Rustem Pasha

With high probability, Rüstem Pascha
Detail from a miniature from the Süleymān-nāme by Ârifî Fethullah Çelebi , 16th century. Istanbul, Library of the Topkapi Seraglio Museum, Hazine, No. 1517, fol. 498 ^b

Rustem Pasha ( Ottoman رستم پاشا Rustem Pâşâ , b. around 1500 ; died July 10 or July 12, 1561 in Istanbul ) was an Ottoman Grand Vizier and the son-in-law ( dāmād ) of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent . He stayed in historical memory mainly through his foundations, in particular the famous Rustem Pasha Mosque in Istanbul.

Origin and career

The origin of Ruem Pasha cannot be determined with certainty. He was probably born in a village near Sarajevo as the son of a Bosniak family with the original family name Opukovič or Čigalič. Some sources also cite a Croatian (* in Skradin ), Serbian or Albanian origin. In his foundation deeds of 1557 and 1560 his father is named Abdurrahman and Abdurrahim. The fact that his father is listed as Mustafa in Rüstem Pascha 's deed of foundation from 1561 and in the deed of foundation of his brother, the Ottoman Grand Admiral Sinan Pascha , from 1557 means that his father, like his sister Nefise, has converted to Islam.

As a child, Rüstem was brought to Istanbul , where he was educated together with his brother Sinan in the Palace School ( Enderûn ) and began a military career. In 1526 he took part in the battle of Mohács as Silāḥdār ("weapon bearer ") . Then began his rapid rise in the Ottoman state administration with the office of first stable master ( mīr-āḫūr-ı evvel ) . Around 1533 he was presumably governor of Teke, then Beylerbey of Diyarbakır and 1538 Beylerbey of Anatolia. In 1539 he was promoted to third vizier. At the end of 1539 the Sultan married him to his daughter Mihrimah Sultan . A traveler who had come to a great fortune in the service of the Fuggers and who personally experienced King Ferdinand I Rüstem Pasha in the wake of an embassy of King Ferdinand I , summarized this life as follows:

"[How] also the Rustan bascha was made by a Bosner sewer of the turkish khaisers ayden."

- Hans Dernschwam

Rustem became second vizier in 1541. In Ramadan of the year 951  AH (end of 1544) the sultan deposed the grand vizier Hadım Suleyman Pasha and conferred the highest dignity of the empire on his son-in-law. After Prince Mustafa had been strangled in October 1553 "to maintain world order", the Janissaries demanded the punishment of the Grand Vizier, who was blamed for the prince's death. Rustem Pasha's mother-in-law Roxelane implored Süleyman not to listen to the slanderer and to spare her daughter's son-in-law and for her sake. Rustem Pascha was deposed and spent the next few years in Üsküdar. Thanks to the scheming support of his wife Mihrimah Sultan and, in particular, his mother-in-law Roxelane, to whose influence the execution of the 1553 instead of his appointed Grand Vizier Kara Ahmed Pasha can be attributed, he was again Grand Vizier in 1555. He died on July 10th or 12th 1561 (26th or 28th  Shawwal 968 AH) probably of dropsy and was buried in the complex of the Prince's Mosque in Istanbul in his own Türbe , donated by Mihrimah Sultan and planned by Mimar Sinan .

Personality and conduct of office

The ideal portrait of a grand vizier shown above in a miniature in Süleymān-nāme des Ârifî Fethullah Çelebi is most likely the only surviving contemporary portrait of Armist Pasha. The picture shows him in a scene from the time of his first grand vizier, but says nothing about him as a person. His individual appearance, shape and effect, on the other hand, were not euphemistically described by the Venetian Bailò Bernardo Navagero in 1553: Rüstem Pascha was rather of a small stature and had a reddened, swollen face that was reminiscent of a leprous man. There was a great cunning in his eyes, which shows that he was born a businessman. He appears “affable and friendly” and he prefers nothing than to be told that no other Ottoman ruler than Suleyman I had ever had such a wise and clever advisor as him.

Today's scholars consider Rüstem Pascha on the one hand a master of political intrigue and an ambivalent person, on the other hand it is confirmed that he was incorruptible and in no way involved in any form of corruption. However, he was accused of corruption several times during his lifetime. Ottoman historians of the 16th and 17th centuries, on the other hand, attribute correct behavior, sobriety and piety to him. They argue that it an error, such as the wrong choice of the then rather insignificant item Defterdars with a judge, repent and not repeat, and criticize best, his dislike of dervishes and poets, giving it a mocking couplet of the poet Taşlıcalı Yahyâ Bey has introduced :

 
كولمز يدي يوزي محشرده دخي كولميه سي
چوق ايش ايتدي بزه اول صاغلغله اولميه سي

Gülmez idi yüzi maḥşerde daḫi gülmiyesi
Çoḳ iş ėtdi bize ol ṣaġlıġile olmıyası

Because he never laughed, he shouldn't laugh on the last day either.
He's done a lot, just doesn't mix with our things.

In the Ottoman public, Rustem Pasha, decried as a stingy and greedy “devil's vizier”, was not very well regarded, especially after Taşlıcalı Yahyâ Bey accused him of complicity in the murder of the sultan's son Mustafa in a rapidly spread and widely accepted elegy (mers̲iye) Called the devil. Rustem Pascha then ordered Yahyâ Bey's execution and, after Suleyman's I resistance, the poet was exiled to Zvornik for life .

European diplomats and travelers who have spoken to or seen Rustem Pascha themselves certify that he is “a man of sharp, penetrating mind”, but also consider him “always dark, always gruff” or accuse him of his private and donated buildings To have built “from stolen, rightly won money”. He is always avaricious, and his first considerations are always utility and money. He is given complicity in the death of the sultan's son Mustafa.

A much-quoted anecdote is about a lucky coincidence that Suleyman I had favored him and that secured his career. The assertion of his opponents that he was ill with leprosy and therefore unbearable as the sultan's son-in-law had proven to be false, because court doctor Mehmed Halîfe, who was in charge of the medical examination of the case, had found a louse in a shirt, and according to the A leprosy man cannot have lice at court doctors.

اولیجق بر کشینك بختی قوی طالعی یار
کهله سی دخی محلنده انك ایشه یرار

Olıcaḳ bir kişiniñ baḫtı ḳavī ṭāliʿi yār
Kehlesi daḫi maḥallinde anıñ işe yarar

Strength and happiness of a person determine his fate,
Occasionally a little louse in his place is enough!

An illuminated sheet of a Koran made for Rüstem Pasha

Rustem Pasha formed with Mihrimah Sultan and Roxelane a conspiratorial inner circle of influence on the decisions of Suleiman I. took while with the support of Scheichülislam Ebüssuûd Efendi could be expected, the highest religious dignitary of the Ottoman Empire. This was clearly evident in the Sultan's decision to have his Mahidevran-born son Mustafa killed. This cleared the way for Roxelane's sons on their way to the Sultanate. Rustem Pasha, who was blamed by the Janissaries for the death of their favorite Mustafa, only lost the office of Grand Vizier temporarily. Mihrimah Sultan and Roxelane successfully urged Suleyman I to reinstate him after about two years.

Suleyman I valued especially his ability to increase the financial endowment of the Sultan and the empire to an incomparable extent. Without this, Süleyman's almost annual military campaigns, major architectural projects such as the Süleymaniye complex and the water supply for Istanbul, Mecca and Jerusalem as well as the establishment of new markets in the now up-and-coming and expanding cities of the empire would not have been possible. The fact that Rüstem Pascha also became extremely rich himself was due, among other things, to the exceptional position he was granted as Grand Vizier. Practically all financial operations of the empire were directed and controlled by him. With many of his own country estates he was involved in the upswing and expansion of the agricultural economy. He also profited from the prosperous trade with Europe and India.

An idea of ​​Rustem Pasha's wealth is given by a list of the estate that went to the state treasury after Rustem Pasha's death. It lists, among other things, 1,700 purchased slaves, thousands of horses and camels kept ready for military service, the associated splendid saddles and golden stirrups, armor, mail shirts, precious sabers and countless items of clothing as well as 40,000 kettles mainly kept ready for armor Pasha's household and the military. In addition to a large number of gold and silver coins, precious stones, carpets and "other valuables", 5000 books (or "maybe even more") and 8000 Korans stand out. The item of 815 estates and 476 water mills does not include the far greater number of properties that were given to Rüstem Pasha's foundations.

The practice of inaugural payments (cāize, pīşkeş) began under Rustem Pasha's grand vizier , from which the purchase of offices developed over time. Armistem Pasha's greatest success in foreign policy was the armistice he negotiated for five years with King Ferdinand I in 1547 , to which Emperor Charles V also agreed with his signature. One condition was that the Ottoman Empire should receive a tribute of 30,000 ducats annually, declared as honorary salary . For himself, Rüstem Pascha asked for hunting dogs and falcons as a present, and for Suleyman I a watchmaker.

As a military commander in chief, Rüstem Pasha was unsuccessful. In the only major operation in a campaign against Persia, which he was to lead in 1553, he failed during the preparations in the previous winter because the Janissaries refused to follow him. This situation and a possible takeover of power by the sultan's son Mustafa, supported by the janissaries, prompted Rustem Pasha to call Suleyman I for help, who ordered the temporary withdrawal. The company ended in autumn 1553 with the strangulation of Mustafa and the removal of Rüstem Pasha from the office of Grand Vizier, which only lasted about two years.

Religious attitudes and piety

Rustem Pasha was a staunch Sunni of the Hanifite direction. He only tolerated Sufism if it recognized Sharia law. Therefore he fought heterodox dervishes and he promoted the Naqschbandi - Tariqa , a Sufi order, whose sheikh Hekim Çelebi he ardently worshiped. He took his religious duties very seriously. He never missed the prescribed prayers and enjoyed listening to Quran recitations. These religious attitudes met with those of Suleyman I especially in the second half of his reign and with those of Sheikhul Islam Ebüssuûd. They are also reflected in the statements made in the inscriptions, which Sheikh Hekim Çelebi presumably compiled from Koran suras and hadiths for the Rustem Pascha mosque. Armem Pasha's many pious foundations corresponded to his beliefs. They should serve the people and give them the opportunity to pray for the sultan's reign to prosper. He was thus in agreement with Süleyman's I wife Roxelane and his wife Mihrimah Sultan. The many Korans that were found in Rustem Pasha's estate show that he took the rules of his religion seriously and wanted to create merit before God by contributing to the dissemination of the holy book with as many copies as possible.

The bailo Bernardo Navagero, more than any of his predecessors, considered Riistem Pasha to be a natural enemy of Christians. In Armem Pasha's opinion, the unbelievers should not be trusted, but the reputation of a Christian rises with him to the extent that the amount of money that he gives him increases.

Foundations

Interior of the Rustem Pasha Mosque

Deeds of foundation from 1544, 1557, 1560 and 1561 as well as posthumously from 1570 attest that Armem Pasha's great fortune was also used for charitable purposes. Many pious foundations and associated institutions, which served to supply and secure funding for these foundations, were created during his lifetime and after his death. No grand vizier before him left behind such a wide-ranging infrastructure of religious and social institutions that spanned the entire Ottoman Empire. These foundations were almost always located either in the two capitals Istanbul and Edirne or in places on the important trade routes between Esztergom in the north and Medina in the south and between Skopje in the west and Van (Turkey) in the east. They were therefore also an important factor in stimulating the production economy and trade. The production of silk and the trade in silk were particularly important to the Grand Vizier. That is why he promoted silk manufactories in Bursa , initiated a silk manufacture in Istanbul run by craftsmen from the court and in 1551 donated the covered bazaar of Sarajevo as a center of the silk trade.

The Rüstem Pascha Mosque in Istanbul is one of the most famous Armaments Pasha foundations. It was built posthumously at his request and based on a design by the architect Sinan. According to the specifications of his deed of foundation from January 1561, his widow Mihrimah Sultan oversaw the planning and construction after Rustem Pasha's death in the years 1561 to 1563. Other major construction projects were the complex of the Friday Mosque in Rodoscuk (today Tekirdağ ) and the caravanserai named after him in Edirne. The income from villages, agricultural areas, farms, workshops, tanneries, bakeries, mills, water wheels, was used to maintain these facilities and other Friday mosques as well as mesjids , primary schools, madrasas , hospices, convents , caravanserais , public wells, paved roads and toll-free bridges. Shops, rental apartments, department stores, commercial caravan shops, covered bazaars and commercial bathhouses .

In order to secure this large foundation enterprise, Rüstem Pascha designated his wife Mihrimah Sultan as executor of his will and his daughter Ayşe Hümaşah as administrator and supervisor of his foundations in his deed of foundation from 1561 in the event of his death.

progeny

The number and names of the Ruem Pasha's sons are insufficiently documented. Therefore contradicting information can be found in the literature. Only the daughter Ayşe Hümaşah, who was the daughter of Mihrimah Sultan and granddaughter of Süleyman I with the name Ayşe Hanım Sultan, was a member of the ruling house. Their descendants could count on wealth and - as far as they were men - on positions of influence. This also applied to the men who were married to Ayşe Hanım Sultan or their daughters.

?

Rustem Pasha

Mihrimah Sultan

Osman Bey

Sons?

Semiz Ahmed Pasha

Ayşe Hümaşah (Ayşe Hanım Sultan)

Feridun Bey

Osman Bey

Mehmed Bey

Abdurrahman Bey

Mustafa Pasha

2 daughters

Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha

Mahmud Pasha

Huseyin Bey

children

A son of Rüstem Pasha and Mihrimah Sultan, whose name is not known, rests in Rüstem Pasha's Türbe, where his Ṣandūḳa is next to the Rüstem Pasha. He died of an epidemic shortly before his father. Two graves with unnamed gravestones in the Mihrimah Sultan Complex in Üsküdar are assigned to two other sons of the couple who have not yet been reliably documented and whose names are unknown. They are said to have been 20 to 30 years old. There is also the grave of Osman Beys, a son of Rüstem Pasha, who had a different mother and died in 984 AH (1576/77).

Mihrimah Sultans and Rüstem Pascha's daughter Ayşe Hümaşah (Ayşe Hanım Sultan) lived from 1543 to 1595. In the year of Rüstem Pasha's death she married the Janissaries Ahmed, the later Grand Vizier Semiz Ahmed Pasha (also called Güzelce Ahmed Pasha; † May 28, 1580), and after his death the Nişancı Feridun Bey († March 16, 1583). Ayşe Hümaşahs Türbe is located in Üsküdar within the Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî complex.

grandson

Ayşe Hümaşah had two daughters and four sons, Osman Bey († 1591), Mehmed Bey († June 20, 1593), Abdurrahman Bey († 1597) and Mustafa Pascha († June 20, 1593) in her first marriage to Semiz Ahmed Pascha. .

Great-grandchildren

Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pascha (* 1549; † December 2, 1603) married Saliha († 1576) in 1573, the older of Ayşe Hümaşah's two daughters. After the death of this daughter, he married the younger daughter. The sons Mahmud Pascha († 1643) and Hüseyin Bey come from these connections.

literature

Overall representations

• Zahit Atçıl: State and Government in the Mid-Sixteenth Century Ottoman Empire: The Grand Vizierates of Rüstem Pasha (1544–1561). Doctoral thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago (Ill.) 2015 ( full text ).

Articles in reference books

• Erhan Afyoncu: Rüstem Paşa. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Volume 35, TDV Yayınları, Istanbul 2008
• E. Albrecht: Rustem Pascha . In: Mathias Bernath, Karl Nehring (Ed.), Gerda Bartl (Red.): Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 4. Oldenbourg, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-486-42421-1 , pp. 65-67.
• Ş. Altundağ, Ş. Turan: Rustem Paşa. In: İslâm Ansiklopedisi . Volume 9
• Christine Woodhead: Rustem Pa sh a. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 8

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Christine Woodhead: Rustem Pa sh a. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 8, p. 640 f.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Ş. Altundağ, Ş. Turan: Rustem Paşa. In: İslâm Ansiklopedisi . Volume 9, pp. 800-802.
3. ↑ ^{a b c} İbrāhīm Peçevī : Tārīḫ-i Peçevī. Volume 1, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1866, p. 21 f.
4. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans. A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 2006, ISBN 0-472-11414-X , p. 215 mwN
5. ↑ ^{a b} Meḥmed S̲üreyyā: Sicill-i ʿOs̲mānī yāḫūd Teẕkire-ʾi Meşāhīr-i ʿOs̲mānīye. Volume 2, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1893, p. 377.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Erhan Afyoncu: Rustem Paşa. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Volume 35, TDV Yayınları, Istanbul 2008, pp. 288-290.
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 317.
8. ↑ ^{a b} Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 314.
9. ↑ “Adì 26 Aug. the ambassadors rode between Rustan basha, so the khayser's ayden is; And we all went with us. ”Quotation from Franz Babinger (ed.): Hans Dernschwam's diary of a trip to Constantinople and Asia Minor (1553/55). According to the original in the Fugger archive. 2nd, unchanged edition. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin / Munich 1986, ISBN 3-428-06097-0 , p. 30.
10. ↑ “How also Rustem Pascha went from a shepherd to the Turkish emperor Eidam [= the Turkish sultan's son-in-law]." Quoted from Franz Babinger (ed.): Hans Dernschwam's diary of a trip to Constantinople and Asia Minor (1553/55 ). According to the original in the Fugger archive. 2nd, unchanged edition. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin / Munich 1986, ISBN 3-428-06097-0 , p. 41.
11. ↑ The year of Mustafa's death 960 AH (1553) is often withمکر رستم / Mekr-i Rüstem  / 'Arglist des Rüstem' (the Abdschad system after 960); see. İbrāhīm Peçevī: Tārīḫ-i Peçevī. Volume 1, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1866, p. 303 aE
12. ↑ See Roxelane's letter to Süleyman, Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi Evrak № 5038; published in part and in transcription by M. Çağatay Uluçay: Harem'den Mektuplar. 2nd Edition. Ötüken Neşriyat, Istanbul 2011, ISBN 978-975-437-833-7 , p. 80.
13. ↑ So Josef Matuz: Süleyman the Magnificent (Soliman). In: Kurt Fassmann (Ed.): The greats of world history. Volume 4, Kindler, Zurich 1973, pp. 961-977 (968 aE ff.).
14. ^ "[A] qua extinctus intercute" in Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: LEGATIONIS TVRCICÆ Epistolæ quatuor. Hanoviæ 1605, p. 224.
15. ↑ ^{a b} Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 327.
16. ↑ Melchior Lorich's portrait from 1562, subsequently provided by an unknown engraver with the name RUSTAN = BASSA , does not show Rustem Pascha, but Ismael, the ambassador of Persia at the court of Süleyman I. See the picture on europeana.eu .
17. ↑ Esin Atıl (ed.): Süleymanname. The Illustrated History of Suleyman the Magnificent. Washington / New York 1986, ISBN 0-8109-1505-7 , pp. 198 f.
18. ↑ Bernardo Navagero quoted and translated in: Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. Third part, Gotha 1855, p. 86.
19. ↑ Bernardo Navagero quoted in: Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 315 f.
20. ^ Klaus Kreiser: Istanbul. A historical city guide. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59063-4 , p. 132 f.
21. ↑ See M. Tayyib Gökbilgin: Rustem Paşa ve Hakkındaki İthamlar. In: Tarih Dergisi. Volume 8, No. 11-12, Istanbul 1956, pp. 11-50.
22. ^ Klaus Röhrborn: Investigations on the Ottoman administrative history . Walter de Greyter, Berlin / New York 1973, p. 20.
23. ↑ Andreas Tietze (ed., Transl.): Mustafā 'Ālī's Councel for Sultans of 1581 . Volume I. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1979. p. 67 (translation), p. 165 (transliteration), H 56 v (facsimile).
24. ↑ Muṣṭafā ʿĀlī, quoted in: Jan Schmidt: Pure water for thirsty Muslims: a study of Muṣṭafā ʿĀlī of Gallipoli's Künhü l-aḫbār. Leiden 1991, p. 159.
25. ↑ Gelibolulu Mustafa Alî: Künhü'l-Ahbâr. 4. Rükn, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2009, ISBN 978-975-16-2225-9 , p. 423.
26. ^ Translation of Joseph von Hammer : History of the Ottoman Empire. Third volume, Pest 1828, p. 715
27. ↑ Heinz Jürgen Sauermost / Wolf-Christian from the Mülbe: Istanbul mosques . Verlag F. Bruckmann, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-7654-1830-7 , p. 144
28. ↑ Gencay Zavotçu: Bir Ölümün Yankıları ve Yahyâ Bey Mersiyesi. Echoes Of One Killed And Yahyâ Bey's Elegy. In: Ataturk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi. Volume 14, No. 33, Erzurum 2007, pp. 69-80; e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr (PDF; 286 kB).
29. ^ Cornell H. Fleischer: Bureaucrat an Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire. The Historian Mustafa Âli. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1986, pp. 63 f.
30. ↑ In the original: "vir acri ingenio praeditus, & perspicaci". Quote from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: LEGATIONIS TVRCICÆ Epistolæ quatuor. Hanoviæ 1605, p. 36.
31. ↑ German translation in Wolfram von den Steinen (Hrsg., Transl.): Four letters from Turkey by Ogier Ghiselin von Busbeck. Verlag der Philosophische Akademie Erlangen, Erlangen 1926, p. 37.
32. ↑ In the original: "semper tristis, semper atrox". Quote from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: Legationis Tvrcicæ Epistolæ quatuor. Hanoviæ 1605, p. 232.
33. ↑ German translation in Wolfram von den Steinen (Hrsg., Transl.): Four letters from Turkey by Ogier Ghiselin von Busbeck. Verlag der Philosophische Akademie Erlangen, Erlangen 1926, p. 188.
34. ^ Franz Babinger (ed.): Hans Dernschwam's diary of a trip to Constantinople and Asia Minor (1553/55). According to the original in the Fugger archive. 2nd, unchanged edition. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin / Munich 1986, ISBN 3-428-06097-0 , p. 31.
35. ↑ Wolfram von den Steinen (Ed., Transl.): Four letters from Turkey by Ogier Ghiselin von Busbeck. Verlag der Philosophische Akademie Erlangen, Erlangen 1926, p. 190.
36. ^ Franz Babinger (ed.): Hans Dernschwam's diary of a trip to Constantinople and Asia Minor (1553/55). According to the original in the Fugger archive. 2nd, unchanged edition. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin / Munich 1986, ISBN 3-428-06097-0 , p. 56.
37. ↑ Şemseddīn Sāmī: Ḳāmūs ül-aʿlām. Volume 3, Mihrān Maṭbaʿası, Istanbul 1891, p. 2277.
38. ↑ ^{a b} ʿOs̲mān-zāde Tāʾib Aḥmed: Ḥadīḳat ül-vüzerāʾ. Cerīde-ʾi Ḥavādis̲ Maṭbaʿası, Istanbul 1854/55, p. 29.
39. ^ Klaus Kreiser: Istanbul. A historical city guide. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59063-4 , p. 133.
40. ^ Translation by Klaus Kreiser: Istanbul. A historical city guide. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59063-4 , p. 133.
41. ↑ ^{a b c} Halil İnalcık: Sultan Suleyman. The Man and the Statesman. In: Gilles Veinstein (ed.): Soliman le magnifique et son temps. Paris 1992, pp. 89-103.
42. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 55.
43. ^ See Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: LEGATIONIS TVRCICÆ Epistolæ quatuor. Hanoviæ 1605, p. 39: “Sententiam de filii morte domo conceptam Suleimannus attulerat, consulto prius, ne religio neglecta videretur, suo Muffti , is est apud Turcas sacerdotum supremus; vt agud [!] nos Romanus pontifex. "
44. ↑ 800 to Hammer-Purgstall; Joseph von Hammer: History of the Ottoman Empire. Third volume, Pest 1828, p. 386, note d.
45. ↑ ^{a b} Heinrich Friedrich von Diez: Memories of Asia in the arts and sciences, manners, customs and antiquity, religion and government constitution . First part, Berlin 1811, pp. 94-101.
46. ↑ See Josef Matuz: The Ottoman Empire. Baseline of its history. 6th edition. Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-89678-703-3 , p. 151.
47. ↑ Joseph von Hammer: History of the Ottoman Empire. Third volume, Pest 1828, p. 276 f.
48. ^ Ernst Petritsch: Armistice between Emperor Ferdinand I and Sultan Süleyman I. Comments on the armistice treaties of 1547, 1559 and 1562. Retrieved on March 5, 2012.
49. ↑ Joseph von Hammer: History of the Ottoman Empire. Third volume, Pest 1828, p. 314 ff.
50. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 316.
51. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 329.
52. ↑ ^{a b} Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 315.
53. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 316 f.
54. ↑ For the location of the foundations, see the map The Wagfs of Rüstem Pasha in Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 578.
55. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 321 ff.
56. ↑ For the caravanserai see Renata Holod, Darl Rastorfer: Rustem Pasha Caravanserai. In: Architecture and Community. Aperture, New York 1983, pp. 119–125 ( PDF; 3.0 MB ( Memento of the original dated January 4, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link accordingly Instructions and then remove this notice. ). 
57. ↑ See the individual records in the subsections Children , Grandchildren and Great-Grandchildren .
58. ↑ See the example of Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pascha in Gino Benzoni: Cicala, Scipione (Cigala-Zade Yusuf Sinan) on wealth and influential posts . In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani . Volume 25. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1981; Retrieved March 13, 2012.
59. ↑ Meḥmed S̲üreyyā: Sicill-i ʿOs̲mānī yāḫūd Teẕkire-ʾi Meşāhīr-i ʿOs̲mānīye. Volume 2, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1893, p. 378.
60. ↑ Meḥmed S̲üreyyā: Sicill-i ʿOs̲mānī yāḫūd Teẕkire-ʾi Meşāhīr-i ʿOs̲mānīye. Volume 1, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1890, p. 83.
61. ↑ Meḥmed S̲üreyyā: Sicill-i ʿOs̲mānī yāḫūd Teẕkire-ʾi Meşāhīr-i ʿOs̲mānīye. Volume 3, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1893, p. 416.
62. ↑ Osman Bey Türbesi ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Illustration and description of the door. Retrieved March 8, 2012. 
63. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 297 f.
64. ^ Gülru Necipoğlu: The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaction Books, London 2005, p. 302.
65. ↑ Ayşe Hanım Sultan Türbesi ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Illustration and description of the door. Retrieved March 8, 2012. 
66. ↑ ^{a b} Life data from Anthony Dolphin Alderson: The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty . Reprint: Greenwood Press, Westport (Connecticut) 1986, Table XXX.
67. ↑ See Joseph von Hammer: History of the Ottoman Empire. Volume 4, CA Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1829, p. 102.
68. ↑ Meḥmed S̲üreyyā: Sicill-i ʿOs̲mānī yāḫūd Teẕkire-ʾi Meşāhīr-i ʿOs̲mānīye. Volume 1, Maṭbaʿa-ʾi ʿĀmire, Istanbul 1890, p. 202.
69. ^ Gino Benzoni: Cicala, Scipione (Cigala-Zade Yusuf Sinan) . In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani . Volume 25. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1981; Retrieved March 13, 2012.

predecessor	Office	successor
Hadım Suleyman Pasha Kara Ahmed Pasha	Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 1544–1553 1555–1561	Kara Ahmed Pasha Semiz Ali Pasha