Naqshbandīya
The Naqschbandīya or Nakschibendi ( Arabic الطريقة النقشبندية, DMG aṭ-ṭarīqa an-Naqšbandīya , also Nakschibandi ) is one of the numerous Tariqas ( Sufi orders) of Islam , which originated in Central Asia in the 14th century and spread in the following centuries. Its founder is Baha-ud-Din Naqschband (1318-1389) from Bukhara (today in Uzbekistan ). From him the order leads its “ spiritual chain ” through Amir Kulal (died 1379), Abdul Khaliq Ghujduwani (died 1120), Yusuf Hamadhani (died 1140) and one of the four “rightly guided” caliphs , Abu Bakr (died 634), up to Prophet Mohammed (died 632).
After studying in Samarkand , Bahauddin Naqschband went to the city of Nasaf , met Amir Kulal and became his student. According to his own statement, however, the Sufi Sheikh who influenced him most was not Amir Kulal, but the long deceased Abdul Khaliq Ghujduwani. This had appeared to him, Bahauddin, in visions.
Teaching
Ghujduwani's teaching became known under the name "The Way of the Teachers" (tariq-i khwajagan) , in which he established the following eight principles, which Bahauddin later adopted as part of the Naqschbandi teaching:
- hush dar dam : paying attention when breathing
- nazar bar qadam : monitor one's steps
- safar dar watan : inner mystical journey
- khalwat dar anjuman : loneliness in the crowd
- yad kard : collection, commemoration
- baz gard : control one's thoughts
- nigah dasht : monitor his thoughts
- yad dasht : focus on God .
The “path of the teachers”, which attracted Tajik and Turkmen Muslims , formed an important element of social integration in Central Asian Islam , especially under the rule of Timur and his descendants (from around 1370 to 1507) in Samarkand , Bukhara and Herat . The rise of the successors of the Naqschbands also fell during this period, whose community, the Naqschbandi, partially ousted or absorbed the remaining communities that had formed through the establishment of the Naqschbandi in the following centuries.
The Naqschbandi, with their tendency towards religious penetration into everyday life and a controlled, Sharia-like lifestyle, showed themselves to be a cosmopolitan community that gained great political , economic and cultural influence in many areas .
After the death of Amir Kulal, Bahauddin Naqschband was his successor. The dervishes of that time formed the core of the group that later became the Naqschbandi-Tariqa.
Even if the Naqschbandi-Tariqa were rather sober and orthodox and thus artistic activities (especially music and sema , the "dance" of the dervishes; see also Mevlevi ) were not received to the same extent as other Sufi orders, the leading artists still belonged to it Herater court to this order. Well-known Naqschbandi dervishes were for example the poets Dschami (died 1492) and Mir Dard (died 1785).
Practices
A distinctive part of the Naqschbandi-Tariqa is the silent Dhikr (remembrance of God). This is the opposite of the loud Dhikr , as it is practiced in the other Tariqas and is attractive to many people due to its various chants and instrumental accompaniment. The silent Dhikr goes back to an incident of the Prophet Muhammad, when he sought refuge in a cave on the run from his Meccan persecutors. In order not to betray himself by loud voices, the Prophet instructs his only companion Abu Bakr in the practice of silent dhikr .
Another important characteristic of Naqschbandi-Tariqa is Suhbat (Turkish Sohbet ). This is an intimate conversation between the Sheikh and his dervish that is conducted on the highest spiritual level. The Naqschbandis themselves are convinced that their path would lead them to the "perfection of prophethood" with the exact observance of religious duties.
history
Members of the order interfered in Central Asian politics very early on , and when Ubaidullah Ahrar (died 1490) took over in the 15th century , Central Asia was ruled by the Tariqa. He used strong relationships with the Timurid - Prince Abu Said and the shaibanitischen Uzbeks , which was crucial for the political development in the mid-15th century. There were even members of the order in the Mongol Empire , because Yunus Khan Moghul was a Naqshbandi dervish there.
Shortly before 1600 the order also gained a permanent position in India . In addition to the already mentioned poet Mir Dard, another personality from the city of Delhi was the well-known Shah Waliullah (died 1762), who also belongs to the Qadiri -Tariqa. He translated the Koran , the holy book of Muslims , into Persian so that a large number of non- Arabic- speaking Muslims could understand this book and follow its commandments.
present
To this day, the Naqschbandi play an important role in religious life in the Middle East . After Anatolia the Tariqa was Molla Ilahi (deceased in 1409) brought, where it is still in today's Turkey , despite the adopted in 1925 ban by the state founder Ataturk , Dervish centers to entertain, pendant has. There prominent politicians such as Turgut Özal and Necmettin Erbakan maintained close relationships with the Naqschbandi sheikh Mehmed Zahid Kotku (died 1980). The educational movements of the Nurcu Cemaati and the Süleymancılık also have their roots in the Naqschbandi.
In Syria , the country's Grand Mufti, Ahmad Kaftaru (1912–2004), headed a branch of this brotherhood of its own, with a large international educational center in Damascus . In Iraq in 2007 the Naqshbandi militias formed an alliance with remnants of the Ba'ath Party led by Izzat Ibrahim ad-Duri ; together they fought against the US occupation forces and the government they supported, as well as against al-Qaeda.
The supporters of the Cypriot Sheikh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Qubrusi al-Haqqani (1922–2014) are particularly active in Germany and the USA . He has a large group of German converts to Islam who maintain their own publishers and publish his writings in German translation. They are also organized in the Haqqani Trust (Naqschbandi Haqqani branch) and the Sufi Center Rabbaniyya (Naqschbandi). In the USA he is represented by his own foundation, the Haqqani Foundation, which has various branches, a publishing house and its own study center in Michigan .
In Dagestan today there are two branches of the Naqshbandīya that compete with each other. Both lead them back to the Kurdish Sheikh Maulānā Chālidī al-Baghdādī (d. 1827), who is regarded as a reformer within the order. His followers established their own branch of the order, called the Naqschbandīya Chālidīya. In the 1820s, the first Dagestani scholars joined the Chālidīya, such as Ghāzī Muhammad (Imam 1828–1832) and Shāmil (Imam 1834–1859), who both came from the Avar mountain village of Gimry and waged jihad against Russia, the so-called Murid War . In the last years of the jihad a new branch of the Naqshbandīya arose in Dagestan, the so-called Mahmūdīya. It goes back to the teachings of Mahmūd al-Almalī (d. 1877), a Dagestani sheikh from the village of Almalo in today's Azerbaijan. The Mahmūdīya sheikhs did not participate in the jihad because they saw it as pointless. The most important authorities of the Mahmūdīya were the well-educated Sheikh, Qādī , doctor and Jadidist thinker Saifallāh-Qādī Bashlarov (d. 1919) and his disciple Hasan al-Qāhī (d. 1937).
In Uzbekistan , the historical legacy of the Naqshbandi experienced a significant appreciation after the end of the Soviet Union . Their ethics are officially highlighted and propagated as a central element of national culture and as a local counterweight to international Islamist currents. The grave of Bahauddin Naqschband near Bukhara has become a national monument. It also serves as an international pilgrimage center for Naqschbandis from all over the world.
Different chains of descent of individual Naqschbandīya orders
The ongoing efforts of some interested parties to portray the Naqschbandīya as a monolithic structure that is owed to a certain Sheikh or Grand Sheikh can quickly be refuted with a view to the various spiritual chains of descent called Silsila . In the course of time there have repeatedly been splits and factions, some of which have split again several times and have given up their loyalty to one another. The Mujaddidiyya arm and the Khalidiyya arm, each with their very different orders, have emerged as the most influential groups in the history of the Naqshbandīya. The following overview provides an example of why z. For example, the order around Nazım Kıbrısi and the Menzil-Cemaat are considered to belong to the Khalidiyya arm, but the Süleymancılar branch is not. There are also a number of other Naqshbandīya orders, whose lines of descent differ greatly from those listed here. The table is therefore not intended to be exhaustive and is for illustrative purposes only.
rank | Mujaddidiyya | Mujaddidiyya-Ghaffarî | Süleymancılar | Nazimiyye (Haqqani Foundation / Trust) | Menzil-Cemaat | Arvasi-Cemaat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mohammed | Mohammed | Mohammed | Mohammed | Mohammed | Mohammed |
2 | Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq | Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq | Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq | Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq | Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq | Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq |
3 | Salmān al-Fārisī | Salmān al-Fārisī | Salmān al-Fārisī | Salmān al-Fārisī | Salmān al-Fārisī | Salmān al-Fārisī |
4th | al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq | al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq | al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq | al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq | al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq | al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq |
5 | Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq | Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq | Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq | Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq | Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq | Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq |
6th | Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī | Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī | Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī | Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī | Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī | Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī |
7th | Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni | Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni | Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni | Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni | Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni | Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni |
8th | Abu Ali al-Farmadi | Abul Qāsim Gurgānī | Abu Ali al-Farmadi | Abu Ali al-Farmadi | Abu Ali al-Farmadi | Abu Ali al-Farmadi |
9 | Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani | Abu Ali al-Farmadi | Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani | Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani | Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani | Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani |
10 | Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani | Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani | Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani | Abul Abbas al-Khidr | Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani | Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani |
11 | Ārif Rivgarī | Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani | Ārif Rivgarī | Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani | Ārif Rivgarī | Ārif Rivgarī |
12 | Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi | Ārif Rivgarī | Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi | Ārif Rivgarī | Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi | Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi |
13 | Ali ar-Ramitani | Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi | Ali ar-Ramitani | Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi | Ali ar-Ramitani | Ali ar-Ramitani |
14th | Muhammad Baba Sammasi | Ali ar-Ramitani | Muhammad Baba Sammasi | Ali ar-Ramitani | Muhammad Baba Sammasi | Muhammad Baba Sammasi |
15th | Amir Kulal | Muhammad Baba Sammasi | Amir Kulal | Muhammad Baba Sammasi | Amir Kulal | Amir Kulal |
16 | Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari | Amir Kulal | Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari | Amir Kulal | Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari | Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari |
17th | 'Ala'uddin al-Attar | Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari | 'Ala'uddin al-Attar | Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari | 'Ala'uddin al-Attar | 'Ala'uddin al-Attar |
18th | Yaqub al-Charkhi | 'Ala'uddin al-Attar | Yaqub al-Charkhi | 'Ala'uddin al-Attar | Yaqub al-Charkhi | Yaqub al-Charkhi |
19th | Ubaidullah Ahrar | Yaqub al-Charkhi | Ubaidullah Ahrar | Yaqub al-Charkhi | Ubaidullah Ahrar | Ubaidullah Ahrar |
20th | Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī | Ubaidullah Ahrar | Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī | Ubaidullah Ahrar | Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī | Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī |
21st | Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi | Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī | Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi | Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī | Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi | Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi |
22nd | Muhammad al-Amkanagi | Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi | Muhammad al-Amkanagi | Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi | Muhammad al-Amkanagi | Muhammad al-Amkanagi |
23 | Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah | Muhammad al-Amkanagi | Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah | Muhammad al-Amkanagi | Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah | Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah |
24 | Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī | Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah | Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī | Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah | Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī | Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī |
25th | Adam Banuri | Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī | Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī | Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī | Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī | Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī |
26th | Sayyid Abdullah Akbarabadi | Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī | Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi | Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī | Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi | Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi |
27 | Shah 'Abd ar-Rahim | Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Fārūqī al-Mujaddidi | Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni | Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi | Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni | Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni |
28 | Shah Waliullah | Muhammad Mohsin al-Dehlavī | Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān | Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni | Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān | Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān |
29 | Shah 'Abd al-Aziz | Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni | Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi | Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān | Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi | Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi |
30th | Ahmad Shahid | Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān | Hâfız Ebû Saîd Sâhib | Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi | Khalid al-Baghdadi | Khalid al-Baghdadi |
31 | Sufi Just Muhammad | Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi | Habîbullah Jân-ı Jânan | Khalid al-Baghdadi | Abdullah Hakkari | Tâhâ-yı Hakkâri |
32 | Sufi Fatih 'Ali Uwaysi | Abū-Saʿīd Fārūqī al-Mujaddidī | Muhammed Mazhar Îşân Jân-ı Jânan | Ismail Muhammad ash-Shirwani | Tâhâ Hakkârî | Fehim-i Arvâsi |
33 | Maulana Ghulam Salmani | Ahmed Saʿīd Fārūqī al-Mujaddidī | Salâhuddin İbn-i Mevlânâ Sirâcüddin | Khas Muhammad Shirwani | Sıbgatullah Arvâsî | Abdülhakim-i Arvâsi |
34 | 'Abd al-Bari Shah | Hājī Dost Muhammad Qandahārī | Ebu'l-Fârûk Süleyman Hilmi Silistrevî ( Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan ) | Muhammad Effendi al-Yaraghi | Abdurrahman Tâhî | |
35 | Hamid Hassan 'Alawi | Muhammad Usmān Dāmānī | Jamaluddin al-Ghumuqi al-Husayni | Fethullah Verkânisî | ||
36 | Muhammad Sa'id Khan | Laal Shāh Hamdānī | Abu Ahmad as-Sughuri | Muhammed Diyâeddin Nurşînî | ||
37 | Azad Rasool | Muhammad Sirāj ad-Dīn | Abu Muhammad al-Madani | Ahmed Haznevî | ||
38 | Hamid Hasan | Pīr Muhammad Fazal Alī Shāh Qureshī | Sharafuddin ad-Daghestani | Abdülhakim Bilvânisî | ||
39 | Muhammad Abdul Ghaffār, alias Pīr Mithā | Abdullah al-Fa'iz ad-Daghestani | Muhammed Râşid | |||
40 | Allāh Bakhsh Abbāsī Ghaffārī, aka Sohnā Sāeen | Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani ( Nazım Kıbrısi ) | Sheykh Seyyid Abdul-Baqi El-Husseyni | |||
41 | Muhammad Tāhir Abbāsī Bakhshī, alias Sajjan Sāeen | Muhammad Mehmet Adil |
Well-known Naqschbandi
- Khwaja Khawand Mahmud (1563–1642), also known as Hazrat Ishaan Shah Saheb. Scholar, Sufi saint and descendant of Baha-ud-Din Naqschband
- Annette Kaiser , student of Irina Tweedie
- Irina Tweedie , author of The Path Through Fire
- Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee , student of Irina Tweedie
- Sheikh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Qubrusi al-Haqqani
- Sheikh Said , Kurdish spiritual leader
- Sheikh Ubeydallah , Kurdish leader
- Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan , scholar and founder of the Süleymancılar
- Turgut Özal , former Prime Minister of Turkey
- Cübbeli Ahmet Hoca , is an Islamic preacher of Turkey
- Sayyid Mir Jan , saint
See also
literature
- Itzchak Weismann : The Naqshbandiyya. Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition (= Routledge Sufi Series. 8). Routledge, London et al. 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-32243-0 .
- Moshe Gammer : The Beginnings of the Naqshbandiyya in Dāghestān and the Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. In: The world of Islam . New Series, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1994, pp. 204-217, JSTOR 1570930 .
Web links
- Nathalie Clayer: Networks of Muslim Brotherhoods in Southeast Europe , European History Online , ed. from the Institute for European History (Mainz) , 2011, accessed on: June 13, 2012.
- Islah ul Muslims - Naqshbandi assignment present at Allahabad, Kandiaro, Nowshero-Feroz Sindh, Pakistan
- Ottoman hostel Haqqani Trust - Association for new German Muslims (Naqschbandi-Haqqani line)
- Harmony of Hearts Association to promote understanding between members of different cultures and religions (Naqschbandi-Haqqani line)
- The Golden Sufi Center. (Naqshbandiyya Mujaddidiyya Lineage The Golden Sufi Center )
- Naqschibandi Sufi teachings Sufi teachings of a Naqschibandi master (Naqschbandi Haqqani lineage)
- Villa Unspunnen Sufi Center (Naqshbandiyya Mujaddidiyya Line)
- Bhai Sahib In the footsteps of a Sufi master of the Naqshbandiyya Mujaddidiyya lineage
- Sufi center Braunschweig
supporting documents
- ↑ See Michael Kemper: The Discourse of Said-Afandi, Daghestan's foremost Sufi master. In: Alfrid K. Bustanov, Michael Kemper (eds.): Islamic Authority and the Russian Language. Studies on Texts from European Russia, the North Caucasus and West Siberia (= Pegasus Oost-Europese Studies. 19). Pegasus, Amsterdam 2012, ISBN 978-90-6143-370-5 , pp. 167-218, here pp. 168-170.
- ^ Silsila of the Mujaddidiyya , accessed September 23, 2015
- ↑ Silsila of the Mujaddidiyya-Ghaffarî , accessed on September 23, 2015
- ↑ Silsila ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Süleymancılar , accessed on September 23, 2015
- ↑ Silsila the Nazimiyye (Haqqani Foundation / Trust) , accessed on September 23, 2015
- ↑ Silsila der Menzil-Cemaat , accessed on September 23, 2015
- ↑ Silsila der Arvasi-Cemaat , accessed on September 23, 2015