Plus sign

+
Mathematical signs
arithmetic
Plus sign	+
Minus sign	- , ./.
Mark	⋅ , ×
Divided sign	: , ÷ , /
Plus minus sign	± , ∓
Comparison sign	< , ≤ , = , ≥ , >
Root sign	√
Percent sign	%
Analysis
Sum symbol	Σ
Product mark	Π
Difference sign , Nabla	∆ , ∇
Prime	′
Partial differential	∂
Integral sign	∫
Concatenation characters	∘
Infinity symbol	∞
geometry
Angle sign	∠ , ∡ , ∢ , ∟
Vertical , parallel	⊥ , ∥
Triangle , square	△ , □
Diameter sign	⌀
Set theory
Union , cut	∪ , ∩
Difference , complement	∖ , ∁
Element character	∈
Subset , superset	⊂ , ⊆ , ⊇ , ⊃
Empty set	∅
logic
Follow arrow	⇒ , ⇔ , ⇐
Universal quantifier	∀
Existential quantifier	∃
Conjunction , disjunction	∧ , ∨
Negation sign	¬

The plus sign (+) is used as a mathematical operator for addition or as a sign for positive numbers or quantities .

History and creation

The cross has been known as a symbol since the Stone Age ( e.g. in stone carvings ), but it is usually not understandable. As a mathematical symbol, it is of more recent date. In the 15th century it was still common to spell out the words “plus” and “minus”.

The first plus sign in print appeared in the work Mercantile Arithmetic or Behende und hüpsche Rechenung auff alle Kauffmanschektiven by Johannes Widmann , published in Leipzig in 1489 .

use

The plus sign is used in the following roles:

as a mathematical operator, mostly analogous to use in basic arithmetic operations , as a type of arithmetic ( binary ) or sign ( unary ) for numbers , vectors , matrices and other mathematical objects

similar in programming languages , there were twice or as a component (eg. as in other syntactic elements for other functions C ++ the increment operator ++that also appears in the name of the language itself, in order to succeed the language C of each)

in texts simplified for " and ", similar to " & "

simplified for dead , is to replace an on typewriters unavailable or on computer keyboards that does not exist † (the plus resembles a Greek cross , the sign of the cross a Latin )

as a symbol for “good”, “approval”, etc. Ä.

in phone number information as a placeholder for the international traffic elimination number , as this can vary depending on the country and telephone company

The plus sign as a symbol for a positive electrical charge or the plus pole is derived from mathematical symbols and goes back to the mathematician and physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg .

Typography and appearance

The typographically correct plus sign consists of two bars of the same size, which cross each other at right angles at their center and one of which runs parallel to the base line. Thus, it resembles a Greek cross , but the bars are usually narrower in relation to the overall size of the sign.

Arithmetic symbols in a print from 1834

In 19th century pamphlets, its width usually resembled that of an em dash . The height of the vertical bar varied between capital height and square height . Thus (in contrast to today's shapes) the vertical bar was often slightly shorter than the horizontal one.

In today's fonts , the width of the plus sign is usually matched to the appearance of the decimal digits. Thus, its width is mostly similar to that of the digit zero. The vertical bar is always the same length as the horizontal one, so the height of the character is always less than the capital height. Vertically it is mostly positioned slightly (about a bar width) above the baseline, so it does not take the x-line into account .

Like all common arithmetic symbols, it is always sans serif regardless of the style of the font in which it is contained . In italics , the vertical bar appears in many fonts without an incline (i.e. the font is not always taken into account).

The plus sign in the fonts Arial , Times New Roman , Cambria , Linux Libertine , Adobe Garamond , Andron Mega Corpus, Consolas and Breitkopf-Fraktur , in the second line in italics in the same fonts, together with “x” / zero to mark the x - or capital height

Basis for the form of other arithmetic symbols

The design of the plus sign in a font usually determines the design of other arithmetic symbols.

The (typographical) minus sign (-) is identical to the horizontal bar of the plus sign in terms of its shape (length, line width, if necessary shape of the ends).
The equal sign (=) consists of two parallel horizontal bars with the same shape as the horizontal bar of the plus sign. The bars are offset equally far up or down compared to the center of the plus sign.
In many fonts the center of the cross (×) is exactly as high as the center of the plus sign.

Hebrew plus sign

A different form of the plus sign was designed for the Hebrew script , which lacks the lower part of the vertical bar, so that its shape does not resemble a (Christian) cross . There has been a (not universally used) tradition in Judaism since the 19th century, as it was later in individual Israeli schools, to symbolize addition in this way. It is also used on El Al aircraft for seat adjustment control. However, most adults use the international plus sign. The Israeli religious scholar Adin Steinsaltz described the Hebrew plus sign in a 1994 interview with Spiegel as "absurd externality".

The character is contained in Unicode as U + FB29 ﬩ hebrew letter alternative plus sign .

Representation in computer systems

Coding

The plus sign is defined and coded as follows:

International character coding standard Unicode
and coding in the Internet document format HTML
character	Unicode position	Unicode designation	designation	HTML hexadecimal	HTML decimal	HTML named	URL encoded	Unicode block
+	U + 002B	plus sign	Plus sign				%2 B	Basic Latin

The block mathematical operators , in which the typographical minus is coded, does not contain a special typographical plus.

In TeX / LaTeX it is simply encoded by its ASCII characters.

Variants of the plus sign

character	Unicode position	Unicode designation	designation	block	Latex
+	U + 002B	plus sign	Plus sign	Basic Latin	`+`
˖	U + 02D6	modifier letter plus sign	Modifying plus sign	Spacing Modifier Letters
◌̟	U + 031F	combining plus sign below	COMBINING SUB-PLUS SIGN	COMBINING DIACRITICS	`\textsubplus`
⁤	U + 2064	invisible plus sign	Invisible plus sign	General punctuation
⁺	U + 207A	superscript plus sign	Superscript plus sign	Superscripts and subscripts
₊	U + 208A	subscript plus sign	Subscript plus sign	Superscripts and subscripts
➕	U + 2795	heavy plus sign	Bold plus sign	Dingbats
⧺	U + 29FA	double plus	Double plus sign	Various math symbols-B
⧻	U + 29FB	triple plus	Triple plus sign	Various math symbols-B
⧾	U + 29FE	tiny	Tiny ( combinatorial game theory )	Various math symbols-B
﬩	U + FB29	hebrew letter alternative plus sign	hebrew alternative plus sign	Alphabetical forms of presentation
﹢	U + FE62	small plus sign	Small plus sign	Small variations in shape
＋	U + FF0B	fullwidth plus sign	Full-width plus sign	Half-width and full-width shapes

Similar characters

character	Unicode position	Unicode designation	designation	block	Latex
ᐩ	U + 1429	canadian syllabics final plus	(a character from the Cree script )	Unified indigenous Canadian syllables
⁜	U + 205C	dotted cross	dotted cross	General punctuation
⊹	U + 22B9	hermitian conjugate matrix	Hermitian conjugated matrix	Mathematical operators
☩	U + 2629	cross of jerusalem	Crutch cross ⁽¹⁾	Different symbols	`\kreuz`
✙	U + 2719	outlined greek cross	Outlined Greek cross	Dingbats	`\PlusOutline`
✚	U + 271A	heavy greek cross	Fat Greek cross	Dingbats	`\Plus`
✛	U + 271B	open center cross	Open center cross	Dingbats
✜	U + 271C	heavy open center cross	Bold cross with an open center	Dingbats	`\PlusThinCenterOpen`
✢	U + 2722	four teardrop-spoked asterisk	Four-armed teardrop star (teardrop cross)	Dingbats	`\FourAsterisk`
✣	U + 2723	four balloon-spoked asterisk	Four-armed ball star (ball cross)	Dingbats	`\JackStar`
✤	U + 2724	heavy four balloon-spoked asterisk	Fat four-armed ball star	Dingbats	`\JackStarBold`
✥	U + 2725	four club-spoked asterisk	Shamrock cross	Dingbats	`\CrossClowerTips`
⸭	U + 2E2D	five dot mark	Five point mark	Additional punctuation	`\fivedots`
⼗	U + 2F17	kangxi radical ten	Kangxi radical 24 "ten"	Kangxi radicals
〸	U + 3038	hangzhou numeral	Suzhou number sign ten	CJK symbols and punctuation
十	U + 5341		(a CJK sign)	Unified CJK ideograms
?	U + 10932	lydian letter q	Lydian letter Q	Lydian
?	U + 11055	brahmi number four	Brahmi number four	Brahmi
?	U + 16869	bamum letter phase-b shet njaq	(Historical letter of the Bamum script)	Bamum, addition
?	U + 169B7	bamum letter phase-e ket	(Historical letter of the Bamum script)	Bamum, addition
?	U + 1F542	cross pommee	Apple cross	Various pictographic symbols
?	U + 1F70A	alchemical symbol for vinegar	Alchemical symbol for vinegar	Alchemical symbols

⁽¹⁾In German, " Jerusalem Cross " denotes another symbol.

Sign with plus sign as a component

character	Unicode position	Unicode designation	designation	block	Latex
±	U + 00B1	plus-minus sign	Plus minus sign	Latin-1, supplement	`\pm`
∓	U + 2213	minus-or-plus sign	Minus plus sign	Mathematical operators	`\mp`
∔	U + 2214	dot plus	Plus sign with dot	Mathematical operators	`\dotplus`
⊕	U + 2295	circled plus sign	Circled plus sign	Mathematical operators	`\oplus`, `\varoplus`
⊞	U + 229E	squared plus sign	Framed plus sign	Mathematical operators	`\boxplus`
⟴	U + 27F4	right arrow with circled plus	Right arrow with plus sign circled	Additional arrows-A
⤽	U + 293D	top arc anticlockwise arrow with plus	Left high arch arrow over plus sign	Additional arrows-B
⥅	U + 2945	rightwards arrow with plus below	Right arrow over plus sign	Additional arrows-B
⥆	U + 2946	leftwards arrow with plus below	Left arrow over plus sign	Additional arrows-B
⨁	U + 2A01	n-ary circled plus operator	N-digit circled plus sign	Additional math operators	`\bigoplus`
⨄	U + 2A04	n-ary union operator with plus	N-digit union sign with plus sign	Additional math operators	`\bigcupplus`
⨢	U + 2A22	plus sign with small circle above	Plus sign with ring above	Additional math operators	`\circplus`
⨣	U + 2A23	plus sign with circumflex accent above	Plus sign with circumflex above	Additional math operators
⨤	U + 2A24	plus sign with tilde above	Plus sign with tilde above	Additional math operators
⨥	U + 2A25	plus sign with dot below	Plus sign with a dot below	Additional math operators
⨦	U + 2A26	plus sign with tilde below	Plus sign with tilde below	Additional math operators
⨧	U + 2A27	plus sign with subscript two	Plus sign with subscript two	Additional math operators
⨨	U + 2A28	plus sign with black triangle	Plus sign with black triangle	Additional math operators
⨭	U + 2A2D	plus sign in left half circle	Plus sign in left-hand semicircle	Additional math operators
⨮	U + 2A2E	plus sign in right half circle	Plus sign in right-hand semicircle	Additional math operators
⨹	U + 2A39	plus sign in triangle	Plus sign in the triangle	Additional math operators
⩱	U + 2A71	equals sign above plus sign	Equal sign over plus sign	Additional math operators
⩲	U + 2A72	plus sign above equals sign	Plus sign over equal sign	Additional math operators
⪿	U + 2ABF	subset with plus sign below	Subset over plus sign	Additional math operators
⫀	U + 2AC0	superset with plus sign below	Superset over plus signs	Additional math operators
⬲	U + 2B32	left arrow with circled plus	Left arrow with plus sign circled	Different symbols and arrows

A plus sign-like cross as a component also contains alchemical-astronomical symbols such as ♁ " Earth (planet), church ( map sign ), antimony " (U + 2641 earth ), ♀ "female, Venus , copper " (U + 2640 female sign ), ☿ “ Mercury , Mercury ” (U + 263F mercury ) - see astronomical symbols , planetary metals - and many others.

Individual evidence

^ PT Meissner, Chemische Aequivalenten- oder Atomlehre , bookshop of the widow of the blessed knight JG von Mösle, Vienna 1834, part 1, p. 227.
^ The Holocaust in Three Generations: Families of Victims and Perpetrators of the Nazi Regime, Gabriele Rosenthal, A&C Black, August 13, 1998, p. 107
^ ^A ^b Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 - Fortress Press - ISBN 0-8006-0771-6 ) p. 96 ( preview in Google Book Search)
↑ Stefan Simons, Dieter Wild: "A Pain for the Church". The Orthodox Israeli Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz on Jews and Christians . In: Der Spiegel . No. 15 , 1994, pp. 214-216 ( online - 11 April 1994 ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c Scott Pakin: The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List. (PDF, 8.7 MB) January 19, 2017, archived from the original on September 28, 2017 ; Retrieved on September 28, 2017 (English, linking the original results in a mirror of CTAN , the archive link compare file: Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol list.pdf ).

[1] PT Meissner, Chemische Aequivalenten- oder Atomlehre , bookshop of the widow of the blessed knight JG von Mösle, Vienna 1834, part 1, p. 227.

[2] The Holocaust in Three Generations: Families of Victims and Perpetrators of the Nazi Regime, Gabriele Rosenthal, A&C Black, August 13, 1998, p. 107

[University_of_California-3] A ^b Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 - Fortress Press - ISBN 0-8006-0771-6 ) p. 96 ( preview in Google Book Search)

[4] Stefan Simons, Dieter Wild: "A Pain for the Church". The Orthodox Israeli Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz on Jews and Christians . In: Der Spiegel . No. 15 , 1994, pp. 214-216 ( online - 11 April 1994 ).

[LATEX-5] Scott Pakin: The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List. (PDF, 8.7 MB) January 19, 2017, archived from the original on September 28, 2017 ; Retrieved on September 28, 2017 (English, linking the original results in a mirror of CTAN , the archive link compare file: Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol list.pdf ).