Naqshbandīya

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The Naqschbandīya or Nakschibendi ( Arabic الطريقة النقشبندية, DMG aṭ-ṭarīqa an-Naqšbandīya , also Nakschibandi ) is one of the numerous Tariqas ( Sufi orders) of Islam , which originated in Central Asia in the 14th century and spread in the following centuries. Its founder is Baha-ud-Din Naqschband (1318-1389) from Bukhara (today in Uzbekistan ). From him the order leads its “ spiritual chain ” through Amir Kulal (died 1379), Abdul Khaliq Ghujduwani (died 1120), Yusuf Hamadhani (died 1140) and one of the four “rightly guided” caliphs , Abu Bakr (died 634), up to Prophet Mohammed (died 632).

After studying in Samarkand , Bahauddin Naqschband went to the city of Nasaf , met Amir Kulal and became his student. According to his own statement, however, the Sufi Sheikh who influenced him most was not Amir Kulal, but the long deceased Abdul Khaliq Ghujduwani. This had appeared to him, Bahauddin, in visions.

The golden chain of the 40 successive Grand Sheikhs shows the long tradition of the Naqschbandi order (Arabic)

Teaching

Ghujduwani's teaching became known under the name "The Way of the Teachers" (tariq-i khwajagan) , in which he established the following eight principles, which Bahauddin later adopted as part of the Naqschbandi teaching:

  1. hush dar dam : paying attention when breathing
  2. nazar bar qadam : monitor one's steps
  3. safar dar watan : inner mystical journey
  4. khalwat dar anjuman : loneliness in the crowd
  5. yad kard : collection, commemoration
  6. baz gard : control one's thoughts
  7. nigah dasht : monitor his thoughts
  8. yad dasht : focus on God .

The “path of the teachers”, which attracted Tajik and Turkmen Muslims , formed an important element of social integration in Central Asian Islam , especially under the rule of Timur and his descendants (from around 1370 to 1507) in Samarkand , Bukhara and Herat . The rise of the successors of the Naqschbands also fell during this period, whose community, the Naqschbandi, partially ousted or absorbed the remaining communities that had formed through the establishment of the Naqschbandi in the following centuries.

The Naqschbandi, with their tendency towards religious penetration into everyday life and a controlled, Sharia-like lifestyle, showed themselves to be a cosmopolitan community that gained great political , economic and cultural influence in many areas .

After the death of Amir Kulal, Bahauddin Naqschband was his successor. The dervishes of that time formed the core of the group that later became the Naqschbandi-Tariqa.

Even if the Naqschbandi-Tariqa were rather sober and orthodox and thus artistic activities (especially music and sema , the "dance" of the dervishes; see also Mevlevi ) were not received to the same extent as other Sufi orders, the leading artists still belonged to it Herater court to this order. Well-known Naqschbandi dervishes were for example the poets Dschami (died 1492) and Mir Dard (died 1785).

Practices

A distinctive part of the Naqschbandi-Tariqa is the silent Dhikr (remembrance of God). This is the opposite of the loud Dhikr , as it is practiced in the other Tariqas and is attractive to many people due to its various chants and instrumental accompaniment. The silent Dhikr goes back to an incident of the Prophet Muhammad, when he sought refuge in a cave on the run from his Meccan persecutors. In order not to betray himself by loud voices, the Prophet instructs his only companion Abu Bakr in the practice of silent dhikr .

Another important characteristic of Naqschbandi-Tariqa is Suhbat (Turkish Sohbet ). This is an intimate conversation between the Sheikh and his dervish that is conducted on the highest spiritual level. The Naqschbandis themselves are convinced that their path would lead them to the "perfection of prophethood" with the exact observance of religious duties.

history

Tomb of Baha-ud-Din Naqschband

Members of the order interfered in Central Asian politics very early on , and when Ubaidullah Ahrar (died 1490) took over in the 15th century , Central Asia was ruled by the Tariqa. He used strong relationships with the Timurid - Prince Abu Said and the shaibanitischen Uzbeks , which was crucial for the political development in the mid-15th century. There were even members of the order in the Mongol Empire , because Yunus Khan Moghul was a Naqshbandi dervish there.

Shortly before 1600 the order also gained a permanent position in India . In addition to the already mentioned poet Mir Dard, another personality from the city of Delhi was the well-known Shah Waliullah (died 1762), who also belongs to the Qadiri -Tariqa. He translated the Koran , the holy book of Muslims , into Persian so that a large number of non- Arabic- speaking Muslims could understand this book and follow its commandments.

present

To this day, the Naqschbandi play an important role in religious life in the Middle East . After Anatolia the Tariqa was Molla Ilahi (deceased in 1409) brought, where it is still in today's Turkey , despite the adopted in 1925 ban by the state founder Ataturk , Dervish centers to entertain, pendant has. There prominent politicians such as Turgut Özal and Necmettin Erbakan maintained close relationships with the Naqschbandi sheikh Mehmed Zahid Kotku (died 1980). The educational movements of the Nurcu Cemaati and the Süleymancılık also have their roots in the Naqschbandi.

In Syria , the country's Grand Mufti, Ahmad Kaftaru (1912–2004), headed a branch of this brotherhood of its own, with a large international educational center in Damascus . In Iraq in 2007 the Naqshbandi militias formed an alliance with remnants of the Ba'ath Party led by Izzat Ibrahim ad-Duri ; together they fought against the US occupation forces and the government they supported, as well as against al-Qaeda.

The supporters of the Cypriot Sheikh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Qubrusi al-Haqqani (1922–2014) are particularly active in Germany and the USA . He has a large group of German converts to Islam who maintain their own publishers and publish his writings in German translation. They are also organized in the Haqqani Trust (Naqschbandi Haqqani branch) and the Sufi Center Rabbaniyya (Naqschbandi). In the USA he is represented by his own foundation, the Haqqani Foundation, which has various branches, a publishing house and its own study center in Michigan .

In Dagestan today there are two branches of the Naqshbandīya that compete with each other. Both lead them back to the Kurdish Sheikh Maulānā Chālidī al-Baghdādī (d. 1827), who is regarded as a reformer within the order. His followers established their own branch of the order, called the Naqschbandīya Chālidīya. In the 1820s, the first Dagestani scholars joined the Chālidīya, such as Ghāzī Muhammad (Imam 1828–1832) and Shāmil (Imam 1834–1859), who both came from the Avar mountain village of Gimry and waged jihad against Russia, the so-called Murid War . In the last years of the jihad a new branch of the Naqshbandīya arose in Dagestan, the so-called Mahmūdīya. It goes back to the teachings of Mahmūd al-Almalī (d. 1877), a Dagestani sheikh from the village of Almalo in today's Azerbaijan. The Mahmūdīya sheikhs did not participate in the jihad because they saw it as pointless. The most important authorities of the Mahmūdīya were the well-educated Sheikh, Qādī , doctor and Jadidist thinker Saifallāh-Qādī Bashlarov (d. 1919) and his disciple Hasan al-Qāhī (d. 1937).

In Uzbekistan , the historical legacy of the Naqshbandi experienced a significant appreciation after the end of the Soviet Union . Their ethics are officially highlighted and propagated as a central element of national culture and as a local counterweight to international Islamist currents. The grave of Bahauddin Naqschband near Bukhara has become a national monument. It also serves as an international pilgrimage center for Naqschbandis from all over the world.

Different chains of descent of individual Naqschbandīya orders

The ongoing efforts of some interested parties to portray the Naqschbandīya as a monolithic structure that is owed to a certain Sheikh or Grand Sheikh can quickly be refuted with a view to the various spiritual chains of descent called Silsila . In the course of time there have repeatedly been splits and factions, some of which have split again several times and have given up their loyalty to one another. The Mujaddidiyya arm and the Khalidiyya arm, each with their very different orders, have emerged as the most influential groups in the history of the Naqshbandīya. The following overview provides an example of why z. For example, the order around Nazım Kıbrısi and the Menzil-Cemaat are considered to belong to the Khalidiyya arm, but the Süleymancılar branch is not. There are also a number of other Naqshbandīya orders, whose lines of descent differ greatly from those listed here. The table is therefore not intended to be exhaustive and is for illustrative purposes only.

rank Mujaddidiyya Mujaddidiyya-Ghaffarî Süleymancılar Nazimiyye (Haqqani Foundation / Trust) Menzil-Cemaat Arvasi-Cemaat
1 Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed Mohammed 
2 Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq Abū Bakr ʿAbdallāh ibn Abī Quhāfa as-Siddīq 
3 Salmān al-Fārisī Salmān al-Fārisī Salmān al-Fārisī Salmān al-Fārisī Salmān al-Fārisī Salmān al-Fārisī 
4th al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as-Siddiq 
5 Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq Abū ʿAbd Allah Jafar ibn Muhammad as-Sādiq 
6th Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī Abū Yazīd Taifūr ibn ʿĪsā al-Bistāmī 
7th Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Ahmad al-Kharaqāni 
8th Abu Ali al-Farmadi Abul Qāsim Gurgānī Abu Ali al-Farmadi Abu Ali al-Farmadi Abu Ali al-Farmadi Abu Ali al-Farmadi 
9 Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani Abu Ali al-Farmadi Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani 
10 Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamdani Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani Abul Abbas al-Khidr Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani 
11 Ārif Rivgarī Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani Ārif Rivgarī Abdul Khaliq al-Ghujdawani Ārif Rivgarī Ārif Rivgarī 
12 Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi Ārif Rivgarī Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi Ārif Rivgarī Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi 
13 Ali ar-Ramitani Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi Ali ar-Ramitani Mahmoud al-Anjir al-Faghnawi Ali ar-Ramitani Ali ar-Ramitani 
14th Muhammad Baba Sammasi Ali ar-Ramitani Muhammad Baba Sammasi Ali ar-Ramitani Muhammad Baba Sammasi Muhammad Baba Sammasi 
15th Amir Kulal Muhammad Baba Sammasi Amir Kulal Muhammad Baba Sammasi Amir Kulal Amir Kulal
16 Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari Amir Kulal Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari Amir Kulal Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari
17th 'Ala'uddin al-Attar Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari 'Ala'uddin al-Attar Baha-ud-Din Naqschband Bukhari 'Ala'uddin al-Attar 'Ala'uddin al-Attar 
18th Yaqub al-Charkhi 'Ala'uddin al-Attar Yaqub al-Charkhi 'Ala'uddin al-Attar Yaqub al-Charkhi Yaqub al-Charkhi 
19th Ubaidullah Ahrar Yaqub al-Charkhi Ubaidullah Ahrar Yaqub al-Charkhi Ubaidullah Ahrar Ubaidullah Ahrar 
20th Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī Ubaidullah Ahrar Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī Ubaidullah Ahrar Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī 
21st Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi Muḥammad Zāhid Wakhshī Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi 
22nd Muhammad al-Amkanagi Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi Muhammad al-Amkanagi Darwish Muhammad as-Samarqandi Muhammad al-Amkanagi Muhammad al-Amkanagi 
23 Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah Muhammad al-Amkanagi Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah Muhammad al-Amkanagi Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah 
24 Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī Razi-ud-Din Muhammad Baqi Billah Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī 
25th Adam Banuri Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī Imâm Rabbânî Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī 
26th Sayyid Abdullah Akbarabadi Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi Imām Muhammad Ma'sūm Fārūqī al-Sirhindī Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi 
27 Shah 'Abd ar-Rahim Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Fārūqī al-Mujaddidi Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni Muhammad Sayfuddin al-Faruqi al-Mujaddidi Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni 
28 Shah Waliullah Muhammad Mohsin al-Dehlavī Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān 
29 Shah 'Abd al-Aziz Nūr Muhammad Badāyūni Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi 
30th Ahmad Shahid Shamsuddīn Habībullāh Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān Hâfız Ebû Saîd Sâhib Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi Khalid al-Baghdadi Khalid al-Baghdadi
31 Sufi Just Muhammad Abdullah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi Habîbullah Jân-ı Jânan Khalid al-Baghdadi Abdullah Hakkari Tâhâ-yı Hakkâri 
32 Sufi Fatih 'Ali Uwaysi Abū-Saʿīd Fārūqī al-Mujaddidī Muhammed Mazhar Îşân Jân-ı Jânan Ismail Muhammad ash-Shirwani Tâhâ Hakkârî Fehim-i Arvâsi 
33 Maulana Ghulam Salmani Ahmed Saʿīd Fārūqī al-Mujaddidī Salâhuddin İbn-i Mevlânâ Sirâcüddin Khas Muhammad Shirwani Sıbgatullah Arvâsî Abdülhakim-i Arvâsi
34 'Abd al-Bari Shah Hājī Dost Muhammad Qandahārī Ebu'l-Fârûk Süleyman Hilmi Silistrevî ( Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan ) Muhammad Effendi al-Yaraghi Abdurrahman Tâhî  
35 Hamid Hassan 'Alawi Muhammad Usmān Dāmānī Jamaluddin al-Ghumuqi al-Husayni Fethullah Verkânisî  
36 Muhammad Sa'id Khan Laal Shāh Hamdānī Abu Ahmad as-Sughuri Muhammed Diyâeddin Nurşînî  
37 Azad Rasool Muhammad Sirāj ad-Dīn Abu Muhammad al-Madani Ahmed Haznevî  
38 Hamid Hasan Pīr Muhammad Fazal Alī Shāh Qureshī Sharafuddin ad-Daghestani Abdülhakim Bilvânisî  
39 Muhammad Abdul Ghaffār, alias Pīr Mithā Abdullah al-Fa'iz ad-Daghestani Muhammed Râşid  
40 Allāh Bakhsh Abbāsī Ghaffārī, aka Sohnā Sāeen Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani ( Nazım Kıbrısi ) Sheykh Seyyid Abdul-Baqi El-Husseyni  
41 Muhammad Tāhir Abbāsī Bakhshī, alias Sajjan Sāeen Muhammad Mehmet Adil  

Well-known Naqschbandi

See also

literature

Web links

supporting documents

  1. ↑ See Michael Kemper: The Discourse of Said-Afandi, Daghestan's foremost Sufi master. In: Alfrid K. Bustanov, Michael Kemper (eds.): Islamic Authority and the Russian Language. Studies on Texts from European Russia, the North Caucasus and West Siberia (= Pegasus Oost-Europese Studies. 19). Pegasus, Amsterdam 2012, ISBN 978-90-6143-370-5 , pp. 167-218, here pp. 168-170.
  2. ^ Silsila of the Mujaddidiyya , accessed September 23, 2015
  3. ↑ Silsila of the Mujaddidiyya-Ghaffarî , accessed on September 23, 2015
  4. ↑ Silsila ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Süleymancılar , accessed on September 23, 2015 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tunahan.org
  5. ↑ Silsila the Nazimiyye (Haqqani Foundation / Trust) , accessed on September 23, 2015
  6. ↑ Silsila der Menzil-Cemaat , accessed on September 23, 2015
  7. ↑ Silsila der Arvasi-Cemaat , accessed on September 23, 2015