Flat peas

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Flat peas
Left: grass pea (Lathyrus nissolia) and right: vine pea (Lathyrus aphaca)

Left: grass pea ( Lathyrus nissolia ) and right: vine pea ( Lathyrus aphaca )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Fabeae
Genre : Flat peas
Scientific name
Lathyrus
L.

The grass pea ( Lathyrus ) are a genus in the subfamily Pea (Faboideae) within the family of legumes (Fabaceae). The approximately 160 species occur mainly in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .

Description and ingredients

Vegetative characteristics

The flat peas are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , runners can occur. In some species the stems are winged. Depending on the species, the alternate or opposing leaves are usually pinnate in pairs and end in a tendril . More rarely, the leaves are reduced to a tendril or a grass-like phyllodium . The leaflets are mostly parallel-veined. The stipules are mostly herbaceous.

Section Lathyrus : Red pea ( Lathyrus cicera )

Generative characteristics

The lateral, more or less long-stalked, racemose inflorescences contain one to 30 flowers . The cover sheets are mostly obsolete and front sheets are missing. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is radial symmetry to two-lipped and mostly quite short. The shuttle is usually curved and rather blunt. The top of the ten stamens is free, the stamen tube is cut off at right angles. The ovary is stalked to almost sessile. The stylus, which is often flattened on the upper side, is curved to twisted, is hairy on the upper side and on the edges, rarely bald. In some species the flower is asymmetrical due to a rotation of the genital column and the shuttle.

The legumes, which are mostly elongated and flattened, jump up into two lobes and contain two or more seeds . The seeds in particular contain lathyrogenic amino acids in several species, L- oxalyldiaminopropionic acid and butyric acid . This makes them poisonous and causes what is known as lathyrism . The propionic acid derivatives are probably responsible for this .

Section Lathyrus : Broad-leaved flat pea ( Lathyrus latifolius )
Section Lathyrostylis : sword pea ( Lathyrus bauhini )
Orobus section : Lathyrus alpestris
Orobus section : Lathyrus aureus
Orobus section : Yellow pea ( Lathyrus laevigatus )
Orobus section : mountain pea ( Lathyrus linifolius )
Orobus section : Black pea ( Lathyrus niger )
Orobus section : Lathyrus vestitus subsp. alefeldii
Section Clymenum : Purple flat pea ( Lathyrus clymenum )
Section Clymenum : Wing pea ( Lathyrus ochrus )

Flower biology

From an ecological point of view, it is nectar-bearing butterfly flowers with a brush mechanism. The pollination occurs mainly by hymenoptera (Hymenoptera). Some species are also autogamous , and cleistogamous flowers close to the ground are rare .

Occurrence

The flat pea species are native to the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, some species extend as far as tropical East Africa and temperate South America. They are absent in the tropics. The center of diversity is in the eastern parts of the Mediterranean, with smaller centers in North and South America.

The flat pea species grow in diverse locations such as open forests, forest edges, meadows, pastures, fields, mountain slopes, marshes, coasts, sand dunes and roadsides.

Systematics

Synonyms for Lathyrus L. are: Aphaca Mill. , Konxikas Raf. , Orobus L.

The genus flat peas ( Lathyrus ) belongs to the tribe Fabeae ( Syn .: Vicieae) in the subfamily of the Faboideae . With around 160 species, it is the most species-rich genus. It is divided into several sections , which is largely supported by molecular genetic analyzes. Here is a list of selected species:

  • Lathyrus Section : It contains about 34 species, including:
    • Annual flat pea ( Lathyrus annuus L. ); Home: Europe, North Africa, Middle East to Central Asia
    • Red pea ( Lathyrus cicera L. ); Home: Europe, North Africa, Middle East to Central Asia
    • Fragrant flat pea , commonly known as sweet pea or garden pea ( Lathyrus odoratus L. ); Homeland: Southern Italy, Sicily, Aegean Sea, otherwise partially naturalized
    • Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. ; Home: Eastern Europe and the Middle East
    • Common pea ( Lathyrus sativus L. ); Homeland: West Asia?, Naturalized in North Africa, Europe and the Middle East
    • Lathyrus setifolius L .; occurs in the Mediterranean area
    • Wood pea ( Lathyrus sylvestris L. )
    • Tangier pea ( Lathyrus tingitanus L. )
    • Tuberous pea ( Lathyrus tuberosus L. )
  • Section Lathyrostylis (Griseb.) Bässler : It contains about 20 perennial, upright species, including:
  • Section Linearicarpus Kupicha : It contains about seven species, including:
  • Section Aphaca (Adans.) Rchb. : It contains about two types, including:
    • Vine pea ( Lathyrus aphaca L .; incl.Lathyrus pseudoaphaca Boiss. )
  • Pratenses section : it contains about six species, including:
  • Section Clymenum (Mill.) Ser. : It contains three or four types:
    • Purple pea ( Lathyrus clymenum L. ); Home: Southern Europe, Turkey, North Africa
    • Lathyrus gloeospermus Warb. & Eig ; Home: Lebanon, Syria, Palestine
    • Wing pea ( Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. ); Home: Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia
  • Neurolobus section : It contains only one type:
  • Section Nissolia (Adans.) Rchb. : It contains only one type:

The species found in Central Europe are:

meaning

Among the flat peas there are food and fodder plants as well as ornamental plants. Some species are used for nitrogen fertilization and as dune stabilizers, while others are major weeds.

swell

  • Syed Irtifaq Ali: Lathyrus. In: Syed Irtifaq Ali (ed.) Flora of West Pakistan. Volume 100: Papilionaceae. Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1977, p. 275 (online).
  • Bojian Bao, Gregory Kenicer: Lathyrus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 10: Fabaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 , pp. 572 (English, online ).
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos-Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora. Over 1600 species of plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  • Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 4: Dicotyledones (Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 114-125 ( online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Conny B. Asmussen, Aaron Liston: Chloroplast DNA characters, phylogeny, and classification of Lathyrus (Fabaceae). In: American Journal of Botany. Vol. 85, No. 3, 1998, pp. 387-401 (abstract) .
  2. ^ A b Lathyrus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b Gregory J. Kenicer, Tadashi Kajita, R. Toby Pennington, Jin Murata: Systematics and biogeography of Lathyrus (Leguminosae) based on internal transcribed spacer and cpDNA sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 92, No. 7, 2005, pp. 1199-1209, DOI: 10.3732 / ajb.92.7.1199 .
  4. ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

Web links

Commons : common peas ( Lathyrus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files