1997 Pacific hurricane season

1997 Pacific hurricane season

All the storms of the season
Formation of the first storm	June 1st
Dissolution of the last storm	6th of December
Strongest storm	Linda - 902  hPa  ( mbar ), 160  kn  (295  km / h )
Storms	19th
Hurricanes	9
Severe hurricanes ( Cat. 3+ )	7th
Total number of victims	426 total
Total damage	$ 7.6 billion
Pacific hurricane seasons 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a 1997 meteorological event . That season was one of the most active in the Eastern Pacific on record, and one of the deadliest and most expensive, with hundreds of deaths and billions of dollars in damage .

The outstanding storms were the severe hurricanes Linda , Pauline and Nora . Linda became the most intense storm ever in the Eastern Pacific, Pauline killed hundreds of people in Mexico and Nora caused severe damage and flooding in the southwestern United States . In addition, the super typhoons Oliwa and Paka have formed in the region east of the date line , causing significant damage in the western Pacific region.

Season overview

Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD	TS	1	2	3	4th	5

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season officially began in the eastern Pacific on May 15, 1997 and on June 1, 1997 in the central Pacific and lasted until November 30, 1997. This convention determines the time period in which most cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific . In 1997, this period was significantly exceeded, as the tropical storm Paka formed on December 2, 1997 and only resolved 19 days later after a migration to the Western Pacific.

The high activity in this hurricane season was influenced by a strong El Niño , which brought wind shear and high water temperatures with it, creating favorable conditions for the formation of tropical cyclones.

A total of 24 tropical cyclones were recorded, including five unnamed tropical depressions . Of these, 19 emerged east of the 140th degree of longitude west of Greenwich , as in the eastern Pacific. Eight of these storms developed into tropical storms and ten into hurricanes . Seven of these hurricanes achieved major hurricane status as at least Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale , including super typhoons Oliwa and Paka, which only became typhoons in the western Pacific .

In the central Pacific (between the 140th degree of longitude and the date line) the activity was above average. Two tropical storms and several tropical depressions formed there. A total of nine tropical storms have been observed in the area, the fourth highest number since observations with weather satellites began .

Storms

Tropical storm Andres

Tropical storm
Duration	June 1st - June 7th
intensity	45 kn (85 km / h ) (1 minute) , 998 hPa

Andres arose from a disturbance that slowly built up into tropical depression One-E on June 1st. On June 2nd, the system turned into a tropical storm. After a brief period of normal wandering northwest, the storm caught a westerly wind current and became the first named Pacific cyclone to threaten Central America . The predictions assumed a crossing of the isthmus and the continuation of the migration route from Andres to the Caribbean , but the storm turned to the southeast and migrated parallel to the coast. This was the first time a storm had taken such a route. Finally Andres set course again in a northeasterly direction. It weakened to a tropical depression, and on June 7, 1997, the system arrived overland at San Salvador , El Salvador . It then dissolved. The only personal injuries were two fishermen who were reported missing. Andres also caused power outages, floods, traffic accidents and building damage, especially in Nicaragua . The highest amount of rainfall in Mexico was reported by Mazatan at 290 millimeters. Andres also suffered damage in Nicaragua. Andres floods killed four people in Usulatan province .

Tropical storm Blanca

Tropical storm
Duration	June 9th - June 12th
intensity	40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1002 hPa

Blanca was a short-lived tropical storm. On June 9, the tropical depression Zwei-E formed, which developed into a tropical storm within six hours. It migrated northwestward, threatening the coast, so warnings were issued by the Mexican National Weather Service ( Servicio Meteorológico Nacional ) . However, a high pressure front pushed Blanca away from the coast.

Although the storm hit over warm waters, the trend continued to weaken and Blanca was downgraded to a low pressure area. Shortly afterwards, on June 12th, Blanca lost its rotational movement. Blanca caused significant rainfall, but no personal injury or property damage was reported.

Tropical Depression Drei-E

Tropical depression
Duration	June 21st - June 24th
intensity	30 kn (55 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1006 hPa

The tropical depression Drei-E formed on June 21st. It migrated westward quickly without strengthening and broke up early on June 24th.

Tropical storm Carlos

Tropical storm
Duration	June 25th - June 28th
intensity	45 kn (85 km / h ) (1 minute) , 996 hPa

On June 25th, a tropical wave drifted in from the Atlantic and became a tropical low and then tropical storm Carlos. Carlos then got over cooler water and lost his status after just one day. The low pressure area finally dissolved on June 28th. With the exception of Socorro Island , near which Carlos passed, the system has never put land at risk.

Tropical Depression Five-E

Tropical depression
Duration	June 29th - July 4th
intensity	30 kn (55 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1004 hPa

On June 29th around noon the tropical depression Five-E arose, which moved westward on a wandering course. After the forward speed slowed, the system disintegrated on July 4th.

Hurricane Dolores

Category 1 hurricane
Duration	July 5th - July 12th
intensity	80 kn (150 km / h ) (1 minute) , 975 hPa

Dolores emerged from the Tropical Depression Six-E that formed on July 5th and achieved tropical storm status the following day. On its way west, Dolores became the first hurricane of the year on July 7th. Dolores peaked at wind speeds of 80 knots (150 kilometers per hour). Dolores then became the first hurricane in two years to move past 125 degrees west longitude. Then Dolores lost strength. On July 11th, Dolores was just a tropical depression and the next day the system dissolved. Dolores had never endangered land.

Hurricane Enrique

Category 3 hurricane
Duration	July 12th - July 16th
intensity	100 kn (185 km / h ) (1 minute) , 960 hPa

Enrique was the first major hurricane of the season. It was formed on July 12th when a tropical depression was forming that turned into a tropical storm twelve hours later and became a hurricane on July 13th. Enrique reached its peak on July 14th with wind speeds of 100 knots (190 kilometers per hour) and an air pressure of 960 hPa . After that, the cyclone, which never threatened land, weakened and dispersed over colder waters on July 16.

Hurricane Felicia

Category 4 hurricane
Duration	July 14th - July 22nd
intensity	115 kn (215 km / h ) (1 minute) , 948 hPa

The tropical deep eight-E formed on July 12, 1997 south of the Mexican port city of Manzanillo . Its development was delayed by wind shear due to its proximity to Hurricane Enrique. By late July 15, the low turned into a tropical storm and was moving west-north-west. On July 17th, the storm turned into a hurricane, but its development was again slowed down by wind shear. After this dissolved, Felicia reached wind speeds of up to 115 knots (215 kilometers per hour) and the air pressure fell to 948 hPa. This made Felicia the second major hurricane of the season and reached category 4. Shortly after Felicia crossed the 140th degree of western longitude the system was downgraded to a tropical storm. When Felicia disbanded on July 22, 1997, the system had not compromised any land areas.

Tropical Depression One-C

Tropical depression
Duration	July 26th - July 27th
intensity	25 kn (45 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1007 hPa

Tropical Depression One-C formed on July 26th from a fault that had already shown signs of development for three days. The system migrated in a west-southwest direction through an unfavorable environment and was destroyed on the morning of July 27 by the wind shear of a high trough.

Hurricane Guillermo

Category 5 hurricane
Duration	July 30th - August 15th
intensity	140 kn (260 km / h ) (1 minute) , 919 hPa

→ Main article: Hurricane Guillermo (1997)

A tropical wave that had drifted across the Atlantic hit the Pacific on July 27th. It formed on July 30th to the tropical low and received the status of a tropical storm with the name Guillermo the next day. The storm developed quickly and was upgraded to a hurricane on August 1st. The hurricane intensified, reaching Category 4 on August 3rd. After a temporary slight weakening, Guillermo regained strength and became a Category 5 hurricane on August 4, reaching wind speeds of 140 knots (260 kilometers per hour). The lowest air pressure was measured at 919 hPa.

Thereafter, the hurricane weakened continuously and was downgraded to a tropical storm on August 8th. He crossed the 140th west longitude. It weakened to a tropical low on August 10, but then got over warmer waters again and became a tropical storm again. On August 15, Guillermo weakened again and for good, losing its tropical characteristics early the following day.

The remnants of the system migrated across the northern Pacific and were tracked to a point about 500 nautical miles west of Vancouver Island , where they remained motionless for a few days before the trough found itself in a southerly current and finally offshore on August 24th California has been absorbed by a sub-tropical cyclonic wind current.

Tropical storm Hilda

Tropical storm
Duration	August 10th - August 15th
intensity	45 kn (85 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1000 hPa

Tropical Low Ten-E formed on August 10, 1997 and became a tropical storm the next day. However, a wind shear weakened Hilda. The storm was downgraded again on August 14th and resolved on August 15th without ever endangering land.

Tropical storm Ignacio

Tropical storm
Duration	August 17th - August 19th
intensity	35 kn (65 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1005 hPa

The tropical storm Ignacio developed within twelve hours from a tropical low formed on August 17, 1997. The place where Ignacio developed into a cyclone was to the north and west than in most other cases. A steady current of wind drove Ignacio northward, where the cyclone was faced with waning winds and colder water. On August 19, Ignacio lost its cyclone-specific properties. The remnants of the system moved north, causing violent gusty winds on the California coast before completely dissipating and being absorbed by the same wind system that absorbed the remnants of Hurricane Guillermo. Ignacio caused heavy rains on the American west coast, up to Washington .

Hurricane Jimena

Category 4 hurricane
Duration	August 25th - August 30th
intensity	120 kn (220 km / h ) (1 minute) , 942 hPa

The next hurricane, Jimena, was developing as quickly as it was breaking up. Tropical Deep Twelve-E formed on August 25 and turned into a tropical cyclone the next day. On August 27, the storm had turned into a hurricane. The wind speeds grew from 65 to 115 knots (120 to 215 kilometers per hour) within 12 to 15 hours. The hurricane peaked at 120 knots and migrated northwest. It met with a countercurrent at a height, which reduced wind speeds from 115 to 30 knots within one day. Jimena completely disintegrated on August 30, shortly after he migrated to the Central Pacific, without posing any threat to land.

Tropical storm Oliwa

Tropical storm
Duration	September 2nd - September 12th
intensity	35 kn (65 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1004 hPa

Super typhoon Oliwa's journey through the Pacific began as a tropical fault that bobbed south of Johnston Atoll and then formed Tropical Low Two-C on September 2, 1997. Two-C later that day became Tropical Storm Oliwa ( Hawaiian for Oliver ) and slowly migrated west. On late September 3, 1997, the system drifted over the dateline. Since the storms in the Pacific basin are not renamed when the area borders are crossed, Oliwa kept its name.

Oliwa passed Wake on September 6 , where it caused heavy rain but no damage. The rapid strengthening phase began on September 7th; on September 8, Oliwa became a typhoon and eight hours later a super typhoon. For another two days, Oliwa remained a Category 5 storm. Oliwa passed the Northern Mariana Islands but then began to weaken. Oliwa reached mainland Japan as a typhoon on September 16, but it disbanded on the same day. Oliwa caused property damage and personal injury in Japan.

Tropical storm Kevin

Tropical storm
Duration	September 3 - September 7
intensity	50 kn (95 km / h ) (1 minute) , 994 hPa

Kevin was a short-lived storm that emerged from a low pressure area in the Atlantic basin. On the morning of September 4, Kevin turned into a tropical storm, but conditions were unfavorable for a stronger cyclone to form, and two days later Kevin weakened to a low that resolved on September 7, 1997 without ever endangering land .

Hurricane Linda

Category 5 hurricane
Duration	September 9th - September 17th
intensity	160 kn (295 km / h ) (1 minute) , 902 hPa

→ Main article: Hurricane Linda (1997)

Hurricane Linda was the strongest hurricane ever observed in the Eastern Pacific and peaked on September 12th. The wind speed was 160 knots (300 kilometers per hour) and the lowest measured air pressure was 902 hPa.

With the exception of Socorro Island, no country was affected by the storm, although early predictions had assumed that Linda would reach the California coast. But the system turned westward and disintegrated far out at sea on September 17, 1997.

Tropical storm Marty

Tropical storm
Duration	September 12th - September 16th
intensity	40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1002 hPa

Marty was a weak and short-lived tropical cyclone. Two tropical waves caused a weather disturbance that resulted in tropical low Fifteen-E late on September 12th. The system moved westwards and became Tropical Storm Marty on September 14th. However, Marty's forward speed continued to decrease, and after the storm turned south and encountered adverse conditions there, the system ceased to exist on late September 16.

Hurricane Nora

Category 4 hurricane
Duration	September 16 - September 26
intensity	115 kn (215 km / h ) (1 minute) , 950 hPa

→ Main article: Hurricane Nora (1997)

Hurricane Nora was the first Pacific hurricane to bring strong winds to the US mainland since Hurricane Kathleen (1976) . A tropical wave had organized into tropical low Sixteen-E on September 16, and the system quickly grew in strength until Nora peaked as a Category 4 hurricane.

Nora then pulled north and accelerated. After Nora weakened into a Category 1 hurricane, the storm hit the mainland in northern Baja California . Nora remained a tropical storm when the system reached the United States. The system broke up over Arizona , but the foothills still migrated north.

The rains were heavy and the property damage totaled several hundred million dollars. Hundreds of people were left homeless and Arizona suffered storm damage and flooding. Nora killed two people in Mexico and several indirect deaths were caused in California.

Tropical storm Olaf

Tropical storm
Duration	September 26th - October 12th
intensity	60 kn (110 km / h ) (1 minute) , 989 hPa

Tropical Storm Olaf was a weak but persistent storm that hit the mainland twice and followed an irregular path. Initially, a tropical low formed on September 26th, which was upgraded to a tropical storm when the next warning was issued. The cyclone moved north, but instead of turning into a hurricane forecast, Olaf weakened. On September 29, 1997, Olaf met the coast for the first time near Salina Cruz in the province of Oaxaca . Olaf began to dissolve and his remains changed direction. Later post-analysis, however, it turned out that during this westward migration Olaf was a tropical low for most of the time. The remnants of Olaf formed again into a cyclone and began to move southeast on October 5th, influenced by Hurricane Pauline. Then Olaf turned north and reached the mainland for the second time on October 12, 1997 near Manzanillo as a tropical low. Olaf disintegrated again and the remnants of the system moved west again to the sea without regenerating this time.

Olaf caused damage and flooding in Mexico and Guatemala when he first struck the mainland, and several people were reported missing. A total of 18 dead are attributed to Olaf in Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador.

Hurricane Pauline

Category 4 hurricane
Duration	October 5th - October 10th
intensity	115 kn (215 km / h ) (1 minute) , 948 hPa

→ Main article: Hurricane Pauline (1997)

Tropical low Eighteen-E formed on October 5th. In a favorable starting position, the storm quickly intensified into a category 4 hurricane. However, the effects of the mainland weakened Pauline and so the hurricane only reached the mainland on October 9, 1997 as a category 2 storm. The train speed accelerated when crossing a mountain range in a northwesterly direction, but this impeded the cyclical movement of the hurricane and the downhill rain led to a loss of moisture. Pauline broke up because of this on October 10th via Jalisco.

Hurricane Pauline was the most killing storm of the season. Landslides and flooding from the heavy rain caused the loss of life and left thousands homeless. At least 230 people ( over 400 according to the Mexican Red Cross , which were denied by Mexican government agencies) were killed. Regardless, Pauline was the hurricane with the highest casualty rate in Mexico since Hurricane Liza in 1976. The hurricane also caused property damage amounting to 7.5 billion US dollars.

Tropical Depression Three-C

Tropical depression
Duration	October 6th - October 7th
intensity	25 kn (45 km / h ) (1 minute)

The Tropical Depression Three-C was created when a tropical disturbance organized itself better on October 6th. Was formed when a tropical disturbance organized into a depression on October 6. It moved slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day.

Tropical Depression Four-C

Tropical depression
Duration	October 30th - October 31st
intensity	30 kn (55 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1012 hPa

The tropical low pressure area Vier-C arose on the night of October 30, not far from the point where Eins-C had also formed. Moving westward, the system steadily weakened when it encountered extensive dry air masses. It broke up on late October 31st.

Hurricane Rick

Category 2 hurricane
Duration	November 7th - November 10th
intensity	85 kn (155 km / h ) (1 minute) , 973 hPa

Hurricane Rick was the first November tropical cyclone in the Pacific since the 1991 hurricane season . A tropical depression formed on November 7th and moved northward and turned into a tropical storm on November 8th. This turned into a hurricane the next day, which peaked at 80 knots and 973 hPa. Rick reached the mainland in Oaxaca - the same region that had been devastated by Hurricane Pauline a month earlier. The hurricane broke up over land on early November 11th.

The hurricane uprooted trees and washed away recently repaired roads, and about 300 millimeters of rainfall was reported from Astata / San Pedro Huameluca, but no people were killed.

Rick is one of only seven known hurricanes that formed in the Pacific east of the date line in November. The others are Nina , Ruby , Iwa , Winnie , Nora and Sergio .

Tropical storm Paka

Tropical storm
Duration	December 2nd - December 6th
intensity	55 kn (100 km / h ) (1 minute) , 992 hPa

→ Main article: Typhoon Paka

Tropical Low Five-C formed on December 2nd, two days after the official end of the hurricane season. It was the second tropical low ever to have formed in the Pacific east of the date line in a December. (The other case was Hurricane Winnie 1983 ). The formation strengthened west of the Palmyra Atoll and was called Paka (Hawaiian for Pat ). The system began to move west. Dry winds and wind shear disrupted its development beyond the date line on December 6th.

After the system reached the western Pacific, conditions were more favorable and quickly intensified. On December 10th Paka became a typhoon and winds of 100 knots at Kwajalein . The storm became even stronger and reached category 5 twice. Paka passed Guam as a category 4 typhoon on December 17 and caused major property damage there. Subsequently, Paka found itself in unfavorable conditions and dissolved completely by the evening of December 22nd.

Season overview

The season began with the formation of tropical low one-E on June 1, 1997 and ended with the dissolution of tropical low Paka on December 22, 1997. (However, December 6 can also be seen as the end of the season at that time On this day the tropical storm Paka crossed the date line and thus became part of the Pacific typhoon season 1997. ) No named storms had formed in May, three in June, four in July, also four in August, five in September, one in October and one in November. The formation of a tropical storm in December was rather unusual. The only other time this ever happened in the Pacific in the age of weather satellites was in 1983 .

Only storms that hit the mainland are listed in this table. The color behind the affected region (the place where the storm reached the mainland or where it passed close by) shows the strength of the storm at this point in time. The table does not include the Socorro Islands as no storm warnings are issued for them.

Surname	date	Affected region	Fatalities	costs
Andres	June 7th	San Salvador, El Salvador	2	unknown
Blanca	June 10th	Puerto Angel	0	minimal
Nora	25th of September	Punta Eugenia; San Fernando	6-7	about $ 100 million (1997)
Olaf	September 29th	Salina Cruz	several	unknown
Pauline	9th October	at Puerto Escondido	230-400	$ 7.5 billion (1997)
Rick	November 10th	at Puerto Escondido	0	unknown

Oliwa and Paka did not cause any damage to land east of the date line and are therefore not listed. However, Oliwa passed Agrihan and reached the mainland in Japan as a category 1 typhoon. There was significant property damage and the typhoon killed seven people. Paka did not reach land, but the southern edge of his eye passed over Guam, where Paka, a Category 4 cyclone, wreaked significant property damage.

All in all, the 1997 Pacific hurricane season was the most fatally fatal since 1982 and also the one with the highest damage to property to date. This position had previously held the 1992 Pacific hurricane season.

Accumulated Cyclone Energy

ACE (10 4 kt 2 ) -
1	Guillermo	37.0 (2.97)		11	Olaf	2.44
2	Linda	28.6		12	Andres	2.39
3	Nora	23.4		13	Hilda	1.74
4th	Felicia	16.2 (0.665)		14th	Kevin	1.56
5	Jimena	11.8		15th	Blanca	1.13
6th	Pauline	11.3		16	Carlos	0.970
7th	Dolores	8.36		17th	Marty	0.858
8th	Enrique	7.88		18th	Oliwa	(0.810)
9	Rick	3.46		19th	Ignacio	0.378
10	Paka	(3.45)
Total: 160 (7.89)

The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), German as "accrued cyclonic energy" is there a measure that shed light on how active a hurricane season has been. It is calculated by adding the square numbers of the wind speeds of tropical winds every six hours (provided that they are at least as strong as a tropical cyclone) and then dividing the sum by 10 ⁴ . This explains why, for example, Guillermo has a higher ACE value than Linda. Although Guillermo was weaker than Linda in terms of maximum strength, it was classified longer as a tropical storm. The ACE value for the Eastern Pacific is always given to three digits; the value for the central Pacific in brackets.

The ACE values ​​for Oliwa and Paka only include the values ​​for the storm trend east of the date line. The values ​​west of the date line are included in the calculations for the 1997 Pacific typhoon season.

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) uses the ACE indicator to assess whether a hurricane season was above average, average or below average. The NHC defines an ACE of less than 95 as below average.A season with an ACE higher than 150 is considered above average if at least two of the three following conditions are met: the number of tropical storms is over 15, the number of hurricanes is higher than 9 or at least four hurricanes reached at least the strength of a severe hurricane, that is, Category 3 and higher. A season with an ACE between 100 and 150 or an ACE above 150 is referred to as almost average , if at most one of the aforementioned conditions is met.

For the 1997 Pacific hurricane season, an ACE of 160 was determined and counting the storms results in 17 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, including 7 severe hurricanes. The season is thus classified as above average. Currently (after the 2006 Pacific hurricane season ended ), the season is the last above-average Pacific hurricane season.

Storm names 1997

The same list used during the 1991 hurricane season was used to name the storms , with the exception of the name Felicia, which was first given in 1997 and had replaced Fefa . In addition, in 1991 "Dolores" was misspelled as "Delores". The following names were used for storms that formed during the 1997 Pacific hurricane season:

Andres Blanca Carlos Dolores Enrique Felicia Guillermo Hilda

Ignacio Jimena Kevin Linda Marty Nora Olaf Pauline

Sandra (unused) Terry (unused) Vivian (unused) Waldo (unused) Xina (unused) York (unused) Zelda (unused)

This list came back into use in the 2003 hurricane season , with the exception of the name Pauline, which was replaced by Patricia.

In addition, two names from the list were used for the central Pacific, Oliwa and Paka. Both names were used for the first time; Paka was subsequently deleted in 2006 and replaced by Pama.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2007). Tropical Storm Andres Storm Total Rainfall Image ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed April 22, 2007 
2. ^ Edward Rappaport : Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres ( English ) National Hurricane Center . June 18, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
3. ^ Dartmouth Flood Observatory: 1997 flood archive ( English ) Retrieved April 22, 2007.
4. ^ Lixion Avila : Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca . June 19, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
5. ^ Miles Lawrence: Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Three-E . National Hurricane Center . June 24, 1997. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
6. ^ Max Mayfield : Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Carlos . National Hurricane Center . August 10, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
7. ^ Richard Pasch: Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Five-E . National Hurricane Center . July 7, 1997. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
8. ^ Edward Rappaport : Preliminary Report Hurricane Dolores . National Hurricane Center . 1997-18-19. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
9. ^ Lixion Avila : Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique . National Hurricane Center . August 15, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
10. ^ Miles Lawrence: Preliminary Report Hurricane Felicia . National Hurricane Center . August 23, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Benjamin C. Hablutzel, Hans E. Rosendal, James C. Weyman, & Jonathan D. Hoag: The 1997 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season ( English ) Central Pacific Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 21, 2007.
12. ^ ^{A b} Max Mayfield : Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo . National Hurricane Center . October 2, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
13. ^ Richard Pasch: Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda . National Hurricane Center . December 12, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
14. ^ Edward Rappaport : Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio . National Hurricane Center . August 27, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
15. ↑ Jack Williams: California's Tropical Cyclones (English) , USA Today . May 17, 2005. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 
16. ^ David M. Roth : Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Maxima per State ( English ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Archived from the original on April 2, 2007. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 
17. ^ Lixion Avila : Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena ( English ) National Hurricane Center . September 16, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
18. ↑ Data for Super Typhoon Oliwa ( English ) Unisys. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 
19. ↑ Super Typhoon Oliwa (02C) ( English , PDF) Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 
20. ^ Miles Lawrence: Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Kevin . National Hurricane Center . November 4, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
21. ^ Max Mayfield : Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda . National Hurricane Center . October 25, 1997. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
22. ^ Richard Pasch: Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Marty . National Hurricane Center . December 12, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
23. ↑ Chris Landsea & Michael Chenoweth: The San Diego Hurricane of October 2, 1858 ( English , PDF; 294 kB) In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . November 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
24. ^ Edward Rappaport : Preliminary Report Hurricane Nora . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 22, 2007.
25. ^ Lixion Avila : Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Olaf ( English ) National Hurricane Center . November 5, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
26. ^ 'Dangerous' Hurricane Pauline to hit southwest Mexico (English) , CNN . October 8, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 
27. ^ Miles Lawrence: Preliminary Report Hurricane Pauline . National Hurricane Center . November 7, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2005.
28. ↑ Estadísticas sobre los Riesgos a tenuar de Fenómenos Perturbadores ( Memento of the original of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
29. ↑ David M. Roth : Hurricane Rick Storm Total Rainfall Graphic (GIF) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 
30. ^ Max Mayfield : Preliminary Report Hurricane Rick ( English ) National Hurricane Center . November 23, 1997. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
31. ↑ ^{a b} Paka track map ( English , GIF) Unisys. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 24, 2005. 
32. ↑ Super Typhoon Paka (05C) ( English , PDF) Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 21, 2006. 
33. ^ Climate Prediction Center: Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season ( English ) Retrieved October 26, 2006.
34. ↑ Climate Prediction Center: East Pacific Hurricane Season Activity NOAA's Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index ( English ) Retrieved 2006-20-26.
35. ^ Pacific hurricane name history ( English , TXT) = Atlantic Tropical Weather Center. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
36. ↑ Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference: The Nation's Hurricane Program: An Interagency Success Story ( English , PDF; 1.6 MB) 2007. Archived from the original on November 25, 2014. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 29, 2007. 
37. ↑ Dennis H. McCarthy: National Weather Service Instruction Tropical Cyclone Names and Pronunciation Guide ( English , PDF; 67 kB) 2007. Archived from the original on September 10, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 

Web links

Commons : 1997 Pacific hurricane season  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Archives of the National Hurricane Center (English)
• HPC 1997 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages (English)
• Archives of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (English)
• Unisys site with maps of migration routes hurricane (English)
• Background Information s to ACE of the eastern Pacific basin (English)