Mikheil Saakashvili

Mikheil Saakashvili (2008)

Mikheil Saakashvili ( Georgian მიხეილ სააკაშვილი , [ mɪχɛɪl sɑɑk'ɑʃvɪlɪ ], Ukrainian Михайло (Міхеіл) Ніколозович Саакашвілі Mychajlo Nikolosowytsch Saakashvili ; * 21st December 1967 in Tbilisi , Georgian SSR , Soviet Union ) is a former Georgian and later Ukrainian and temporarily stateless politicians ( United National Movement ). From 2000 to 2001 he was Georgian Minister of Justice, from 2002 to 2004 Chairman of the Tbilisi City Assembly and from 2004 to 2013 President of Georgia . He then emigrated to the United States , but was appointed presidential advisor to Ukraine in February 2015 . From May 2015 to November 2016 he was governor of Odessa Oblast in southwest Ukraine. Saakashvili's name is associated with the abolition of everyday corruption and the establishment of a functioning state in Georgia. On June 28, 2018, Saakashvili was sentenced in absentia to six years in prison by a Georgian court. In 2005, as President of Georgia, he ordered the beating of an opposition Georgian MP, the court ruled.

Life

Youth and Studies

Saakashvili was born the eldest of three sons. His father Nikolos Saakashvili is a doctor and has been the spa director of Tbilisi since the 1990s. His mother Giuli Alassania is Professor of Oriental History at Tbilisi State University and Head of Department at the Georgian Academy of Sciences . The brothers Giorgi and Nikolos work as film producers in the USA .

In 1984 he graduated from the 51st high school in Tbilisi with distinction. He began studying law at the Institute of International Relations of the University of Kiev , which he graduated after three years. 1989–1990 he served two years with the border troops of the USSR at the Kiev-Boryspil airport in the Ukraine, according to another version in Chop on the border between Ukraine and Czechoslovakia and Hungary .

In 1992 he worked for half a year at the Norwegian Institute for Human Rights in Oslo and at the Georgian Human Rights Committee in Tbilisi. He specialized in minority rights and organized conferences on South Ossetia and Abkhazia . In 1993 he graduated from the International Institute for Human Rights , Strasbourg .

In 1994 he moved to the USA as a fellow of the Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program and completed the LL.M. program at Columbia University . In 1995 Saakashvili received his doctorate from George Washington University , Washington, DC At the same time, he worked for the international law firm Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler in Manhattan .

Follower Shevardnadze

In the spring of 1995, Zurab Schwania , then general secretary of the presidential party of the Georgian Civic Union , asked him to enter Georgian politics on behalf of Eduard Shevardnadze . From 1995 to 1999 and 1999 to 2000, Saakashvili was a member of the Georgian parliament, from 1995 to 1998 chairman of the constitutional, rule of law and rule of law committee and from 1998 to 1999 chairman of the parliamentary group of the Georgian Citizens' Union , which supported the president. In 2000 he became Vice President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe .

From October 2000 to September 2001, Saakashvili was Georgia's Minister of Justice. He initiated reforms in Georgia's obsolete, corrupt and politicized criminal justice and prison system. In mid-2001 he came into confrontation with Minister of Economic Affairs Vano Tschchartischwili, Minister of Security Vakhtang Kutateladze and the police chief of Tbilisi, Soso Alawidze, whom he accused of being involved in corrupt business and which he demonstrated with photos at a cabinet meeting. In September he resigned from the ministerial office and left the citizens' union because he had not received enough support from the president in the fight against corruption .

Opposition politician

Saakashvili at a demonstration on November 5, 2003

In June 2002 Saakashvili was elected by the electoral alliance Tbilisi without Shevardnadze as chairman of the city assembly of Tbilisi (Georgian Sakrebulo ) and thus became the de facto mayor of the capital. In October 2002 he founded the opposition party United National Movement and became its chairman.

Saakashvili made a name for himself as a representative of a strongly western democracy in Georgia. In November 2003 he was one of the spokesmen for the rose revolution with Zurab Schwania and Nino Burdschanadze . Under his leadership, opposition demonstrators stormed the session room of the Georgian parliament, which had been established as a result of electoral fraud, on November 22, gained access to the plenary hall and interrupted President Shevardnadze's opening speech. Saakashvili called out to the old president: “Stand back!” A scuffle broke out. The president fled the building with his bodyguards. The following day, Shevardnadze met with Saakashvili and Schwania to negotiate. After the meeting, the President announced his resignation.

president

Saakashvili's inauguration as President of Georgia (2004)

Saakashvili (left) with US President Bush (May 2005)

On January 4, 2004, Saakashvili was elected President of Georgia with 96 percent of the vote and was sworn in on January 25. He was advised by the American political scientist Daniel Kunin . He was formerly a representative of the US National Democratic Institute (NDI) in Georgia and is close to the Democratic Party of the USA. From 2008 Raphaël Glucksmann joined as a consultant for EU issues. Saakashvili initially appointed many young academics to his government who, like him, had studied in western countries. However, he reorganized the cabinet several times during his two terms in office.

Saakashvili's policy was oriented towards the West. He wanted his country to join NATO and the European Union . He pursued a policy of reducing bureaucracy (and thus disempowering old elites and networks) and economic liberalization . By drastically tightening the state administration, he put the financing of the executive branch on a stable basis. With a systematic increase in salaries and social security that this made possible, he made the public service attractive for young and qualified workers, and thus strengthened state institutions . With the privatization of the state sector, he promoted a new elite that returned from the diaspora and had contacts with foreign investors . The economic reforms promoted by Saakashvili were expressly praised in several “Doing Business” annual reports of the World Bank . In the ranking of these reports, Georgia improved from 112th to 11th place within a few years.

He vigorously prosecuted corruption and crime, although many measures were directed against representatives of the opposition. During this period Georgia rose Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International from place 133 in 2004 to No. 51 in 2012, higher than several EU countries. The earlier ubiquitous everyday corruption ("petty corruption") has practically disappeared.

Saakashvili is known for emotionally exaggerated speeches. This is how he called the former Secretary General of the Council of Europe , Walter Schwimmer , an outrageous and well-paid bureaucrat in front of students at the University of Batumi in May 2004 , which led to diplomatic complications. In October 2004, fourteen leading Georgian human rights activists protested in an open letter to Saakashvili against his degrading and hurtful remarks about political opponents. In July 2010, he criticized Georgian customs controls against EU residents in the cabinet with the words “Are we Negroes or what? Explain to me why we behave like savages? ”. His spokesman later stated that the comment had nothing to do with racism , but came from colloquial language .

Liquidation scandal

The former defense minister and Saakashvili confidante Irakli Okruashvili accused Saakashvili on September 25, 2007 on the Georgian television channel Imedi TV of having commissioned him in July 2005 to liquidate the Georgian-Russian entrepreneur Badri Patarkazishvili . Saakashvili said he should try to get rid of him like former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri , who was killed in an attack on his convoy of vehicles . He also knows that Saakashvili had instructed Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili to have the opposition MP Valery Gelashvili ( Republican Party of Georgia ) beaten. When he, as Interior Minister, arrested Saakashvili's uncle, the entrepreneur Temur Alasania, for bribery (alleged amount of bribe: 200,000 US dollars), he had to release him on the orders of the President.

In an interrogation by the Georgian public prosecutor's office, Okruashvili retracted his allegations two weeks later. The allegations were part of a political agreement with Patarkatsishvili, which should give him positive coverage on his TV station. In November 2007 Okruashvili renewed his allegations in Germany against the Reuters news agency . The Georgian public prosecutor's office forced him to withdraw.

Protests and re-election

From November 2 to 7, 2007 mass protests against Saakashvili broke out in Tbilisi . The protesters called for the president to resign. They accused him of authoritarian politics and failure in the fight against poverty and corruption. Saakashvili dispersed the crowd with water cannons , tear gas and acoustic weapons and declared a state of emergency in Georgia on November 7th .

On November 8, 2007, Saakashvili agreed to hold early presidential elections in January 2008 . On November 25, he resigned from office to clear the way for new elections. On January 5, 2008, he was re-elected president in the presidential election in Georgia with 53.47 percent of the votes counted. Only 59 percent of all eligible voters took part in these presidential elections. The majority of the OSCE expressed its satisfaction with the parliamentary elections in Georgia. However, there were also dissenting views among their election observers. On January 20, 2008, Saakashvili was introduced into his second and thus final term of office according to the Georgian constitution.

War for South Ossetia

→ Main article : Caucasus conflict 2008

The armed conflict over South Ossetia in August 2008 sparked widespread internal opposition to Saakashvili's policies. He is accused of having contributed to the massive military intervention of Russia with a military offensive against the provocations of the South Ossetian separatists . That has drastically worsened the prospects of reintegrating South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Return to the opposition

In the parliamentary elections in Georgia in 2012 , Saakashvili's party United National Movement lost the parliamentary majority to the party alliance Georgian Dream . Saakashvili conceded a day later that he had lost to opposition leader Bidzina Ivanishvili . In the presidential elections in Georgia in 2013 , he was no longer allowed to run after two terms .

The Georgian General Prosecutor's Office has been investigating Saakashvili since May 2013. It was about the use of public money for a stylist, travel expenses for two models, botox injections, hair removal, physiotherapy, renting a yacht in Italy and buying a work of art by a London artist. The crackdown on a demonstration with tear gas and rubber bullets in November 2007 on Rustawelis Gamsiri in Tbilisi was also investigated.

An arrest warrant has been placed against him in Georgia accusing him of abuse of office during his time as president.

Emigration to the USA

After his term in office ended in November 2013, Saakashvili emigrated to the United States. He lived in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York . There he wrote his memoirs , gave paid presentations and worked for a young think tank . Until May 2014, he was a senior statesman at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford , Massachusetts .

In his absence, the Georgian Public Prosecutor's Office ordered Saakashvili to be arrested and put him on an internal wanted list. The cases have since been brought to trial. Saakashvili, who faces up to eleven years in prison if convicted, said the charges against him were politically motivated. EU Foreign Commissioner Catherine Ashton and US State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki expressed concern. A government should not use the law as an instrument of political retaliation.

Politicians in Ukraine

Presidential Advisor

In February 2015, the Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili as government advisor. He should advise the president on implementing reforms and mobilize economic support for the country. He initially appeared at congresses and lectures for Ukraine. In March 2015, the president tried to appoint Saakashvili as head of the national anti-corruption bureau. This failed, however, because of resistance from civil society organizations, who feared that the presidency would exert too much influence.

Governor of Odessa

On May 30, 2015, Poroshenko appointed Saakashvili as governor of Odessa Oblast in southwest Ukraine. Saakashvili had taken on Ukrainian citizenship the day before. His Georgian citizenship was revoked by decree in December 2015. One of Saakashvili's main tasks was the fight against corruption , smuggling and drug trafficking in the Odessa region, which was mainly in the hands of the police and customs. He installed a new road police and fired the head of the customs service. Poroshenko appointed former Deputy Interior Minister Giorgi Lortkipanidze as Odessa's new police chief at the request of Georgia's new governor . Subsequently, 800 police officers were fired, 500 of whom filed for resignation. 14 police officers were arrested. California security professionals trained soldiers and police candidates.

The tax authority and a large part of the law enforcement authorities were also replaced. At the same time, Saakashvili is trying to attract foreign investors to the region.

In October 2015, an “Administrative Service Center” opened in Odessa, which is supposed to deal with citizens' matters quickly and unbureaucratically. It must not accept corruption payments.

A new port terminal was built in Odessa with private funds. USAid supplied the computers for a customs service center: The contact point with container scanners, software and computers was supposed to make forgeries of waybills and customs invoices impossible with standardized data sets. However, the customs administration in Kiev refused permits, whereupon the customs chief Julia Maruschewska resigned. USAid picked up the computers it had paid for from the service center that had never opened and was empty in 2018 and ended its cooperation with the Ukrainian customs.

On November 7, 2016, Saakashvili submitted his resignation due to a lack of support from the President of Ukraine and his administration.

Movement founder

In December 2015, Saakashvili started a "Movement for Purge" in Ukraine. It should work against corruption nationwide. Every citizen can participate. It is headed by an eleven-member coordinating council, which also includes Saakashvili and the former editor-in-chief of Forbes Ukraine, Vladimir Fedorin . According to its founder, it should "create a momentum of change, similar to that in Georgia back then and similar to many years ago in Poland". The Solidarność trade union serves as a reference project . The movement is supposed to cooperate with many movements and parties in Ukraine.

Removal of Ukrainian citizenship

On July 26, 2017, it became known that President Petro Poroshenko had revoked his Ukrainian citizenship from Saakashvili and that he is stateless. According to the Ukrainian government, the reason for this was false information when the application was made in 2015. Saakashvili is said to have concealed the fact that he is being wanted in his home country Georgia. According to the Ukrainian  MP Serhiy Leschchenko  , Saakashvili is currently in the USA and cannot return to Ukraine. In an interview with CNN television, Saakashvili said that the withdrawal of his Ukrainian citizenship was illegal. In another interview with the BBC Russian broadcaster, he claimed that he was one of the most popular Ukrainian politicians and that the withdrawal took place simply because it was useful to Poroshenko. He fell from grace the moment he criticized the “Ukraine sell-off”.

Return to Ukraine and deportation

On September 10, 2017, Saakashvili managed to enter Ukraine without valid papers at the Polish-Ukrainian border crossing near Shehyni , despite being blocked by national guards . With the help of his supporters, he crossed the border on foot and accompanied by Julija Tymoshenko and several Ukrainian and Polish MPs after his train had stopped at the border crossing at Przemyśl station . Around 100 uniformed people with paramilitary equipment were arrested after the Ukrainian border police said there had been violent clashes. Saakashvili intended to legally fight for his Ukrainian citizenship and sought a new political career in Ukraine.

On December 5, he was arrested on the roof of a house in Kiev and locked in a police car, but his supporters blocked the car for hours and freed the detainee. He could face up to five years in prison and / or extradition to Georgia, where he is still being investigated for corruption and abuse of office.

A successful arrest took place on the evening of December 8th.

On February 12, 2018, Saakashvili was arrested again in Kiev and then deported to Poland.

Emigration to the Netherlands and return to Ukraine

From February 14, 2018, Saakashvili lived in the Netherlands . He received an official residence permit based on family reunification because his wife is Dutch. He had already been offered a Dutch passport in December 2017.

The Tbilisi City Court sentenced Saakashvili in absentia to six years in prison on June 28, 2018. The court ruled that he had ordered an opposition politician to be beaten up in 2005. In 2016, two Georgian police officers were sentenced to nine years in prison on the matter. In January 2018, a Georgian court sentenced Saakashvili to three years' imprisonment on another matter, also in absentia. According to the verdict, he had abused his power as Georgian president to pardon four police officers who were arrested for the murder of a Georgian banker. Saakashvili has stated several times that he regards the judgments as politically motivated.

The new Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyi announced in May 2019 that Saakashvili would get Ukrainian citizenship back. The attempt to build a new party of their own was unsuccessful and Saakashvili finally recommended electing Zelensky's party. Zelenskyi offered him the post of Deputy Prime Minister in April 2020.

Awards

Sandra Roelofs , Michelle Obama , Micheil Saakashvili and Barack Obama (2009)

In 2005 Saakashvili received the Crans Montana Forum Prize for Democracy and World Integration in Eastern Europe and the American Bar Association Prize for Strengthening Law and Order . In the same year he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by US Senators Hillary Clinton and John McCain . He is also an honorary doctor of the Taras Shevchenko National University in Kiev . In 2011 he was awarded the Ataturk Prize for the Turkish Language .

Private life

He has been married to the Dutch woman Sandra Roelofs since the end of 1993 and has two sons. While Saakashvili emigrated to the United States and later to Ukraine , his wife stayed in Tbilisi. He is fluent in Georgian, Russian, English, French and Ukrainian, as well as some Spanish and Ossetian. His older son holds the world record for typing speed on an iPad .

Quotes

"The Soviet Union was full of gray streets, populated by gray people in gray suits who lived in gray houses."

“I assume that half of the money raised by the Ukrainian state was simply stolen. Sometimes everything was stolen. You can see it when you look at the infrastructure alone. "

Fonts

• Trade and Investment in Georgia . In: SEEL Survey of East European Law 5, no. 7 (August 1994), pp. 1 ff. [With David Aptsiauri, Scott Horton]
• The Stage Is Set for the Russian Securities Market . In: Parker School Journal of East European Law 2, no.2 (1995), p. 245 f. [with Scott Horton]
• Growing Attraction of the Georgian Alternative . In: Caspian Crossroads , vol. 1, no.1 (winter 1995)

literature

• Zurab Karumidze, James V. Wert: "Enough!": The Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia 2003 . Nova Science Publications, New York 2005, ISBN 1-59454-210-4
• Pamela Jawad: Democratic consolidation in Georgia after the "Rose Revolution"? Peace Research Inst. Frankfurt, Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-937829-26-1
• Bruno Coppieters (Ed.): Statehood and security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution . MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. [u. a.] 2005, ISBN 0-262-03343-7
• Sergei Kara-Mursa: Export revoljuzii: Yushchenko, Saakashvili . Algoritm, Moskwa 2005, ISBN 5-9265-0197-0
• Larisa A. Burakova: Potschemu u Gruzii polutschilos . Alpina Business Books, Moskwa 2011, ISBN 978-5-4295-0012-6

Web links

Commons : Mikheil Saakashvili  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

 Wikinews: Mikheil Saakashvili  - in the news

Individual evidence

1. ↑ https://www.rferl.org/a/saakashvili-stripped-ukraine-citizenship-georgia-odesa/28641522.html
2. ↑ http://georgiatoday.ge/news/2210/Former-President-Saakashvili-Loses-Georgian-Citizenship
3. ↑ Tagesschau: Personal details: Michail Saakaschwili , June 17, 2015.
4. ↑ Georgian ex-president sentenced in absentia for abuse of power. In: Reuters. June 28, 2018, accessed June 6, 2019 . 
5. ↑ David Aprasidze: State Building and Democratization in Georgia: Have the Limits been Reached? , Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, University of Hamburg, 2008
6. ↑ reports of the World Bank in 2008 and 2010 on doingbusiness.org
7. ^ Corruption Perceptions Index 2004 . Transparency International.
8. ↑ ^{a b} Transparency International: Georgia 51st in 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index . Press release
9. ^ Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 . Transparency International.
10. ^ Civil Georgia: President's Office Comments on Saakashvili's 'Negro' Remarks , July 28, 2010
11. ↑ Civil Georgia: Okruashvili Ups Ante on Former Allies 26 September, 2007
12. ↑ Civil Georgia: Irakli Okruashvili's Speech at Presentation of his party 25 September, 2007.
13. ↑ Der Spiegel: Opponents of President Saakashvili arrested in Berlin , November 28, 2007
14. ^ Civil Georgia: Saakashvili Steps Down, as Parliament Calls for Early Polls , November 25, 2007
15. ^ Civil Georgia: Saakashvili Re-Elected as CEC Approves Final Vote Tally , January 13, 2008
16. ↑ Tagesschau: http://www.tagesschau.de:80/ausland/wahlgeorgien12.html ( Memento from July 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
17. ↑ Focus: [1]
18. ↑ Zeit Online: Election observation: OSCE divided over Georgia election ( Memento from September 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
19. ^ Civil Georgia: I'm President of Entire Nation - Saakashvili , Jan. 20, 2008
20. ^ The Washington Post: Georgians Question Wisdom of War With Russia. President's Future At Stake, Some Say.
21. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: Parliamentary elections in Georgia: Saakashvili admits defeat , October 2, 2012
22. ^ The New York Times: Georgia: Prosecutors Investigate Spending of Government Funds , May 31, 2013
23. ^ The New York Times: Georgia Files Criminal Charges Against Ex-President , July 29, 2014
24. ^ The New York Times: Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia , September 19, 2014
25. ↑ http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/saakaschwili-ukraine-105.html
26. ^ The New York Times: Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia , ibid.
27. ↑ Fletcher School: Saakashvili to Become Fletcher's First Senior Statesman ( September 23, 2014 memento in the Internet Archive ), January 15, 2014
28. ^ The New York Times: Georgia Files Criminal Charges Against Ex-President , ibid.
29. ^ The New York Times: Exile in Brooklyn, With an Eye on Georgia , ibid.
30. ↑ Statement by Jen Psaki: Criminal Charges against Former Georgian President Saakashvili ( Memento August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), July 29, 2014
31. ↑ Civil Georgia: EU 'Takes Note with Concern' of Filing Criminal Charges Against Saakashvili ( Memento August 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), July 31, 2014
32. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: Poroshenko appoints former Georgian President as advisor , February 14, 2015
33. ↑ Oleg Friesen: Analysis: Mikheil Saakashvili - "Reformer" or "Charlatan"? , February 10, 2016
34. ^ The world: Saakashvili appointed governor of Odessa , May 30, 2015
35. ↑ Georgia's ex-president becomes governor of Odessa. Time online, May 30, 2015, accessed May 31, 2015 . 
36. ↑ Civil Georgia: President Margvelashvili Slams Saakashvili for Step That Results in Loss of Georgian citizenship , May 31, 2015.
37. ↑ Swiss Refugee Aid: Quick research: “United National Movement” (UNM) party , 23 June 2016
38. ↑ Die Welt: ibid. , May 30, 2015
39. ↑ Radio Free Europe: Saakashvili Hits Ground Running In Odesa , June 17, 2015
40. ↑ Tagesschau: From Georgia to Ukraine: “I'm trying to prevent war” , June 23, 2015
41. ↑ Radio Free Europe: ibid. , June 17, 2015
42. ^ The Daily Beast: Mastermind of Istanbul Airport Attack Had Been Georgian Informant, Official Says , January 7, 2016
43. ^ Badische Zeitung: USA pays Saakashvili's officials , July 8, 2015
44. ↑ Tagesschau: From Georgia to Ukraine: “I'm trying to prevent war” , June 23, 2015
45. ↑ Oleg Friesen: ibid. , February 10, 2016
46. ↑ Die Zeit: Mikhail Saakashvili: “Yatsenyuk's time is up” , March 11, 2016
47. ^ The robber barons from Customs , Süddeutsche, August 5, 2018
48. ↑ Saakashvili resigns as governor ( Spiegel online , November 7, 2016)
49. ↑ Ukrinform: Saakashvili's team launches “Movement for Cleansing” Ukraine from Corruption , December 24, 2015
50. ↑ Ukraine News: Saakashvili looking for a party , April 8, 2016
51. ^ Die Zeit: ibid. , March 11, 2016
52. ↑ Ukraine strips citizenship of ex-Georgia leader Saakashvili. Washington Post, accessed July 26, 2017 . 
53. ↑ Президентом України видано указ про втрату громадянства України. Президент України, accessed July 26, 2017 . 
54. ↑ Saakashvili loses Ukrainian citizenship. ORF, accessed on July 26, 2017 . 
55. ↑ Саакашвили на CNN 07/27/2017. CNN, July 27, 2017, accessed July 27, 2017 . 
56. ↑ BBC Russia: "Удар ножом в спину": Интервью Михаила Саакашвили Би-Би-Си. August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017 (Russian). 
57. ↑ https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/saakaschwili-ukraine-105.html "Saakashvili does not have many supporters and his party has little popular support." accessed on December 15, 2017
58. ↑ ^{a b} Mikhail Saakashvili reaches Ukraine in Spiegel Online on September 10, 2017; accessed on September 11, 2017
59. ^ Revolutionary traveling in Frankfurter Allgemeine from September 10, 2017; accessed on September 12, 2017
60. ↑ LLEGAL BORDER CROSSING: Ukrainian Interior Minister threatens Saakashvili in faz.net from September 11, 2017; accessed on September 11, 2017
61. ↑ Georgia's ex-president: Angry supporters free Saakashvili from the police car . In: Spiegel Online . December 5, 2017 ( spiegel.de [accessed December 5, 2017]).
62. ↑ Saakashvili arrested in Kiev in: Zeit online, December 5, 2017.
63. ^ Georgia's ex-president: Saakashvili arrested again. In: Spiegel Online . December 9, 2017, accessed June 9, 2018 . 
64. ↑ https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/saakaschwili-ukraine-105.html
65. ↑ Saakashvili caught and on hunger strike: call for renewed protests orf.at, December 9, 2017, accessed December 10, 2017.
66. ↑ Ukraine deports Saakashvili to Poland. www.sueddeutsche.de, February 12, 2018, accessed on February 12, 2018 . 
67. ↑ Poroshenko opponents: Mikheil Saakashvili deported in Frankfurter Allgemeine on February 12, 2018; accessed on February 12, 2018
68. ↑ Saakashvili wants to settle in the Netherlands. www.politico.eu, February 14, 2018, accessed on February 18, 2018 . 
69. ↑ In the Netherlands, Saakashvili vows to 'continue fight'. www.euractiv.com, February 15, 2018, accessed February 18, 2018 . 
70. ↑ Georgian ex-president sentenced in absentia for abuse of power. In: Reuters. June 28, 2018, accessed June 6, 2019 . 
71. ↑ Andrew E. Kramer: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/05/world/europe/georgia-saakashvili-ukraine.html. In: New York Times, online edition. January 5, 2018, accessed June 6, 2019 . 
72. ↑ Georgia ex-leader Saakahvili has Ukrainian citizenship restored. BBC, online edition, May 28, 2019, accessed June 6, 2019 . 
73. ↑ Mikhail Saakashvili withdrew his party from the elections for the Verkhovna Rada , Novaya Gazeta, July 20, 2019
74. ↑ Georgian ex-President Saakashvili offered vice-PM's post in Ukraine. agenda.ge, April 22, 2020, accessed on April 23, 2020 . 
75. ^ Monegasque Consulate General, New York: Monaco Hosts The Cran Montana Forum ( memento of October 26, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), June 23, 2005
76. ^ Georgian Embassy, ​​Washington: Georgian President Pays Visit to Atlanta ( Memento October 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), August 7, 2004
77. ↑ The Washington Post: Georgia's Ex-Leader Puts In Final Spurt On Comeback Trail , Jan. 2, 2008
78. ↑ Kiev Ukraine News Blog: Georgia, Ukraine Form "New Axis" ( Memento from August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), March 28, 2005
79. ↑ Ataturk Prize for the Turkish language was awarded to Georgian President Saakashvili ( memento of June 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), June 25, 2011 (accessed and translated on May 31, 2015).
80. ^ The Independent: Georgian president's son claims 'iPad typing record' , July 6, 2011
81. ^ Benjamin Bidder: Spectacle architecture in Georgia: The architectural miracles of Mr. Mayer from Berlin . In: Spiegel Online . October 27, 2013 ( spiegel.de [accessed October 20, 2017]).
82. ↑ https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/interview-saakaschwili-101.html (accessed on December 12, 2017)