removal. The " Pitch Document " describes the fictional order, later simply "Templar Order" ( Order Templar ), as a brotherhood of travelers who were once commissioned by the Roman Catholic Church to find the avatars. Knauf stated that Henry Scudder and his father Hilton were both Templar members; Scudder did it because he wanted access to her knowledge and the library. The Saunière manuscript would have become "relatively important" for the future of the plot.

Trinity

The real Trinity Tower

In the season opener of the second season of Los Moscos , management urges Ben to visit Scudder. Ben has to find out the name of the preacher (Brother Justin) from his dreams in order to prevent a future disaster. Ben transports an induced vision into a desert where he suddenly hears an alarm siren. A huge explosion follows, followed by a mushroom cloud . When Ben opens his eyes again, Brother Justin kneels in front of him and asks: "You brood of snakes, who made you sure that you will escape the future anger?" An episode later, in Alamogordo, NM , Ben drives past this point . In a shared vision in the episode Creed, OK ( The Death Mask ), Ben and Sofie kiss in a desert, surrounded by bright light and swirling dust. The second season takes place in 1935.

Reviews interpreted these visions as Ben's challenge to find and defeat Brother Justin; Ultimately, Ben has to stop building the atomic bomb. The prologue of the first episode already hinted at this interpretation, with the statement: "But then the false sun rose over Trinity, and man has forever exchanged his knowledge of miracles for reason." The Trinity test at Alamogordo , New Mexico was mankind's first atomic bomb test in 1945. Daniel Knauf wanted to end Carnivàle after six years with the explosion of the atomic bomb, as the beginning of the “Age of Mind”. Even so, Knauf's story is "not about the development of the bomb, but more about the invention of the bomb," with a focus "on Alamogordo and the Trinity test rather than Hiroshima and Nagasaki ." Much research has gone into the visual effects of the explosion . Images of the first moments of an atomic explosion and a self-generated explosion of around 1,100 liters of gasoline were used as templates. The effects on the ground and dust were created from a combination of computer graphics, and the fireball of the explosion was created from Hubble images of the sun. Knauf left the interpretation of the kiss vision open to the characters and spectators.

Tarot divination

The tarot card reading by the fortune teller Sofie and her mother Apollonia bring the plot forward significantly. Sofie's sessions in the pilot episode stimulate visions in Ben that give an insight into the healing powers of his childhood. The second season shows Sofie's attempts to quit her job, which is repeatedly prevented by the appearing tarot cards. In another session, Ben embarks on a trip to see Scudder, the man he's been looking for since the series began.

In introducing tarot symbolism to the series, Daniel Knauf began with the Waite Tarot and then took the freedom of interpretation. The same set of cards was used in the series and in various web games. Tarot divination played a huge role in Carnivàle's online marketing . The producers wanted a "personalized, interactive tarot card session experience similar to the one on the show." The official HBO website worked with RealNetworks to bring Fate: The Carnivàle Game , a downloadable game based on tarot symbolism.

Carnivàle's intro shows tarot cards flying in and out; these maps have been created digitally, are based on paintings and are not available for purchase. The goal of the creative team behind the intro was "to create an opening sequence that transports the viewer into the mid-1930s, but also allows a great presence of good and bad to be felt all the time." The creators provided a detailed interpretation of the Tarot cards in the intro, covering good and bad, heaven and hell , wars, and the age of science as the anti-religion in the 1930s. The following list explains the tarot cards appearing in the intro, the keywords provided and the artwork used.

Reception, Interpretation and Legacy

Executive Producer Ronald D. Moore was certain that Carnivàle was one of the most complicated series on television, while inventor Daniel Knauf admitted that “you don't understand everything that's going on, but it makes a certain sense.” By saying that Carnivàle was designed to be a demanding series with a lot of subtext , Knauf held back with explicit references. He didn't want to influence the audience's interpretation.

Interpretations during Carnivàle's term

“If Carnivàle asks one central question, it is this: What is the connection between Hawkins and Crowe, and what do their dreams have to do with reality? Are they visions of the future, leftovers from the past or a symbol of the present? […] I desperately wished that Michael J. Anderson (Samson) would start talking backwards again (like his mysterious role "The Man from Another Place" from the series Twin Peaks ), because then at least something in Carnivàle would make sense would result. "
- Dennis Cass from Slate magazine after the first two episodes

Reviewers of the first three episodes saw many myths and similes in Carnivàle's plot. The series has been viewed as more than just a human metaphor for good and bad, with the power of spirits as one of the most powerful elements. Some critics were very confused and described almost everything as "mysterious" - the characters and their powers and abilities, characters and scenarios within the visions, the whole Carnival - and wondered how it all fits together. The visions of the two main characters were briefly addressed, characteristically between brutal and harmless visions, but parallels between the visions and the essence of good and evil were not necessarily drawn.

Carnivàle's central premise was perceived as “unclear”, “unconventional” and filled with a “complicated symbolic interpretation of historical events” after Daniel Knauf told television critics that he viewed the 1930s as the “last great age of magic” ended by that Building the atomic bomb and the "Age of Mind". Many reviewers cited and commented on Samson's prologue to explain the series' apocalyptic premise and mythology. Some critics claimed that the good and bad creatures from the prologue were Ben and Justin as they prepare for the final battle. Even so, many reviewers did not want to commit themselves to any strict good and bad with the main characters, knowing that it will take some time before this question can be answered with certainty. Ben and his healing powers led many critics to believe he was good and that Brother Justin was a demon, or at least a dangerous fanatic, who received his instructions from God or Satan. Some critics described the question of Ben's origins as one of the series' biggest mysteries. The lack of disclosure of the characters' roles was evident by the end of season one, although critics expected Sofie to play a more prominent role later.

Season 1 DVD reviews and season 2 previews had the benefit of looking back at the entire first season, and some reviewers still considered the series' mythology to be complicated, awkward, "peek-a-boo", and absurd. The importance of the prologue was re-emphasized, while previous character descriptions, the good versus bad theme, and the connection of the plot were repeated. Ben's good nature and Brother Justin's evil nature seemed clearer to the critics, with "many bizarre coincidences suggesting a deeper and darker connection" between the two main characters. The visions were seen as disturbing and grotesque, dreams as cryptic and mysterious, and abilities as inexplicable. Henry Scudder is "in connection with everything and everyone", and it would be Ben's job to clear up his own mysterious past. The events at the beginning of the second season were interpreted as a turnaround from the mystery to the actual journey, as Ben now accepted and explored his powers, while Brother Justin fully lives out his evil nature. Critics viewed Sofie's change in the final episode as an unexpected and new threat to the plot.

Reception and analysis of the topic

Carnivàle has often been compared to David Lynch's 1990s mystery series Twin Peaks and John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Fruits of Wrath . TV Guide's Matt Roush described Carnivàle as "the perfect show for those who thought Twin Peaks was too easy," while Salon.com's Heather Havrilesky recalls the "disappointment you feel as a child when you get to the last page of the fruits of anger ." “Remembered. She argued that "a surreal Twin Peaks style shock festival [...] is difficult to replicate," especially when it "avoids the 'hug and study' of mainstream television by just providing an ongoing diet of agony and disappointing hope , the viewers refuse to take and not risk an emotional connection. " Carnivàle , as The Australian wrote," seems like it was born out of literary terms "which" sometimes work on paper but are fatal on a big screen, let alone watching television. It's almost a biblical omission against arrogance on television. ”One reviewer admitted his temptation to give up the first season because it was“ too artistic and esoteric ”and his lack of commitment to the series prevented him from understanding“ what for hell is going on was, [which] can be a problem for a Drama series. " TV zone looked Carnivàle as" a show like no other, and [...] the point that she was so open to interpretation as a surprisingly one of its greatest strengths. " Carnivàle has been lauded for portraying "Hopelessness During the Great Depression" and for being one of the first television series to show "Unmitigated Pain and Disappointment". Still, some critics weren't sure whether viewers would find the "slowly unfolding sadness" appealing or whether they would have the patience or perseverance to decipher the meaning of the series.

Fate and Legacy of the Mythological Plot

Following the significant loss of viewers in the second season was Carnivàle after two planned six seasons in 2005 deposed . In a later interview, Daniel Knauf was confident that someone would let him finish his story, if not as a television series, then as a film series or graphic novels . Knauf approached Marvel Comics to tell the future story of Carnivàle . Marvel was keen, but HBO, who owns the series and characters, wouldn't give up the rights. During the 2007 writers' strike , Knauf said that "an idiosyncratic series like Carnivàle would no longer be produced these days," that current television is made up of a number of "speaking heads" and "the vast majority of television writers are not visual storytellers". Knauf enjoys the freedom of a graphic storyteller and has considered diverting his efforts from television series. Meanwhile, Carnivale's mythology remains in the public eye. In 2008, Alessandra Stanley of Australian newspaper The Age recalled Carnivàle as "a cunning, ambitious series that moves its unusual characters in an imaginative setting," while The AV Club called the series "a fantastically rich series with a frustratingly dense mythology".

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Matthew Gilbert: 'Carnivale' atmosphere gets lost in pretentious new HBO series. In: The Boston Globe. September 12, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Alessandra Stanley: TV WEEKEND; Carnies, Dust Bowl, Apocalypse. In: The New York Times. September 12, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  3. ↑ More literal translation: “Before the beginning, after the great war between heaven and hell , God created the earth and left rulership over it to the crafty ape he called human ... and in every generation there became a figure of light and a creature of Born of darkness ... and great armies clashed at night in the ancient war between good and evil . There was magic at that time. Noble. And unimaginable cruelty. And so it remained until that day when a false sun exploded over Trinity and man traded the miracle for reason. "
  4. ^ Clancy Brown. HBO, archived from the original on June 14, 2008 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c d e Sherwin Loh: Circus Of Life. The Straits Times, October 10, 2004, accessed February 23, 2010 .
  6. ↑ a b Jeremy Mahadevan: Come Join The Carnivale. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, October 9, 2004, accessed February 23, 2010 .
  7. ↑ a b c Carnivàle - Opening Title Sequence. HBO, archived from the original on June 4, 2008 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English).
  8. ^ A b Dylan Callaghan: In the Ring with Good and Evil. (No longer available online.) WGAW, archived from the original on July 1, 2012 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wga.org
  9. ↑ a b c d e f James Poniewozik: HBO's Cirque du So-So. Time, accessed February 23, 2010 .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Allison McDonnell: Semi-brief summary of tonight's chat. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, April 18, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (registration required). and miladyrai: From Chat (Edited). Yahoo Carnivale HBO, April 18, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (registration required).
  11. ^ Daniel Knauf: Dark Avatars not being the aggressor. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, June 14, 2007, accessed February 23, 2010 (registration required).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m “Pitch Document” (CARNIVALE Backstory and Mythology.doc) and character biographies (CHARACTER BIOS TEXT ONLY.doc). (doc) Yahoo Carnivale HBO, July 2007, accessed October 15, 2009 (English, registration required).
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Daniel Knauf: Prophet, Prince, Usher. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, February 22, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (registration required).
  14. ^ A b One More Look, Behind the Curtain. HBO, archived from the original on June 16, 2008 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English).
  15. ↑ Ana Marie Cox: Dust Bowl Passion Play. In These Times, January 19, 2004, accessed February 23, 2010 .
  16. ↑ a b c Daniel Knauf: Dan Knauf chats live. (No longer available online.) CarnyCon, March 1, 2005, archived from the original on September 30, 2007 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mooncross.net
  17. ↑ a b c d e Dan Knauf Interview. (No longer available online.) CarnyCon, February 15, 2005, archived from the original on July 1, 2012 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.carnycon.com
  18. ^ Daniel Knauf: Why no reaction from Ben? Yahoo Carnivale HBO, March 15, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (English, registration required).
  19. ^ Daniel Knauf: Carnivale season 2. HBO, April 19, 2005, archived from the original on December 3, 2007 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English, registration required).
  20. ↑ a b Season 1, Episode 1: Milfay ( World of Dust ). Director: Rodrigo García, author: Daniel Knauf.
  21. ↑ a b c d Daniel Knauf: Power transfers? Yahoo Carnivale HBO, March 23, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (registration required).
  22. ↑ a b c Beth Blighton: Hints and Answers from the Dan Meister. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, February 21, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (registration required).
  23. ↑ a b Daniel Knauf: An Answer to Dan's riddle. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, March 10, 2005, accessed February 23, 2010 (English, registration required).
  24. ↑ a b Season 2, Episode 1: Los Moscos. Director: Jeremy Podeswa, author: Daniel Knauf.
    • Wilfred Talbot Smith: “You bleed like a human. He is still alive. […] At the prince's hand, the prophet dies. On his death the prince should rise [...] The Gospel of Matthias. Chapter 3, verses 26 to 28. […] You have to kill him with your own hands… Henry Scudder. ”/ Brother Justin:“ Then what? ”/ Smith:“ You will become a prophet. The official. [...] Kill him [Scudder] and you will receive the divine blood. "
  25. ^ A b Daniel Knauf: Even more Carnivale Questions. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, June 10, 2007, accessed February 23, 2010 (English, registration required).
  26. ↑ Season 2, Episode 10: Cheyenne, WY. Director: Todd Field, Writer: Tracy Tormé.
    • Wilfred Talbot Smith (to Brother Justin about Henry Scudder): “His mind must be free during death. If he is impaired or delusional, the result would be disastrous. [...] madness or even death. [...] The only way to receive the gift in full is if it is freely given to one by the Prophet. […] He [Scudder] would have no choice if they surprise him. [...] You have to forcibly take the gift. [...] But if they hesitate, he may be able to escape and the gift would be lost for them forever. "
  27. ↑ a b c d Creating the Scene - Justin's Vision. HBO, archived from the original on June 5, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  28. ↑ a b Season 2, Episode 2: Alamogordo, NM. Director: Jack Bender, author: William Schmidt.
    • Management: “You saw the official. The tattooed man. […] Samhain, Necrotus, Khaybet, Lord of Shadows. Thousands of names in thousands of books, but they all mean the same thing. The servant of destruction. "
  29. ^ A b Daniel Knauf: the fetus revisited (my take). Yahoo Carnivale HBO, March 2, 2005; accessed February 23, 2010 .
  30. ↑ Season 2, episode 8: Outskirts, Damascus, NE ( The Prince Awakens ). Director: Tim Hunter, author: Daniel Knauf.
    • Wilfred Talbot Smith: “Your enemy received the gift. […] What worries me more is the knife thing you mentioned. '[From the Gospel of Matthias:] Anointed dagger, plunge deep.' "/ Brother Justin:" 'Anointed'? "/ Smith:" Poured in avatar blood. If he has it in his possession along with the gift, he not only has the strength but also the means to destroy it. "
  31. ↑ a b Season 2, Episode 8: Outskirts, Damascus, NE ( The Prince Awakens ). Director: Tim Hunter, author: Daniel Knauf.
    • Belyakov (to Ben in a vision): “See the servant. A dark heart beats where branches meet. Anointed dagger, plunge deep. "
  32. ^ Daniel Knauf: Carnivale season 2. HBO, April 18, 2005, archived from the original on December 3, 2007 ; accessed on February 23, 2010 (English).
  33. ↑ a b c d e f Carina Chocano: TV Review: Carnivale. In: Entertainment Weekly. September 11, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  34. ↑ Season 1, Episode 8: Lonnigan, Texas ( pain side effect ). Director: Scott Winant, Author: Daniel Knauf.
    Season 1, episode 9: Insomnia . Director: Jack Bender, author: William Schmidt.
  35. ↑ Season 1, Episode 2: After the Ball Is Over ( heading south ). Director: Jeremy Podeswa, Writer: Daniel Knauf & Ronald D. Moore.
    • Waitress (to Ben and Brother Justin in a shared dream): "Every prophet in his house."
    Season 1, episode 10: Hot and Bothered ( Nightmares ). Director: Jeremy Podeswa, Writer: Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin.
    • Templer (to Sofie): "Every prophet in her house."
    Season 2, Episode 6: The Road to Damascus ( The Road to Damascus ). Director: Tucker Gates, Writer: Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin.
    • Sofie as a child (to Sofie in a vision): "Every prophet in her house."
    Season 2, episode 12: New Canaan ( Armageddon ). Director: Scott Winant, writer: Daniel Knauf & Tracy Tormé.
    • Sofie (to Sofie in a vision): "This is your house."
  36. ↑ Season 1, Episode 5: Babylon. Director: Tim Hunter, Writer: Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin.
  37. ↑ a b Season 1, Episode 12: The Day That Was the Day ( life against death ). Director: Rodrigo García, author: Ronald D. Moore.
  38. ↑ Season 2, Episode 1: Los Moscos. Director: Jeremy Podeswa, author: Daniel Knauf.
    • Wilfred Talbot Smith (reading an ancient text): "And that you know he is true by his words, the Usher will declare ..." / Brother Justin (on the radio): "The highest commandment, brothers and sisters, is ..." / Smith and Brother Justin (in line): "You should be strong."
    • Brother Justin (hears his own voice in a vision as the tattooed man cuts his own hand and blood gushes out): "He is the public servant."
    • Smith: "I'm here about the clerk." / Brother Justin: "What?" / Smith: "The clerk?"
  39. ↑ Season 2, episode 8: Outskirts, Damascus, NE ( The Prince Awakens ). Director: Tim Hunter, author: Daniel Knauf.
    • Ben: “'At the prince's hand, the prophet dies. The prince shall rise upon his death. ' - The prince, this is me. Management was the prophet. It's all in this book. He needed me to kill him. [...] When I killed him, everything he was, everything he knew, everything he believed, he gave me. He had to. He knew that this was the only possibility for me against the official. "/ Samson:" The official? "/ Ben:" Alexei Belyakov, his son. "
  40. ↑ a b Season 2, Episode 9: Lincoln Highway ( Tarred and Feathered ). Director: Rodrigo García, author: William Schmidt.
    • With lipstick on a mirror written by Ruthie (bessen von Lodz): "Sofie is the Omega -L"
  41. ↑ Season 2, Episode 12: New Canaan ( Armageddon ). Director: Scott Winant, writer: Daniel Knauf & Tracy Tormé.
  42. ↑ Season 2, Episode 10: Cheyenne, WY. Director: Todd Field, Writer: Tracy Tormé.
  43. ↑ a b c Season 2, Episode 1: Los Moscos. Director: Jeremy Podeswa, author: Daniel Knauf.
  44. ↑ Season 2, Episode 9: Lincoln Highway ( Tarred and Suspended ). Director: Rodrigo García, author: William Schmidt.
  45. ↑ Season 2, Episode 11: Outside New Canaan ( The Baptism of the Devil ). Director: Dan Lerner, Writer: John J. McLaughlin, Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin.
  46. ↑ Season 2, episode 8: Outskirts, Damascus, NE ( The Prince Awakens ). Director: Tim Hunter, author: Daniel Knauf.
  47. ^ Daniel Knauf: Power transfers? Yahoo Carnivale HBO, March 23, 2005, accessed February 24, 2010 (registration required).
  48. ↑ Nick Stahl as Ben Hawkins. HBO, archived from the original on July 3, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  49. ↑ Season 2, Episode 4: Old Cherry Blossom Road ( The Old Woman ). Director: Steve Shill, Writer: Dawn Prestwich & Nicole Yorkin.
  50. ^ Diane Salinger as Apollonia. HBO, archived from the original on June 16, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  51. ↑ Season 1, Episode 11: Day of the Dead ( Day of the Dead ). Director: John Patterson, Writer: Toni Graphia.
  52. ↑ a b c Season 2, Episode 2: Alamogordo, NM. Director: Jack Bender, author: William Schmidt.
  53. ↑ a b c Magic & Myth (making-of in the DVD set of the second season)
  54. ↑ a b c Making of Carnivàle (in the DVD set of the first season)
  55. ↑ Andy Dehnart: 'Carnivàle' returns - please let there be plot. MSNBC, January 6, 2005, accessed February 24, 2010 . List of Carny lingo. HBO, archived from the original on February 29, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  56. ^ A b Andrew Wallenstein: Marketing HBO's 'Carnivale'. The Hollywood Reporter, August 15, 2003, archived from the original on August 23, 2007 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  57. ↑ Audio commentary on the episode Milfay ( World of Dust ) by Daniel Knauf, Howard Klein and Rodrigo García (DVD set of the first season).
  58. ↑ a b c d e Summer 2003 Cable TCA Press Tour (July 10, 2003). Transcript on Summer 2003 Cable TCA Press Tour. Centimes.Demon.co.uk, July 10, 2003, archived from the original on June 26, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  59. ↑ a b Daniel Knauf: Stray thoughts on HBO's meddling, etc. Yahoo Carnivale HBO, July 14, 2006, accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  60. ↑ a b Wendy Tuohy: Freaking hell. The Age, December 16, 2004, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  61. ↑ Season 2, Episode 10: Cheyenne, WY. Director: Todd Field, Writer: Tracy Tormé.
    • Wilfred Talbot Smith: “Henry, I spoke to Bennington. He says you have the saunier manuscript. Where is it? Where? [...] "/ Henry Scudder:" The abbey behind the sacristy. "/ Smith:" Where? "/ Scudder:" Rennes-le-Château. "
  62. ↑ Highlights from the Dan Knauf Chat. Save Carnivale, September 11, 2005, archived from the original on June 20, 2009 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  63. ↑ a b Season 2, Episode 5: Creed, OK ( The Death Mask ). Director: Jeremy Podeswa, Writer: Tracy Tormé.
  64. ^ A b Gillian Flynn: TV Review: Carnivale. Entertainment Weekly, January 30, 2005, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  65. ↑ a b c Tim Knight: Carnivale: The Complete Second Season. Reel, accessed September 11, 2007 .
  66. ↑ a b c d the Monkey: Carnivale: Complete First Season. DVD Talk, December 1, 2004, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  67. ^ Interview de Daniel Knauf, le créateur de La caravane de l'étrange. Jimmy.fr, April 22, 2005, archived from the original on October 18, 2007 ; Retrieved February 24, 2010 (French).
  68. ^ A b Creating the Scene - Trinity. HBO, archived from the original on June 5, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  69. ↑ a b Highlights from the Dan Knauf Chat Episode 1 - Milfay. Save Carnivale, July 17, 2005, archived from the original on March 8, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  70. ^ A b Sandra Thomson: When Tarot Comes to Television. American Tarot Association, November 1, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  71. ↑ Season 2, Episode 7: Damascus, NE ( Henry Scudder ). Director: Alan Taylor, Writer: William Schmidt & John J. McLaughlin.
  72. ^ HBO and RealNetworks Launch Downloadable Game Inspired by Critically Acclaimed Series "Carnivàle". HBO Nov. 21, 2003, archived from the original on Aug. 22, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Fate: The Carnivàle Game. HBO, archived from the original on August 22, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). ..- CARNIVALE - .. (No longer available online.) HBO, archived from the original on February 2, 2010 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hbocarnivaletarot.com
  73. ↑ a52 Masters Fare in New Main Title Sequence for HBO's Carnivàle. a52, September 15, 2003, archived from the original on June 12, 2008 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English).
  74. ↑ Ronald D. Moore in the making-of "Making Carnivàle" in the DVD set of the first season: "I can say without fear of contradiction this may be the largest and most complicated show on television."
  75. ↑ Dennis Cass: Freaks, Geeks, and Nazis - Will HBO's surreal Carnivàle add up to anything? Slate, September 23, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  76. ↑ a b Phil Gall: Recently Reviewed: Carnivale. In: Variety. September 11, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  77. ↑ a b Nikki Baughan: Carnivàle - Season 1 . Ed .: TV Zone. 172nd edition. November 23, 2007, p. 64-65 .
    • Review of the follow- Hot and Bothered ( nightmares ): "(sic!) Sophie is a much stronger figure also - their visions seem to grow faster in comparison to Ben's and plays an important part in the unfolding drama."
    • Review of the episode The Day That Was the Day ( of life against death ): (sic) "The role of Sophie, Lodz, management et al. play in this apocalyptic drama has yet to be explained, but it is clear that much has been withheld for the announced second season. "
  78. ↑ a b Ken Shallcross: Carnivale - The Complete First Season. DVDFanatic, December 7, 2004, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  79. ↑ a b Brian Lowry: Recently Reviewed: Carnivale. In: Variety. January 6, 2005, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  80. ↑ Hock Guan Teh: Carnivale: The Complete 1st Season (DVD). (No longer available online.) DVD Town, December 1, 2004, archived from the original on September 28, 2007 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dvdtown.com
  81. ↑ a b KJB: Carnivale: Second Season Premiere. (No longer available online.) In: IGN. January 7, 2005, archived from the original on May 24, 2009 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / movies.ign.com
  82. ^ Matt Casamassina: Carnivale - The Complete First Season. In: IGN. December 10, 2004, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  83. ^ The Monkey: Carnivale - The Complete Second Season. DVD Talk, July 18, 2006, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  84. ^ Matt Casamassina: Carnivale - The Complete Second Season. In: IGN. July 21, 2006, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  85. ↑ a b c d e f g Heather Havrilesky: Gutsy - or just gusty? (No longer available online.) In: Salon. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dir.salon.com
  86. ↑ Meriah Doty: Taking a tour with 'Carnivale'. CNN, September 11, 2003, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  87. ↑ Matt Roush: Roush Reef. In: TV Guide. January 10, 2005, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  88. ^ Peter Craven: Art Without A Net. In: The Australian. December 18, 2004, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  89. ↑ Ray Richmond: Carnivale. In: The Hollywood Reporter. January 7, 2005, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  90. ^ Daniel Knauf: Did Daniel Knauf Have Any Intended Storyline? Yahoo Carnivale HBO, April 3, 2006, accessed February 24, 2010 (registration required).
  91. ↑ Adam Volk: Daniel and Charles Knauf: Men of Iron. (No longer available online.) Comics Bulletin, February 11, 2007, archived from the original on June 18, 2009 ; accessed on February 24, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.comicsbulletin.com
  92. ↑ a b Emmett Furey: WGA Strike: How will it affect comics? Comic Book Resources, November 5, 2007, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  93. ↑ Alessandra Stanley: Out of the blue yonder, it's surf noir. The Age, April 24, 2008, accessed February 24, 2010 .
  94. ↑ Steven Hyden, Josh Modell, Noel Murray, Keith Phipps, Tasha Robinson: What's up with the smoke monster ?: 16 unanswered TV questions. The AV Club, April 21, 2008, accessed February 24, 2010 .

Web links

Carnivàle

Episode List • Mythology • Characters • Awards