# Plus sign

+
Mathematical signs
arithmetic
Plus sign +
Minus sign - , ./.
Mark , ×
Divided sign : , ÷ , /
Plus minus sign ± ,
Comparison sign < , , = , , >
Root sign
Percent sign %
Analysis
Sum symbol Σ
Product mark Π
Difference sign , Nabla ,
Prime
Partial differential
Integral sign
Concatenation characters
Infinity symbol
geometry
Angle sign , , ,
Vertical , parallel ,
Triangle , square ,
Diameter sign
Set theory
Union , cut ,
Difference , complement ,
Element character
Subset , superset , , ,
Empty set
logic
Universal quantifier
Existential quantifier
Conjunction , disjunction ,
Negation sign ¬

The plus sign (+) is used as a mathematical operator for addition or as a sign for positive numbers or quantities .

## History and creation

The cross has been known as a symbol since the Stone Age ( e.g. in stone carvings ), but it is usually not understandable. As a mathematical symbol, it is of more recent date. In the 15th century it was still common to spell out the words “plus” and “minus”.

The first plus sign in print appeared in the work Mercantile Arithmetic or Behende und hüpsche Rechenung auff alle Kauffmanschektiven by Johannes Widmann , published in Leipzig in 1489 .

## use

The plus sign is used in the following roles:

## Typography and appearance

The typographically correct plus sign consists of two bars of the same size, which cross each other at right angles at their center and one of which runs parallel to the base line. Thus, it resembles a Greek cross , but the bars are usually narrower in relation to the overall size of the sign.

Arithmetic symbols in a print from 1834

In 19th century pamphlets, its width usually resembled that of an em dash . The height of the vertical bar varied between capital height and square height . Thus (in contrast to today's shapes) the vertical bar was often slightly shorter than the horizontal one.

In today's fonts , the width of the plus sign is usually matched to the appearance of the decimal digits. Thus, its width is mostly similar to that of the digit zero. The vertical bar is always the same length as the horizontal one, so the height of the character is always less than the capital height. Vertically it is mostly positioned slightly (about a bar width) above the baseline, so it does not take the x-line into account .

Like all common arithmetic symbols, it is always sans serif regardless of the style of the font in which it is contained . In italics , the vertical bar appears in many fonts without an incline (i.e. the font is not always taken into account).

The plus sign in the fonts Arial , Times New Roman , Cambria , Linux Libertine , Adobe Garamond , Andron Mega Corpus, Consolas and Breitkopf-Fraktur , in the second line in italics in the same fonts, together with “x” / zero to mark the x - or capital height

### Basis for the form of other arithmetic symbols

The design of the plus sign in a font usually determines the design of other arithmetic symbols.

• The (typographical) minus sign (-) is identical to the horizontal bar of the plus sign in terms of its shape (length, line width, if necessary shape of the ends).
• The equal sign (=) consists of two parallel horizontal bars with the same shape as the horizontal bar of the plus sign. The bars are offset equally far up or down compared to the center of the plus sign.
• In many fonts the center of the cross (×) is exactly as high as the center of the plus sign.

### Hebrew plus sign

A different form of the plus sign was designed for the Hebrew script , which lacks the lower part of the vertical bar, so that its shape does not resemble a (Christian) cross . There has been a (not universally used) tradition in Judaism since the 19th century, as it was later in individual Israeli schools, to symbolize addition in this way. It is also used on El Al aircraft for seat adjustment control. However, most adults use the international plus sign. The Israeli religious scholar Adin Steinsaltz described the Hebrew plus sign in a 1994 interview with Spiegel as "absurd externality".

The character is contained in Unicode as U + FB29 ﬩ hebrew letter alternative plus sign .

## Representation in computer systems

### Coding

The plus sign is defined and coded as follows:

International character  coding standard Unicode
and coding in the Internet document format HTML
character Unicode
position
Unicode
designation
designation HTML
HTML
decimal
HTML
named
URL
encoded
Unicode block
+ U + 002B plus sign Plus sign %2 B Basic Latin

The block mathematical operators , in which the typographical minus is coded, does not contain a special typographical plus.

In TeX / LaTeX it is simply encoded by its ASCII characters.

### Variants of the plus sign

character Unicode
position
Unicode
designation
designation block Latex
+ U + 002B plus sign Plus sign Basic Latin +
˖ U + 02D6 modifier letter plus sign Modifying plus sign Spacing Modifier Letters
◌̟ U + 031F combining plus sign below COMBINING SUB-PLUS SIGN COMBINING DIACRITICS \textsubplus
U + 207A superscript plus sign Superscript plus sign Superscripts and subscripts
U + 208A subscript plus sign Subscript plus sign Superscripts and subscripts
U + 2795 heavy plus sign Bold plus sign Dingbats
U + 29FA double plus Double plus sign Various math symbols-B
U + 29FB triple plus Triple plus sign Various math symbols-B
U + 29FE tiny Tiny ( combinatorial game theory ) Various math symbols-B
U + FB29 hebrew letter alternative plus sign hebrew alternative plus sign Alphabetical forms of presentation
U + FE62 small plus sign Small plus sign Small variations in shape
U + FF0B fullwidth plus sign Full-width plus sign Half-width and full-width shapes

### Similar characters

character Unicode
position
Unicode
designation
designation block Latex
U + 1429 canadian syllabics final plus (a character from the Cree script ) Unified indigenous Canadian syllables
U + 205C dotted cross dotted cross General punctuation
U + 22B9 hermitian conjugate matrix Hermitian conjugated matrix Mathematical operators
U + 2629 cross of jerusalem Crutch cross (1) Different symbols \kreuz
U + 2719 outlined greek cross Outlined Greek cross Dingbats \PlusOutline
U + 271A heavy greek cross Fat Greek cross Dingbats \Plus
U + 271B open center cross Open center cross Dingbats
U + 271C heavy open center cross Bold cross with an open center Dingbats \PlusThinCenterOpen
U + 2722 four teardrop-spoked asterisk Four-armed teardrop star (teardrop cross) Dingbats \FourAsterisk
U + 2723 four balloon-spoked asterisk Four-armed ball star (ball cross) Dingbats \JackStar
U + 2724 heavy four balloon-spoked asterisk Fat four-armed ball star Dingbats \JackStarBold
U + 2725 four club-spoked asterisk Shamrock cross Dingbats \CrossClowerTips
U + 2E2D five dot mark Five point mark Additional punctuation \fivedots
U + 3038 hangzhou numeral Suzhou number sign ten CJK symbols and punctuation
U + 5341 (a CJK sign) Unified CJK ideograms
? U + 10932 lydian letter q Lydian letter Q Lydian
? U + 11055 brahmi number four Brahmi number four Brahmi
? U + 16869 bamum letter phase-b shet njaq (Historical letter of the Bamum script) Bamum, addition
? U + 169B7 bamum letter phase-e ket (Historical letter of the Bamum script) Bamum, addition
? U + 1F542 cross pommee Apple cross Various pictographic symbols
? U + 1F70A alchemical symbol for vinegar Alchemical symbol for vinegar Alchemical symbols
(1)In German, " Jerusalem Cross " denotes another symbol.

### Sign with plus sign as a component

character Unicode
position
Unicode
designation
designation block Latex
± U + 00B1 plus-minus sign Plus minus sign Latin-1, supplement \pm
U + 2213 minus-or-plus sign Minus plus sign Mathematical operators \mp
U + 2214 dot plus Plus sign with dot Mathematical operators \dotplus
U + 2295 circled plus sign Circled plus sign Mathematical operators \oplus, \varoplus
U + 229E squared plus sign Framed plus sign Mathematical operators \boxplus
U + 27F4 right arrow with circled plus Right arrow with plus sign circled Additional arrows-A
U + 293D top arc anticlockwise arrow with plus Left high arch arrow over plus sign Additional arrows-B
U + 2945 rightwards arrow with plus below Right arrow over plus sign Additional arrows-B
U + 2946 leftwards arrow with plus below Left arrow over plus sign Additional arrows-B
U + 2A01 n-ary circled plus operator N-digit circled plus sign Additional math operators \bigoplus
U + 2A04 n-ary union operator with plus N-digit union sign with plus sign Additional math operators \bigcupplus
U + 2A22 plus sign with small circle above Plus sign with ring above Additional math operators \circplus
U + 2A23 plus sign with circumflex accent above Plus sign with circumflex above Additional math operators
U + 2A24 plus sign with tilde above Plus sign with tilde above Additional math operators
U + 2A25 plus sign with dot below Plus sign with a dot below Additional math operators
U + 2A26 plus sign with tilde below Plus sign with tilde below Additional math operators
U + 2A27 plus sign with subscript two Plus sign with subscript two Additional math operators
U + 2A28 plus sign with black triangle Plus sign with black triangle Additional math operators
U + 2A71 equals sign above plus sign Equal sign over plus sign Additional math operators
U + 2A72 plus sign above equals sign Plus sign over equal sign Additional math operators
⪿ U + 2ABF subset with plus sign below Subset over plus sign Additional math operators
U + 2AC0 superset with plus sign below Superset over plus signs Additional math operators
U + 2B32 left arrow with circled plus Left arrow with plus sign circled Different symbols and arrows

A plus sign-like cross as a component also contains alchemical-astronomical symbols such as  " Earth (planet), church ( map sign ), antimony " (U + 2641 earth ),  "female, Venus , copper " (U + 2640 female sign ),  Mercury , Mercury (U + 263F mercury ) - see astronomical symbols , planetary metals - and many others.

## Individual evidence

1. ^ PT Meissner, Chemische Aequivalenten- oder Atomlehre , bookshop of the widow of the blessed knight JG von Mösle, Vienna 1834, part 1, p. 227.
2. ^ The Holocaust in Three Generations: Families of Victims and Perpetrators of the Nazi Regime, Gabriele Rosenthal, A&C Black, August 13, 1998, p. 107
3. ^ A b Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 - Fortress Press - ISBN 0-8006-0771-6 ) p. 96 ( preview in Google Book Search)
4. Stefan Simons, Dieter Wild: "A Pain for the Church". The Orthodox Israeli Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz on Jews and Christians . In: Der Spiegel . No. 15 , 1994, pp. 214-216 ( online - 11 April 1994 ).
5. a b c Scott Pakin: The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List. (PDF, 8.7 MB) January 19, 2017, archived from the original on September 28, 2017 ; Retrieved on September 28, 2017 (English, linking the original results in a mirror of CTAN , the archive link compare file: Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol list.pdf ).