Project 941

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Project 941
A Project 941 boat
A Project 941 boat
Ship data
country Soviet UnionSoviet Union (naval war flag) Soviet Union / Russia
RussiaRussia (naval war flag) 
Ship type SSBN
Shipyard Shipyard 402 in Severodvinsk
Construction period 1976 to 1988
Commissioning 1981-1989
Decommissioning from 1996
Units built 6th
Ship dimensions and crew
length
172.8 m ( Lüa )
width 23.3 m
Draft Max. 11.0 m
displacement surfaced: 23,200 t
submerged: 48,000 t
 
crew 160 men
Machine system
machine Main drive:

2 OK-650 pressurized water reactors with 190 MW each th
2 GTSA turbines with 45,000 HP each

propeller 2 seven-bladed impellers
Mission data submarine
Dive time 121 days
Immersion depth, max. 400 m
Top
speed
submerged
25 kn (46 km / h)
Top
speed
surfaced
12 kn (22 km / h)
Armament
Sensors

Sonar MGK-501 "Skat-KS"
Radar MRKP-59 "Radian-U"
ESM system MRP-21A "Saliw-P"

Project 941 "Akula" ( Russian Акула [ ɐˈkuɫə ] = "Hai") is a series of ballistic missile submarines developed in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy . Outside the states of the former Warsaw Treaty , however, the Soviet name of the class initially remained largely unknown, so that its internal NATO name Typhoon class was more common.

The boats on this project are the largest submarines ever built. The NATO name "Typhoon" is taken from a debate between Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford in Vladivostok in 1974, in which Brezhnev announced the development of a weapon system with the name in response to the planned introduction of the US Ohio-class .

status

In the summer of 2017 only the TK-208 Dmitri Donskoy was in active service with the Russian Navy . It is with intercontinental ballistic missiles of the type R-30 Bulava equipped.

Planning and construction

In 1972, at the "Rubin" development office in Leningrad, under the direction of Sergei Nikitich Kovalev, planning work began on a new type of submarine for the Soviet Navy, which was to carry a new type of ICBM. The specifications of the future rocket had only been partially determined, as its actual development did not begin until the following year.

To accommodate the rockets with their expected high dead weight and corresponding dimensions in sufficient numbers in a submarine turned out to be a problem, since the previous submarines with ICBMs of the Soviet Union, the projects 667A and 667B, were always planned according to the same principle were: A pressure hull with a tower in the front third and then two rows of missile silos. Applying this construct to the R-39 missile would have meant lengthening the boats so that they could no longer use most of the ports and docks. So Kowalew decided to use two parallel pressure hulls and to achieve the necessary lift for Project 941 not by increasing the length, but by widening it.

The new project would have been able to carry 24 of the new R-39 missiles, but the number was limited to 20 by decree by the Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, Sergei Gorshkov .

After the first boat of Project 941 was laid down in the Severodvinsk shipyard in 1976 , the D-19 missile complex in combination with the R-39 missile was not accepted by the Navy as satisfactory until 1984.

costs

Their sheer size and the use of modern technologies resulted in an enormous tie-up of Soviet labor and raw materials. Each boat in Project 941 contains around 9,000 tons of expensive and difficult-to-process titanium . 1219 employees of the 402 “ Sewmasch ” shipyard alone were subsequently awarded medals by the Soviet Union for their participation in the construction and development of the project . More than 1000 different companies, companies and scientific institutes were involved in planning, building and equipping the boats.

technology

Cross-sections

hull

Schematic side view of a Project 941 submarine
A boat, Project 941, covered with snow and ice. The outlines of the surface chamber next to the tower can be easily identified by the lack of ice on its outer edge.

Project 941 is 172.8 meters long and it displaces around 48,000 t of water when diving  . The hull consists of an outer shell made of steel , which contains two adjacent cylindrical pressure hulls made of titanium, which extend almost the entire length of the boat. These accessible pressure hulls each have a diameter of up to 7.2 meters and house the accommodation and most of the technical systems. A third short pressure hull is placed in the middle of the other two and contains the command center of the boat, the radio room and various computer systems on two accessible decks .

In order to be able to place the torpedo tubes at the bow and the rudder controls at the stern despite the two parallel pressure hulls in the middle - i.e. on the longitudinal axis of Project 941 - a further cylindrical pressure hull was built between the two main pressure hulls at the bow and stern two large and three smaller pressure hulls form the accessible interior of the boats. An accident in which an explosion in the torpedo room destroyed a large part of the interior of the pressure hull behind it, as happened with the boat K-141 Kursk , cannot occur in Project 941. When all bulkheads in the boat are closed, a total of 19 watertight compartments are formed.

The twenty launch containers for the ICBMs are located between the bow and tower of the boats. They are embedded between the two main pressure hulls and, to protect the rockets from damage from water pressure and salt water, are designed so that the pressure inside them is kept constant.

The boats of Project 941 have two surfacing chambers at the base of the tower structure that can safely carry the entire crew to the surface in an emergency. These escape pods are located on port and starboard and can be entered from the respective main pressure hull.

Project 941 is designed to generate around 48% more static lift than would be necessary to keep the boat from sinking. In the United States' Ohio class, however, it's only 15%, so in the event of damage, Project 941 can hold far more water than its counterpart before it sinks.

In order to reduce the noise emissions, certain machines and installations were decoupled from the pressure hull casing by resting them on rubber layers. The entire fuselage was also clad on the outside with a layer of noise-insulating tiles.

Construction problems

Project 941, like most submarines with ballistic missiles from the Cold War era, is designed to surface under arctic ice and to break through ice sheets up to two meters thick. The use under the ice allows on the one hand to use the ice cover as protection against detection from the air, and on the other hand the background noise of the ice layers scraping against each other can be used to hide your own boat from passive sonar location by other submarines. In order to break through the ice sheet, the designers had to reinforce the tower and the bow of Project 941 in particular, because the ice is broken with the bow first when it emerges.

The position of the bridge tower behind the missile silos and thus behind the center of the ship made the combination of down rudders on the tower and on the stern, as was the case with the smaller boats of the previous Project 667 and also with the US Ohio class, impossible for Project 941, because the boats would hardly have reacted to changes in the rudder position. In order to allow the heavy boats to change from one depth to another in a short period of time, these rudders had to be installed at the bow and stern, as is usually done in the construction of hunting submarines .

The disadvantages of the lack of rudders on the submarine tower, which have a supportive effect when a submarine is to be kept in suspension (for example before a rocket launch) and which also reduce background noise because it is far away from the sonar system in the bow had to be compensated by other systems in project 941. In addition, the depth rudders at the bow had to be designed so that they could be retracted before the boat breaks through an ice sheet or maneuvers in a harbor in order to avoid damage. In addition to a faster reaction to changes in the rudder position, an advantage of down rudders at the bow is the reduction in resistance , since the tower can be made smaller without the rudder mechanics and the achievable speed increases accordingly.

Another problem was the enormous draft of the boats when surfaced. It amounts to 11 meters, which was considered too deep for many military ports. For this reason, the designers built in a reserve that allows the boats to be lightened beyond the waterline by pumping out additional ballast water when entering ports or shallow waters .

drive

The energy supply for Project 941 is based on a reactor complex OK 650B in each pressure hull. This means that each boat has two pressurized water reactors within the complex. They are equipped with a cooling system that is independent of the battery current and have automatic switch-offs that can push the control rods between the fuel elements of the reactor even when the boat is keeled up . Each reactor generates 190 MWth of thermal energy, which is used to generate steam that drives two GTSA turbines . Each turbine drives one of the two shafts that move the two seven-bladed impellers with 45,000 to 50,000  hp (33,097 to 36,775  kW ) . In diving operation, up to 25  knots can be reached, on the surface, where the two impellers are not completely under water, the top speed drops accordingly to 12 knots. The two propellers are designed as impellers and are enclosed in a housing that is intended to protect them from damage caused by ice when surfacing. Each propeller is 5.55 meters in diameter.

As an alternative to the two reactors, two marine diesel generators are available for generating electricity, each with an output of 800 kW.

The boats in the class have low power maneuvering drives for maneuvering around harbors or other environments where they cannot use their main propulsion impellers. The two electric motors of these drives can each produce 190 kW. They are mounted on the underside of the fuselage at the bow and stern.

Range and dive time

Project 941 is not subject to any range restrictions due to its nuclear drive. Only the supplies of food and consumer goods carried for the crew limit the service life of the boats to an estimated 120 days.

This theoretical duration of operation was confirmed in 1984 when TK-208 operated diving for 121 days without interruption. The previous record, which had been set by the British submarine HMS Warspite in 1983 with 111 days of uninterrupted diving time, was exceeded by ten days.

crew

Project 941 has a crew of 160 seamen, 52 of whom are officers. All personnel are accommodated in cabins, with no cabin containing more than four berths . For the expected long periods of use, there are relaxation rooms with green plants, weight rooms with fitness equipment , a solarium and a sauna with a plunge pool on board.

Armament

The main armament of Project 941 consists of 20 R-39 ICBMs, which were placed in separate silos in pairs along the longitudinal axis of the boats. The weapon, referred to as the R-39 by the Soviet Union and the RSM-52 in the START contracts, was installed on board as part of the D-19 missile complex. Each rocket could carry up to ten multiple warheads 8,300 kilometers and reached a weight of 90 tons with its launch container.

Loading the boats with the heavy rockets was a logistical problem, as it required both a special dock for a boat of this size and a crane with sufficient capacity in one place. So it was decided to build a ship that could transport ICBMs and hand them over to Project 941 boats. The Alexander Brykin with a displacement of around 16,000 tons was built for this purpose in Leningrad with project number 11570. It can transport 16 R-39 missiles and hand them over to submarines with the on-board 150-ton crane.

The conversion of a single project 941-boat on the RSM-56- Bulava -Interkontinentalrakete was announced by the Russian Navy of 2005. The Navy had previously converted the TK-208 Dmitri Donskoj boat to carry the RSM-56. The rocket, which weighs just under 37 tons, has a range of over 8,000 kilometers and can carry up to ten multiple warheads with an explosive force of 100–150 kilotons each. The trials of the Bulava missile on Project 941 were marked by numerous failures between 2006 and 2010. Project 941 is equipped with six torpedo tubes with a diameter of 533 mm each for self-defense. The torpedo room is located in the front compartment and has an automatic device for accelerated reloading. Some 20 weapons can be carried for the pipes, in addition to torpedoes and cruise missiles of the type RPK-2 VYUGA or mines .

So that the crew can defend themselves on the surface against aircraft and helicopters, eight shoulder-supported anti-aircraft missiles of the type 9K38 Igla are carried in pressure-resistant containers in the tower .

Sensors and communication

Rear view of Project 941. The flaps above the towed antennas are marked with a white mark.

Project 941 is equipped with a MGK-501 “Skat-KS” sonar system. The main phalanx of this system is a cylindrical structure housed below the torpedo tubes in the bow tip. The system can be operated actively or passively to search the surrounding sea for contacts. The Skat system was installed in submarines of the Soviet Union from 1978 onwards, as the first sonar system to be based on computer technology for data processing. It can track up to twelve contacts at the same time. In addition to project 941, the “Skat-KS” is also used on project 949 . Subsystems of the sonar system are the MG-519 “Arfa” high-frequency sonar, which can detect mines or obstacles at close range, a MG-518 depth gauge and a channel for acoustic underwater telephony . According to reports, the last two boats of the class, TK-17 and TK-20, received a passive towing sonar of the type “Pelamida” (Russian: “Пеламида”) (NATO: Shark Tail), which is mounted on the starboard side in the hull.

  • After its lengthy renovation, which lasted until 2002, the boat TK-208 is the only one in Project 941 to carry the digital MGK-540 “Skat-3” sonar system.

Inside the tower of Project 941 there are extendable masts that carry additional sensors and observation periscopes, which are composed as follows:

  • Radar - MRKP-58 "Radian" (NATO designation: "Snoop Pair") for locating air and surface contacts, alternatively the model MRKP-59 "Radian-U" (NATO designation: "Snoop Half")
  • ESM system MRP-21A “Saliw-P” for the detection and location of external radar signals.
  • Observation periscope "Signal-3" (Russian: Сигнал-3) or "Kutum" (Russian: Кутум)
  • Commander's periscope "Swan-21" (Russian: лебедь-21)

Other extendable masts in the tower structure carry antennas for the communication and navigation system :

  • Transmitter and receiver antennas of the "Molnija-MS" communication system
  • “Sintes” receiver for satellite navigation of the “Tobol 941” navigation system

In addition, there is an extendable optical sensor "Saljut" ( Russian Салют) in the middle of the tower . Each boat has two hatches on the top of the hull immediately behind the tower, under which there are “Parawan” towing antennas that can be deployed during diving operations in order to enable long-range communication at extremely low frequencies .

Units of project 941

In 2004,
Vladimir Putin walks a formation of sailors on the foredeck of the Arkhangelsk (TK-17). The city coat of arms can be seen on the tower.
TK-202 is expected to be scrapped in 1999. Without the weight of the missiles and with empty ballast tanks, it lies high in the water and the flaps of all six torpedo tubes can be seen.

The Soviet Union built six boats for Project 941. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia was no longer able to bear the costs of maintaining all six boats and was unable to complete the construction of the logistics on land, which had not yet been fully completed. The boats were initially only given tactical numbers as a designation, but some were also given names in the course of their service life:

TK-208 Dmitry Donskoy

TK-208 was laid down on June 30, 1976 at shipyard 402 in Severodvinsk and launched on September 27, 1980. After extensive testing, it was put into service on December 29, 1981 and assigned to the Northern Fleet the following year . The boat conducted a 121-day uninterrupted dive trip from December 1983 to April 1984. The boat itself - in accordance with the customs of the Soviet and Russian navies - was awarded for performance, the commander was named Hero of the Soviet Union . TK-208 was formed in 1989 in the shipyard to the new type of missile RSM-56- Bulava to be converted. As a result of funding gaps, the renovation was interrupted and the boat was only docked in 1996 to continue work at Sewmasch. On October 7, 2000, at the suggestion of the Tula administration, it was given the honorary name of Dmitri Donskoy . The conversion was completed on June 26, 2002 and TK-208 was part of the 941-UM project (Russian: 941УМ). It carried out numerous test launches of the new missile until 2010 and is still in service with the Northern Fleet. On the occasion of a parade for the Russian Navy Day in St. Petersburg on July 30, TK-208 passed the bridge over the Great Belt on July 21, 2017 .

TK-202

The boat was laid down in Severodvinsk on April 22, 1978 and launched on September 23, 1982. After its commissioning on December 28, 1983, it was assigned to the Northern Fleet. After several missions, it was decommissioned on March 28, 1995. With international support, the scrapping of TK-202 was agreed in 1999 and the boat was scrapped in 2005. The sealed reactor compartment was towed to a permanent naval storage facility.

TK-12 Simbirsk

TK-12 was laid down in Severodvinsk on April 19, 1980 and launched on December 17, 1983. The following year the boat was equipped and tested before it was put into service with the Northern Fleet on December 26, 1984. In the fall of 1987 it broke the ice cover at the North Pole and launched two R-39 ICBMs as part of an exercise, one of which, however, exploded prematurely. From 1991 to 1992 TK-12 was docked for overhaul. The boat subsequently carried out several patrols, but was transferred to the reserve in 1996. In November 2001 it was given the honorary name Simbirsk , and in 2005 it was decided to scrap it in the course of international treaties. The boat was docked on November 21, 2006 for dismantling and scrapped.

TK-13

TK-13 was laid down in Severodvinsk on February 23, 1982 and launched on April 30, 1985. In February 1986 the boat was assigned to the 18th Division of the Northern Fleet. It carried out several patrols over the next few years and was visited in 1987 by the general secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev . After further use, it was decommissioned in 1997. In 2009 the boat TK-13 was scrapped.

TK-17 Arkhangelsk

TK-17 was laid down in Severodvinsk on August 9, 1983 and launched on September 12, 1986. During its service in the Northern Fleet, it was damaged on September 27, 1991 when the drive section of an R-39 missile exploded in its silo during a training voyage in the White Sea . After repairs it resumed its service. In 2002 it was re-docked for overhaul and named Arkhangelsk on November 18 . After further missions it was to be converted for the more modern RSM-52 missile complex, but this measure was delayed and has not yet been implemented. Representatives of the Navy and Severstal are in favor of the conversion, while others consider scrapping the boat to be the best solution. TK-17 thus remains in service with the fleet, although its full operational capability is not given due to the lack of missile armament and the crew has been withdrawn. On May 25, 2013 it was reported that, according to unofficial information, TK-17 Arkhangelsk as well as boat TK-20 Severstal will be retired in 2013 and scrapped by 2018, 2020 at the latest.

TK-20 Severstal

TK-20 was laid down in Severodvinsk on August 27, 1985 and launched on April 11, 1989. It was then assigned to the Northern Fleet after trials. It carried out numerous patrols and on August 25, 1995 launched an ICBM from the North Pole in the direction of a test site. On May 31, 2000 a contract was signed between the Ministry of Defense and the management of the Severstal concern , according to which the latter takes over the patronage of the boat, which in return bears the company name as the ship's name. The company's logo - a stylized cast container from which steel flows - is also attached to the base of the tower front of TK-20. Like its sister boat TK-17, it does not currently carry any missile armament. On May 25, 2013 it was reported that according to unofficial information, TK-20 Severstal and its sister boat will be decommissioned in 2013 and scrapped by 2018, 2020 at the latest.

Political Impact

Disarmament treaties

A Project 941 boat in the 1982 Cold War on the quay in Severodvinsk. The photo was taken by a US KH-9 hexagon spy satellite.

Project 941, with its concentration of firepower, proved to be an enormous burden on the Soviet Union in the disarmament talks of the 1990s. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties limited the number of warheads the Soviet Union and its successor Russia were allowed to keep operational on ICBMs. 4,900 of these multiple warheads were granted to the USSR, of which 3,300 were land-based missiles. With six Project 941 boats alone, 1200 sea-based warheads were tied - only six of the new Project 667 BDRM submarines would have been allowed. 51 Soviet submarines from Projects 667A, 667B, 667BD and 667BDR, which were still in service with the Soviet Navy, should have been scrapped or made unusable before the expiry of the contractually agreed deadlines. Only a contractually guaranteed reduction in the number of missile warheads on submarines made it possible to increase the number of submarines in action and to top it up with eleven Project 667 BDR boats. On Project 941, only eight warheads per R-39 missile were allowed to be carried.

In the cold war

According to conservative views, the task of submarines with ballistic missiles is to ensure a country's second or retaliatory strike capability in a nuclear war . However, Western analysts suspected very early on that Project 941 was intended for use as a first-strike weapon and thus for the destruction of the enemy’s nuclear weapon potential before it was used (also known as “counter force operation”). They concluded this from the combination of the number and range of the missiles in relation to their ability to break through arctic ice. Given the range of the missiles, the latter would no longer have been necessary to hit the United States, as this was also possible from the submarine's home waters. An article by Vice Admiral K. Stablo of the Soviet Navy, published in the Soviet military magazine Red Star in August 1981, in which he accused the United States of planning the use of its boats for the first strike, was taken as confirmation of a corresponding doctrine of the Soviet Navy.

The American naval analyst James M. McConnell wrote as early as March 1982 in response to the Soviet article:

“It strongly implies […] that their SSBNs have a strategic counterforce role over and above that assigned them in the past. […] In this connection, attention is aroused by a recent press report crediting the new Soviet Typhoon-class SSBN, now undergoing sea trials, with the capability of pushing up through the Arctic ice cover and launching its missiles against military targets in the US from a range several thousand miles shorter than presently expected. "

"This expressly means [...] that their submarines with ballistic missiles have the tasks of a first-strike weapon and that they have already had them in the past. […] In this regard, [our] attention was drawn to a recent press release that attributes the Soviet Typhoon-class submarine, currently being tested, with the ability to break through the Arctic ice sheet and launch its missiles against military targets launch the United States from a distance many thousands of miles shorter than currently believed. "

Conflict over the Arctic

With the resurgence of Russia and the conflict about the political status of the Arctic and thus the raw material deposits there, Project 941 was used to emphasize the Russian claims. After a speech by Rear Admiral Valery Aleksin in the summer of 1995, in which he announced that whoever controls the Arctic controls the world, TK-20 broke through the ice cover at the geographic North Pole on August 25 and launched an R-39 missile with ten training warheads in the direction of a Russian test site.

Transport submarine

After it became clear that Project 941 was to be replaced by Project 955 in the medium term , people began to think about alternative uses. In order to be able to transport Norilsk Nickel's products during the exploitation of raw material deposits in the Arctic - regardless of disruption from ice - the company considered converting the submarines into transport ships. In place of the rocket shafts, the Rubin development office planned cargo holds for up to 15,000 tons of cargo per submarine, provided hatches on the sides of the ship to speed up loading and unloading and gave the boats a solid icebreaker bow, for which the sonar relocated and the torpedo tubes were removed. The transport time would have been reduced by 50 to 65% - in contrast to cargo ships , which can only sail there accompanied by icebreakers . The program was ultimately rejected by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation as "inappropriate" and would ultimately have been too expensive.

fiction

To the general public in the West was Project 941 under its NATO designation "Typhoon class" only through the book Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy in 1984 and the eponymous film with Sean Connery and Alec Baldwin known from the year 1990th

In the media

In 2001 a television team was allowed to take part in a patrol run by the TK-20 Severstal for the first time . The documentary by Witali Fedko and Ludmila Nasaruch was broadcast by ZDF under the title On an invisible mission - on the move with the largest submarine in the world .

The television station National Geographic produced a documentary about the scrapping of TK-13 as part of its series Break it down in 2008.

The TK-17 Arkhangelsk hit the media when it fired two RSM-52 missiles during a maneuver by the Northern Fleet with President Putin on board in 2002 . The presence of the President earned the boat the nickname "Commander-in-Chief's Yacht" in the Russian Navy . The boats are considered showcase objects in the Russian naval fleet and are used as image carriers for advertising new personnel.

Evidence, references

Remarks

  1. 45,000 HP according to SA Spirichin, 50,000 HP according to J. Apalkow
  2. According to deepstorm.ru, TK-17 with 172.6 meters and TK-20 with 173.1 meters differ from the other boats.
  3. 6 boats × 20 missiles × 10 warheads = 1200 warheads
  4. 400 remaining warheads / 64 (16 missiles × 4 warheads = 64) = 6.25 submarines
  5. Russian: контр-адмирала Валерия Алексина
  6. Russian: Тот, кто владеет Арктикой, владеет миром

Individual evidence

  1. a b S. A. Spirichin: Surface ships, vehicles and submarines built at shipyard No. 402. P. 168; J. Apalkow: Ships of the USSR - Strategic missile submarines and multipurpose submarines. P. 168.
  2. a b Article: Юбилей "Донского" - Четверть века назад в состав ВМФ вошел головной корабль проекта in the first week of the year of the Navy in the year 941 - the project received the Russian "Anniversary of the boat 941 - the first quarter of the year 941 - in the Russian language 941 - the boat year ago. Anastasia Nikitinskaya, Sevmash Press Service, December 19, 2006 issue
  3. ^ Bulletin of the atomic scientists. Volume 57, Atomic Scientists of Chicago, 2001, p. 21 (English).
  4. ^ A b Matthew Bodner: "Might on show as two of Russia's largest warships join Chinese vessels in the Baltic Sea" Daily Telegraph of July 22, 2017
  5. ^ Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. Moscow Defense letter. 2004. (PDF) Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on February 2, 2015 .
  6. ^ Norman Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore: Cold War submarines. The design and construction of US and Soviet submarines. P. 194 (English).
  7. ^ Anna Huang: The application of titanium Navy . In: MHC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD., September 15, 2010, accessed September 5, 2011.
  8. a b c “The unique boat” Interview with Sergei Kowalew Nikitich In: proatom.ru, accessed on September 18, 2011 (Russian).
  9. ^ A b Norman Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore: Cold War submarines. The design and construction of US and Soviet submarines. P. 195 (English).
  10. a b c d Apalkow: Ships of the USSR - Strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose submarines. P. 35.
  11. ^ Norman Polmar, Kenneth J. Moore: Cold War submarines. The design and construction of US and Soviet submarines. Pp. 133, 134 (English).
  12. Igor Kudrik: Russia scraps Typhoons . ( Memento of August 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) June 12, 2002, bellona.org, accessed on September 11, 2011 (English).
  13. a b Apalkow: Ships of the USSR - Strategic missile submarines and multipurpose submarines. P. 34.
  14. J. Apalkow: Ships of the USSR - Strategic missile submarines and multipurpose submarines. P. 33.
  15. a b TK-208. In: deepstorm.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011 (Russian).
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  17. The ten greatest successes of the Russian arms manufacturers . ( Memento of September 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: de.rian.ru, accessed on September 19, 2013
  18. Pavel Podvig: Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. P. 584 (English).
  19. МОРСКИЕ РАКЕТЫ 3-ГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ . ( Memento from September 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In. sgan2009.ru, accessed September 11, 2011 (Russian).
  20. Third generation maritime missiles . ( Memento of September 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: sgan2009.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011 (Russian).
  21. Russia to Deliver 2 Boomers in 2006 With New SLBMs . In: defenseindustrydaily.com, April 29, 2005, accessed September 9, 2011.
  22. Bulava missile. Test-launch history ( Memento from November 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) formerly at RIA Novosti, 2010, accessed on September 11, 2011 (English).
  23. Pavel Podvig: Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. P. 306 (English).
  24. ^ Oleg A. Godin, David R. Palmer: History of Russian underwater acoustics. P. 525 (English).
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  28. TK-12. In: deepstrom.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011 (Russian).
  29. TK-13. In: deepstrom.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011 (Russian).
  30. TK-17. In: deepstrom.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011 (Russian).
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  33. a b History of use of the TK-20 . In: deepstorm.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011
  34. Arbatow: The Security Watershed. Russians Debating Defense and Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Disarmament and Security Yearbook 1991/1992. P. 53 (English).
  35. Arbatow: The Security Watershed. Russians Debating Defense and Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Disarmament and Security Yearbook 1991/1992. P. 46 (English).
  36. Arbatow: The Security Watershed. Russians Debating Defense and Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Disarmament and Security Yearbook 1991/1992. P. 103 (English).
  37. James M. McConnell: Possible Counterforce Role for the Typhoon.
  38. Col. James E. Anderson, United States Army: ENGAGEMENT IN THE ARCTIC , 2010, p. 13 ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: oai.dtic.mil, accessed on September 11, 2011 (English). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oai.dtic.mil
  39. Article ( Memento of February 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), formerly on submarine.id.ru, accessed on September 11, 2011
  40. Submarine Cargo Vessel In: ckb-rubin.ru, accessed on October 3, 2011 (Russian / English).
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  42. ^ Nationalgeographic.com ( memento of October 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) accessed on August 20, 2011

literature

  • Ю. В. Апальков: Корабли ВМФ СССР Том I - Подводные лодки. Часть 1 - Ракетные подводные крейсера стратегического назначения и многоцелевые подводные лодки. (For example: J. Apalkow: Ships of the Naval War Fleet of the USSR - Strategic Missile Submarines and Multipurpose Submarines. ) Saint Petersburg, 2002, ISBN 5-8172-0069-4 (Russian).
  • С. А. Спирихин: Надводные корабли, суда и подводные лодки постройки завода №402. (for example: SA Spirichin: Surface ships, vehicles and submarines built at shipyard No. 402. ) Arkhangelsk, 2004, ISBN 5-85879-155-7 (Russian)
  • Ильин В. Е., А. И. Колесников: Подводные лодки России: Иллюстрированный справочник. (For example: Illinois WE, AI Kolesnikow: Russian U-Boats - An Illustrated Guide. ) Moscow, Astrel / ACT, 2006, ISBN 5-271-14736-3 (Russian).
  • Pavel Podvig: Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2 (English).
  • Norman Polmar and Kenneth J. Moore: Cold War submarines. The design and construction of US and Soviet submarines. Free Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57488-530-9 (English).
  • Alexei G. Arbatow: The Security Watershed. Russians Debating Defense and Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Disarmament and Security Yearbook 1991/1992. Gordon & B, 1993, ISBN 2-88124-551-X (English).
  • Oleg A. Godin, David R. Palmer: History of Russian underwater acoustics. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 978-981-256-825-0 (English).
  • Norman Friedman: The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapon systems. 5th edition. US Naval Institute Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9 (English).
  • James M. McConnell: Possible Counterforce Role for the Typhoon. Professional Paper No. 347, Center for Naval Analyzes , Alexandria VA 1982.

Web links

Commons : Typhoon class  - collection of images