Project 949

Project 949

Ship data country  Soviet Union / Russia   Shipyard Shipyard 402 in Severodvinsk Construction period 1975 to 1979 Commissioning 1986 to 1995 Units built 2

Ship dimensions and crew length 143 m ( Lüa ) width 18.2 m with down elevator: 20.1 m Draft Max. 9.2 m displacement surfaced: 12,500 t (13,400 t) submerged: 20,540 t (22,500 t)   crew 94 men

Machine system machine 2 × OK-650 pressurized water reactors with 190  MW th each propeller 4 five-bladed (2 tandem propellers)

Mission data submarine Diving depth, normal 400 m Immersion depth, max. 450 m Top speed submerged 30 kn (56 km / h) Top speed surfaced 15 kn (28 km / h)

Armament 24 × P-700 granite starting containers 4 × torpedo tube ⌀ 533 mm 2 × torpedo tube ⌀ 650 mm Sensors MGK-500 "Skat-KS" - Sonar MRK-21A ESM system MRKP-58 "Radian" - Radar

Project 949 is the name of a class of nuclear submarines with tactical missiles of the Soviet and later the Russian navy . The NATO designation for these boats is Oscar class .

In the Russian naval fleet , the boats are classified as Podwodnaja Lodka Atomnaja Raketnaja Krylataja (PLARK, ПЛАРК) , translated as "nuclear powered submarine with cruise missile armament" (literally "... wing rockets"), which corresponds to the name SSGN of the US Navy . In this category, these submarines are currently the largest in the world. Project 949 includes two models, both armed with anti-ship missiles .

Project 949 granite

Project 949 Granit was developed because the future US aircraft carrier associations, whose efficiency had increased enormously with the start of construction of the USS Nimitz in 1968, posed a threat against which the previous means of the Soviet Navy threatened to be ineffective.

The long range of the aircraft used on these US ships allowed them to intercept the Tu-16s (which formed the backbone of the Soviet naval aviators) long before they could attack the aircraft carrier. The same was true for Soviet submarines as Project 671 , which through new anti-submarine airplanes of the type S-3 could be attacked before they were able to get their RPK-2 to fire rockets onto the carrier.

Experts calculated that salvos of around 20 to 24 cruise missiles would be necessary in order to be able to penetrate the missile defense of a US aircraft carrier association with at least some of them. The weapons should be able to be launched from a safe distance of 500 km for the launch vehicle and have a speed of 2500 km / h in order to reduce the time for possible countermeasures. Result of these requirements was the P-700 - anti-ship missile , which entered into a long testing phase from the 1975th

Another requirement for the future missile carrier was to be able to fire all 24 cruise missiles in the shortest possible succession so as not to give the enemy missile defense an opportunity to destroy incoming cruise missiles one after the other. The targeting of these weapons, or the ability of a submarine to detect a target at all at a distance of 500 km, was solved by means of observation satellites of the MKRTS "Legende" type.

On September 30, 1970, it was decided to develop Project 949 with the Granit cipher . The development began in 1976 under the direction of IL Baranow in the special design office 18 (SKB-18) Rubin in Leningrad .

hull

The total length of the boats from Project 949 was 143 meters. The structure of the fuselage was subordinate to the P-700 cruise missiles. Since it should be possible to fire these in a relatively short time, each missile had to have its own launch tube. Twelve launch vessels were placed on each side of the pressure hull of the forward half of the ship. With the launch tubes and the outer shell, a width of 18.2 meters was achieved. With 22,500 tons of water displacement when diving, the Project 949 boats were then also the second largest submarines in the world, after Project 941 .

Departments

The pressure hull of Project 949 - the area in which the crew can move - houses the following departments from bow to stern with up to four decks per department:

Department 1: The torpedo room with the loading devices and reserve torpedoes, computer capacity for the main sonar and the two sonar sensors on the sides of the fuselage, batteries.

Department 2: bridge, sonar room, batteries, stairs to the tower and the escape capsule .

Department 3: radio room, antennas, computer capacities, accommodations, pumping systems

Department 4: entrance hatch to the tower, exhibition center , lounge, swimming pool , toilets, infirmary.

Department 5: Generators, air treatment system, fresh water production.

Department 6: Reactor department with two pressurized water reactors one behind the other and reactor controls.

Department 7: front steam turbine , exit hatch.

Department 8: aft steam turbine

Department 9: shaft tunnel, rear hatch, steering gear

Armament

P-700

The main armament consists of 24 anti-ship missiles of the P-700 granite type . Twelve starter containers of the type SM-225 are permanently installed between the pressure hull and the enveloping body on the port and starboard side with an angle of inclination of 40 °. A flap for two starting containers each ensures the closure with the envelope - i.e. the outer skin - of the U-cruiser. The maximum depth for firing the rockets is 50 m at a speed of 5 kn. A volley launch of several rockets in quick succession (every 5 seconds) with the necessary rapid trimming of the carrier ship is possible. The individual salvos can fly to different targets, with the rockets of the respective salvo remaining very close together.

In December 2011, a representative of the Russian defense industry announced that the P-700 on the boats of Project 949 will be replaced by cruise missiles of the types P-800 Oniks (SS-N-26 Strobile) andkal (SS-N-27 Sizzler) should. No more complex structural modifications would be necessary. The work is to take place at the Svyosdotschka shipyard in Severodvinsk and the Zvezda plant in Russia's Far East .

Torpedoes

For self-defense, the submarines have two “over-caliber” 650-millimeter torpedo tubes from which RPK-7 Weter anti-submarine missiles (SS-N-16B Stallion) and heavy type 40 torpedoes can be fired. Both tubes are mounted next to each other in the middle of the boat, as this is the only place where the reserve weapons stored behind the tubes find enough space.

There are also four 533 millimeter tubes for the WA-111 Shkwal rocket torpedo and the usual normal torpedoes. Two of the tubes are mounted immediately next to the 650 mm tubes on the outside of the torpedo room. The other two 533 mm pipes are installed over these outer pipes.

units

A Project 949 boat on the surface

The Granite class comprised only two units, which entered service in 1980 and 1983. Both were retired and launched in 1996 for financial reasons and are currently being scrapped in Severodvinsk .

K-525 Arkhangelsk

K-525 was laid down on July 25, 1975. The submarine was launched on May 3, 1980 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 30 of that year . In 1987 and 1988 the team carried out rocket launches at sea. In April 1993 it was christened Arkhangelsk . Due to a lack of funding after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the submarine was removed from the fleet list on January 7, 1998 and scrapped in Severodvinsk.

K-206 Murmansk

K-206 was laid down on April 22, 1979. The submarine was launched on December 10, 1982 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on November 30, 1983. On April 14, 1982 the boat received the additional name Komsomolsk von Minsk , which it lost again in 1992, since Minsk is in the now independent Byelorussia. While the boat had been docked for repair work since 1991, it was christened Murmansk in April 1993 . Due to a lack of funding, the ship was removed from the fleet list on January 7, 1998 and scrapped in Severodvinsk.

Project 949A Antey

Project 949A

Ship data Shipyard Shipyard 402 Severodvinsk Construction period 1982 to 1995 Units built 11

Ship dimensions and crew length 154.7 m ( Lüa ) width 18.2 m with down elevator: 22 m Draft Max. 9.5 m displacement surfaced: 15,000 t submerged: 25,000 t   crew 107 men

Machine system machine 2 × OK-650B pressurized water reactors with 190  MW each propeller 2 seven-winged

Mission data submarine Diving depth, normal 520 m Immersion depth, max. 600 m Top speed submerged 33.4 kn (62 km / h) Top speed surfaced 14.6 kn (27 km / h)

Armament 24 × P-700 granite starting containers 4 × torpedo tubes ∅ 533 mm 2 × torpedo tubes ∅ 650 mm Sensors MGK-501 "Skat-KS" - sonar MRK-21A ESM system MRKP-59 "Radian-U" - radar

The following project 949A ( Russian Проект 949А "Антей" ) was larger than the original variant and accordingly received the code name Antey after the mythical giant Antaeus .

Although only two Project 949 boats had been built, the concept had gained widespread support among the upper echelons of the Navy. The competing product that was suitable for fulfilling the mission of combating American carrier groups, namely its own aircraft carrier, was not a real option for mass production because of the enormous costs (about ten times that of a 949 submarine), the long construction times and the vulnerability to attacks . So it was decided to build more boats from Project 949.

Experience to date has led to the addition of further facilities and a revision of the systems for controlling the boat's own emissions. Externally, the cylindrical container for the SKAT-KC antenna on the tip of the stern rudder is the clearest distinguishing feature between Project 949A and Project 949.

Departments

The pressure hull of Project 949A - i.e. the area in which the crew can move - houses the following departments from bow to stern, each on four decks:

Department 1: The torpedo room with the loading devices and reserve torpedoes, computer capacity for the main sonar and the two sonar sensors on the sides of the fuselage, batteries.

Department 2: bridge, sonar room, batteries, stairs to the tower and the escape capsule.

Department 3: radio room, antennas, computer capacities, accommodations, pumping systems

Department 4: entrance hatch to the tower, exhibition center, lounge, swimming pool, toilets, infirmary.

Department 5: Generators, air treatment system, fresh water production.

Department 6: Reactor department with two pressurized water reactors one behind the other and reactor controls, pressure chamber with exit hatch.

Department 7: front steam turbine

Department 8: aft steam turbine

Department 9: shaft tunnel, rear hatch, steering gear

units

A Project 949A boat with the antenna container on the stern rudder

The production of the boats began with the keel laying of the K-148 in July 1982. From 1986, 11 units were put into service. More were planned but were not completed.

K-148 Krasnodar

K-148 was laid down on July 22, 1982 in Severodvinsk. The submarine was launched on March 3, 1985 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on September 30, 1986. In 1992/1993 it was named Krasnodar . The boat was taken out of active service in 1996 (according to other sources not until 2012). Scrapping began in 2013 at the Nerpa shipyard near Snezhnogorsk .

K-173 Krasnoyarsk

K-173 was laid down in Severodvinsk on August 4, 1983. The submarine was launched on March 27, 1986 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 31, 1986. In the summer of 1991 the boat was moved to the Pacific Fleet . In April 1993 it was christened Krasnoyarsk . In 1995, K-173 was launched for repair and in 2008 was on the fleet list of the Pacific Fleet.

K-132 Irkutsk

K-132 was laid down on May 8, 1985 in Severodvinsk. The submarine was launched in December 1986 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 30, 1987. It was transferred to the Pacific Fleet in October 1990. In April 1993 it was christened Irkutsk . In 2008 it was launched for repair.

K-119 Voronezh

K-119 was laid down in Severodvinsk in late February 1986. The submarine was launched on December 16, 1986 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 29, 1989. In March 1990, another Project 671RTM (K) class submarine detected extremely loud wave noises at K-119 during an exercise. Innovations in the installation of the shaft in the shipyard were based on incorrect calculations, so that the K-119 had to return to the shipyard for repairs for a year and a half. In April 1993 it was christened Voronezh . From 2006 the boat went back to the Svyosdotschka shipyard to be retrofitted and modernized. After completion of the repair and modernization work, the submarine was returned to its stationing location on the Kola Peninsula in November 2011 .

K-410 Smolensk

K-410 was laid down in Severodvinsk on December 9, 1986. The submarine was launched on January 20, 1990 and was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 22, 1990 near Saozjorsk . In April 1993 it was christened Smolensk . In 2005 it was overhauled. In November 2011, repair and modernization work began at the Svyosdochka shipyard and should be completed by 2014. In December 2011, a representative of the Russian defense industry announced that the SS-N-19 missiles would be replaced by SS-N-26 Strobile (P-800 Oniks) anti-ship guided missiles during the repair work . In 2013, the boat should return to active service.

K-442 Chelyabinsk

K-442 was laid down in Severodvinsk on May 21, 1987. The submarine was launched in June 1990, entered service on December 28, 1990 and transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1991. In April 1993 it was christened Chelyabinsk .

K-456 Kasatka / Wiljuchinsk / Tver

Tver 2008 still as Kasatka in a parade of the Pacific fleet.

K-456 was laid down on February 9, 1988 in Severodvinsk. The submarine was launched in 1991 and was named Kasatka (German: killer whale ). It entered service on August 18, 1992. In 1993 it was transferred to the Pacific Fleet. For several years the boat was known under the name Vilyuchinsk , but it was never officially adopted. In January 2011 a sponsorship with the city of Tver was announced and the boat was christened Tver in March of that year .

K-266 Oryol

K-266 was laid down on January 19, 1989 in Severodvinsk. The submarine was launched on May 22, 1992, was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 30, 1992 and was named Severodvinsk . In April 1993, it became the name Oryol renamed. 2003-2004 it was overhauled and received new screws. On April 7, 2015, the sound insulation of the outer skin caught fire during welding work in the dry dock of the Svyosdotschka shipyard in Severodvinsk . The fire was extinguished after a few hours.

K-186 Omsk

K-186 Omsk , 2008

K-186 was laid down in Severodvinsk on July 13, 1989. The submarine was launched in May 1993 and entered service with the Northern Fleet on December 15, 1993 under the name Omsk . In 1994 it was moved to a base of the Pacific Fleet.

K-141 Kursk

→ Main article : K-141 Kursk

K-141 was laid down on March 22, 1990 in Severodvinsk. It was launched in May 1994. K-141 entered service with the Northern Fleet on December 30, 1994 under the name Kursk . On August 12, 2000, one of their torpedoes caught fire during an exercise, which led to two explosions in the forecastle, which caused the ship to sink rudderlessly to the bottom of the Barents Sea . All 118 crew members were killed. The wreck was lifted in 2001 and scrapped in 2003.

K-150 Tomsk

K-150 Tomsk , 2015

K-150 was laid down in Severodvinsk on August 27, 1989. The submarine was launched in July 1996 and entered service as Tomsk on December 30, 1996 . In 1998 it was relocated to a base of the Pacific Fleet, where it had to surface due to damage and was then shadowed for a long time by an American Lockheed P-3 . In 2010 it was taken out of active service for repairs due to problems with the reactor cooling system and should return in 2013. On September 16, 2013, the boat caught fire during welding work in the harbor. The fire could only be contained after several hours, according to the shipyard there was no risk of explosion.

K-139 Belgorod

K-139 was laid down in Severodvinsk on July 24, 1992. In 1997 the construction was stopped due to a lack of funding. At this point in time, the boat was around 75% complete. Initially, a further development for the improved 949AM project was discussed but not implemented. In the years that followed, the hull of the boat stayed in the Sewmasch shipyard. At the beginning of 2012 there was a "second keel laying" of the K-139 at the shipyard in Sewmasch. The boat is now being converted into a submarine for special operations and equipped with a UUV . The launch took place in April 2019. The handover to the Russian Navy should take place by 2021. The boat should be able to use the Poseidon drone torpedo , which is currently under development .

K-135 Volgograd

K-135 was laid down on September 2, 1993 in Severodvinsk. The construction was canceled in 1998.

K-160 Barnaul

K-160 was the last planned boat from Project 949. Construction did not begin.

Evidence and references

Remarks

1. ↑ Russian .: МКРЦ "Легенда"

Individual evidence

1. ↑ NW Usenko, PG Kotow, WG Redanski, WK Kulitschkow: When the nuclear submarine fleet of the Soviet Union came into being. P. 369.
2. ↑ NW Usenko, PG Kotow, WG Redanski, WK Kulitschkow: When the nuclear submarine fleet of the Soviet Union came into being. P. 54.
3. ↑ flotprom.ru: АПЛ проекта 949 будут перевооружаться на крылатые ракеты "Оникс" and "Калибр" (December 12, 2011). Retrieved on December 12, 2011. (Russian, “The APL of Project 949 are being converted to marching wings“ Oniks ”and“ Calibr ””).
4. ↑ Wladimir Demjanowsky, Alexander Kotlobowski: Unterwasserschild der USSR , Part 1: nuclear multi-purpose submarines. P. 37ff.
5. ↑ NW Usenko, PG Kotow, WG Redanski, WK Kulitschkow: When the nuclear submarine fleet of the Soviet Union came into being. P. 401.
6. ↑ Russia to Scrap Last Soviet-Era Nuclear Sub by 2014. RIA Novosti, April 2, 2014, accessed on April 2, 2014 . 
7. ↑ ^{a b} FLOT.ru: Атомная подводная лодка "Воронеж" прошла модернизацию (November 23, 2011). Retrieved November 23, 2011.
8. ^ RIA Novosti: Russia equips nuclear submarines with cruise missiles "Onyx" and "Calibr" (December 12, 2011). Retrieved December 12, 2011.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Three Russian Nuke Subs to Be Recommissioned in 2013. Ria Novosti, May 1, 2013, accessed on May 1, 2013 . 
10. ↑ "АПЛ" Касатка "переименована из" Вилючинска "в" Тверь "и получит знамя от новых шефов" baplpskov.ru from March 17, 2011 .ru
11. ↑ Flooded dry dock. "Steam" after fire on nuclear submarine. In: n-tv.de. Retrieved April 8, 2015 . 
12. ↑ History of K-150 at deepstorm.ru (Russian)
13. ↑ Fire Erupts at Nuclear Submarine in Russia's Far East. Ria Novosti, September 16, 2013, accessed September 16, 2013 . 
14. ↑ History of K-139 at deepstorm.ru (Russian)
15. ^ Konstantin Bogdanow & Ilya Kramnik: The Russian Navy in the 21st Century: The Legacy and the New Path. (PDF) In: cna.org. College of the North Atlantic - Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, October 26, 2018, accessed November 9, 2018 . 
16. ↑ The second "Poseidon" carrier will be launched ahead of schedule. In: de.sputniknews.com. July 27, 2019, accessed July 27, 2019 . 
17. ↑ Alexander Stirn: "Ocean death zone" Sueddeutsche Zeitung from November 1, 2019

literature

• А. С. Павлов: Ударная сила флота. (AS Pavlov: Assault Fleet. ) Yakutsk Sachapoligrafisdat, 2001, ISBN 5-85259-525-X .
• Владимир Демьяновский, Александр Котлобовский: Подводный щит СССР Часть 1 Атомные многоцелевые многоцелевые многоцелевые мидкыводнпое. (Wladimir Demjanowsky, Alexander Kotlobowski: Underwater Shield of the USSR, Part 1 Nuclear Multipurpose Submarines. ) Major Publishing House, 2003.
• Н.В. Усенко, П.Г. Котов, В.Г. Реданский, В.К. Куличков: Как создавался атомный подводный флот Советского Союза. (NW Usenko, PG Kotow, WG Redanski, WK Kulitschkow: When the Soviet Union's nuclear submarine fleet came into being. ) Saint Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-89173-274-2 .
• Alexander Antonov, Walerie Marinin, Nikolai Walujew: Soviet-Russian nuclear submarines. Berlin 1998.
• Alexander Stirn (text), HI Sutton (illustration): Ocean battle zone: Russia is building a gigantic submarine. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung from 2/3 November 2019 (weekend edition), pp. 34–35

Web links

Commons : Oscar class  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Project 949 at deepstorm.ru (Russian)
• Project 949A at deepstorm.ru (Russian)
• Oscar class at globalsecurity.org (English)
• Alexander Stirn: "Ocean death zone" - collection of rumors and assessments of the type and scope of work on the Belgorod boat in the SZ from November 1, 2019