Project 670
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In Project 670 is one of the NATO as a Charlie-class submarine designated class of submarines of the Soviet Union with nuclear propulsion . The class was developed as a carrier for cruise missiles in the 1960s in order to be able to attack heavily guarded ship targets without the submarine having to approach these targets up to torpedo range.
Although the United States , Great Britain , France and the People's Republic of China use nuclear-powered submarines in addition to Russia , a Project 670 boat is one of only two nuclear-powered submarines ever to be used by the armed forces of another country (here India in 1988 ) was left.
Project 670
development
After the experience with the design of the Papa class , which could not be produced in sufficient numbers due to its disproportionately high construction costs, the Soviet naval command came to the conclusion that a more cost-effective submarine design was needed that was suitable for mass production was. The 670 Skat project was constructed as a small, mass-produced submarine, whose design was based on the Papa class. The smaller dimensions of the new class allowed the submarines to be built at shipyard 112 in Gorky , which had no direct access to the sea. The boats of Project 670 were transported to the coast by rivers.
A novelty of the Charlie SSGN was that it was the first Soviet class of submarines to be equipped with missiles that could be launched underwater. In addition, the boat should only have one reactor and one shaft . Most western submarines had this propulsion system, but the Soviet submarines were all equipped with two reactors and two shafts. This change was reflected in a lower maximum speed of the boat, as the propulsion system only allowed a speed of 26 knots in the submerged state, which meant that the boat could not follow large groups of ships operating at a cruising speed of 30 knots.
The Charlie class appeared to solve many of the design and operational design issues of the old Project 659 boats . The targets should be located by the first Soviet spy satellites . This method of reconnaissance was intended to replace the very vulnerable and limited range of the maritime surveillance aircraft . In practice, however, the satellite surveillance system did not live up to the initial expectations in the least, and so the Charlie submarines had to continue to rely on the data from the surveillance aircraft to obtain target assignments.
Armament
The newly developed P-70 “Ametist” missile was provided as the main armament for Project 670 . Since the weapon was supposed to be launched from a submerged boat, it was not possible to use a cruise missile with liquid fuel here at the time. The solid propulsion of the P-70 could only drive the weapon over a distance of almost 70 km, while the older P-35 "Progress" reached 460 km with its liquid fuel. This disadvantage was partially offset with the P-70, as the cruise missile was already a fire-and-forget weapon that attacked targets on its own. There was therefore no permanent transmission of target data from the submarine to the P-70 in flight, so that the submarine could on the one hand remain submerged and on the other hand did not reveal its position through continuous radio transmissions.
However, as a result of the fuel used, the cruise missiles left a clearly visible trail of smoke over the entire duration of the flight, so that the position of the submarine was easily recognizable for ships near the starting point.
Four P-70 missiles each were placed on starboard and port side in launch tubes outside the pressure hull. They could not be reloaded with on-board resources. For self-defense, four 533 mm torpedo tubes were placed on the bow in the middle of the ship on the first deck. In addition, each boat had two 400 mm pipes.
Drive systems
The main energy supply was provided by an OK-350- (BM-4-1) - pressurized water reactor with 89 megawatts of power and two downstream steam turbines. In addition, there were two diesel generators , each with an output of 500 kilowatts, which in an emergency could supply energy for the ship's systems via the two batteries with 112 cells each. The boats were accelerated on a shaft with a propeller up to 26 knots in diving mode.
An additional drive system, consisting of two electrically operated waterjet drives, could propel the boats at up to 5 knots even without the main drive.
Retirement
With the development of smaller, more powerful cruise missiles and the introduction of Project 671RT and 671RTM fighter submarines that could use these weapons, submarines like Project 670 became obsolete. The idea that had been behind the development of Project 670 was only taken up again in the 1980s with Project 949 .
Boats of project 670
Project 670 was given the Russian code name Скат (German: Rochen ) and from NATO the name Charlie class . The eleven boats in the class were given tactical numbers rather than names. The "K" in the original identifiers was replaced by a "B" in 1992 on all boats.
K-87
The boat was laid on February 6, 1965 in Gorki. After being launched in 1968, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-87 entered service on December 28, 1968. In 1978 it was renamed the K-212 . On April 19, 1990, she was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping.
K-25
The boat was laid on December 2, 1965 in Gorki. After being launched in 1968, it was relocated to Severodvinsk for final equipment and put into service on December 30, 1968. On June 24, 1991, K-25 was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping.
K-325
The boat was laid down on September 6, 1969 in Gorki. After being launched in 1971, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. The commissioning took place on November 5, 1971. On June 24, 1991 K-325 was removed from the fleet list and intended for scrapping.
K-429
The boat was laid down on January 26, 1971 in Gorki. After being launched in 1972, it was relocated to Severodvinsk for final equipment and put into service on September 15, 1972. On January 23, 1983, K-429 sank in shallow water as a result of human error and 16 sailors died. After the boat had been lifted and repaired, it sank again on September 13, 1985 in port. On October 12, 1986, K-429 was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping.
K-43
The boat was laid on May 9, 1964 in Gorki. After being launched in 1968, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-43 entered service on November 5, 1967. In 1984 it was extensively modernized and handed over to the Indian Navy , where it was in service as S-71 Chakra from 1988 . It was returned in January 1991 and finally scheduled for scrapping in 1992. Reports indicated that the boat's technology was about to be copied in India, but it failed to downsize an Indian-made nuclear reactor to fit into a submarine.
K-143
The boat was laid on November 25, 1966 in Gorki. After being launched in 1969, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. On October 30, 1969, the boat entered service as the K-143 and renamed the K-121 in 1977 . In 1993 she was removed from the fleet list and moved to the scrapping yard on August 6, 1996.
K-313
She was laid down on July 14, 1966 in Gorki. After being launched in 1969, it was relocated to Severodvinsk for final equipment and put into service on December 16, 1969. On March 7, 1993 she was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping. While the abandoned boat was waiting at the pier to be scrapped, water ingressed on May 29, 1997 after the melting of the winter ice and the boat sank to a depth of around 20 meters. On October 5th, after several unsuccessful attempts, it was finally lifted, but the next day in a storm it broke loose from the pontoons that kept it afloat and sank again. On October 10th, it was lifted again, but rose uncontrollably, tilted and sank again after a few minutes. After it was lifted again on October 13, 1997, the wreck was immediately dragged into shallow water and the fuel rods removed from the reactor.
K-308
The boat was laid on December 29, 1969 in Gorki. After being launched in 1970, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-308 entered service on September 20, 1970. On July 30, 1992, she was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping.
K-320
The boat was laid down on April 30, 1968 in Gorki as K-302 . During the work on the submarine, the reactor was accidentally switched on and steam was released from pipes as a result . The surfaces in the reactor department and parts of the shipyard were contaminated . About 150 people were exposed to the radiation , seven of whom suffered serious injuries. The entire reactor section had to be replaced. The boat was renamed the K-320 while it was still under construction . After being launched in 1971, the K-320 was relocated to Severodvinsk for final equipment. It entered service on September 15, 1971. On July 5, 1994, she was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping.
K-302
The boat was laid on January 17, 1969 in Gorki. After being launched in 1970, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-302 entered service on December 1, 1970. On June 30, 1993, she was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping.
K-201
She was laid down on November 16, 1971 in Gorki. After being launched in 1972, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-201 entered service on December 26, 1972. In 1974 she visited the Somali port of Berbera . On October 8, 1976, while diving off Kamchatka , she got caught in the net of a Japanese fishing boat and had to turn up to cut the net. In the 1990s, K-201 was removed from the fleet list and intended for scrapping.
Project 670M
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Project 670M (NATO: Charlie II class ) was developed to use the P-120 “Malachite” cruise missile. The weapon had a range around 30% longer than the P-70 "Ametist", which was used on the Charlie I class. However, the missiles were around two meters longer, so that the submarines also had to be enlarged.
The also planned installation of 650 mm torpedo tubes, as they were used from 1972 in the project 671RTM, was not pursued further in order not to enlarge the dimensions of the boats even further.
The hull of Project 670M was still around eight meters longer than that of the previous class and the boats had new control and sensor systems. An improved coating to absorb sonar signals has been applied to the boats. The reduction of the crew to 90 seafarers also made it possible to accommodate the crew members more comfortably.
The increased displacement of around 700 tons with the same propulsion system reduced the top speed by two to 24 knots compared to Project 670.
The new MGK-500 digital sonar was tested on Project 670M after 1978.
Boats of the 670M project
The 670M project was given the Russian code name Чайка (German: Seagull ) and the name Charlie II class from NATO . The four boats in the class were initially given tactical numbers rather than names. The "K" in the original identifiers was replaced by a "B" in 1992 on all boats.
K-452
The boat was laid on December 30, 1972 in Gorki. After being launched in 1973, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-452 entered service on December 30, 1973. In 1997 it was renamed Novgorod-Veliky (in German Greater Novgorod). In May 1998 she was removed from the fleet list and scheduled for scrapping. In 2001 she was finally taken to the Nerpa scrapping yard .
K-458
She was laid down on February 12, 1974 in Gorki. After being launched in 1975, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-458 entered service on December 30, 1975. She patrolled the Mediterranean in 1978 and 1979 . In 1991 the substance of the boat was in such bad shape that it was taken out of service. In October 2003 the fuel rods were removed from the reactor and the separated reactor compartment towed to a storage facility of the Russian Navy.
K-479
The boat was laid on December 1, 1975 in Gorki. After being launched in 1977, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-479 entered service on September 30, 1977. In 1992 it was decommissioned due to a lack of funding and in 1998 it was towed to the scrapping yard near Murmansk .
K-503
The boat was laid on February 7, 1977 in Gorki. After being launched in 1978, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-503 entered service on December 31, 1978. In 1993 it was decommissioned and in 1999 it was towed to the scrap yard near Murmansk.
K-508
The boat was laid on December 10, 1977 in Gorki. After being launched in 1979, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-508 entered service on December 30, 1979. In 1995 it was decommissioned.
K-209
The boat was laid on December 20, 1979 in Gorki. After being launched in 1980, it was moved to Severodvinsk for final equipment. K-209 entered service on December 30, 1980. In 1995 it was decommissioned.
Evidence and references
Individual evidence
- ↑ А. С. Павлов: Гремучие змеи океанов. P. 20.
- ↑ a b Project 670 at atrinaflot.narod.ru, viewed on May 28, 2011 ( Memento from March 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Mahendra Gaur: Indian affairs annual, Volume 2, p. 51.
- ↑ deepstorm.ru, K-320, Russian, viewed June 1, 2011
- ↑ Russian data collection on fishing accidents and submarines on alerozin.narod.ru, viewed on August 25, 2012, (Russian)
- ↑ K-458 at deepstorm.ru
literature
- А. С. Павлов: Гремучие змеи океанов. (For example: AS Pavlov: The Rattlesnake of the Oceans. ) Yakutsk 1999.
- Ю. В. Апальков: Корабли ВМФ СССР. РПКСН и многоцелевые ПЛ. (For example: J. Apalkow: Ships of the USSR - SSBNs and multipurpose submarines. ) Saint Petersburg 2002, ISBN 5-8172-0071-6 (Russian).
- Mahendra Gaur: Indian affairs annual, Volume 2. Kalpaz Publications, 2005, ISBN 978-8178354347 .
Web links
- Charlie II at deepstorm.ru 06/2011 (russ.)
- Проект 970 at atrinaflot.narod.ru ( Memento from March 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) 05/2011 (Russian)
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