Saflor-Bergscharte
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Saflor-Bergscharte ( Rhaponticum carthamoides ) |
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| ( Willd. ) Ilyin |
The RHAPONTICUM CARTHAMOIDES ( Rhaponticum carthamoides ), also Maral root , Maralpflanze or Hirsch root called, is a plant from the genus of RHAPONTICUM ( Rhaponticum ) within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). Many of the German trivial names are derived from the Altai Maral from the deer family , which prefer to eat the roots of this plant species. In Russian folk medicineMaral roots are said to have numerous positive properties, which is why they are also cultivated as a medicinal plant .
description
Appearance and leaf
The Saflor-Bergscharte grows as a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 60 to 90 centimeters. The unbranched stem has a diameter of about 1 centimeter and is sparsely haired with multicellular (arachnoid) trichomes .
The green leaves stand together in a basal rosette and are distributed on the stem. The basal leaves and lower to middle stem leaves are short stalked to almost sessile and the upper stem leaves are sessile. With a length of 13 to 25 centimeters and a width of about 7 centimeters in outline, the leaf blades of the lower to middle leaves are elliptical, obscured or lanceolate and pinnate to almost pinnate with five to eight pairs of leaf lobes or leaf sections. These leaf lobes or leaf sections are more or less narrowly lanceolate with a pointed, pointed upper end and a sawn edge. The leaf blades of the upper leaves are undivided or pinnate to -shaped with three to four pairs of lateral leaf sections and a serrated leaf margin. There are sparse multicellular (arachnoid) trichomes along the leaf veins and margins.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering time in the Chinese Xinjiang is in July. There is only one terminal cup-shaped inflorescence on each stem . The flower head, more precisely the involucre , has a diameter of 4.5 to 6 centimeters. There are ten to twelve rows of cladding sheets overlapping each other like roof tiles . The outer to middle bracts are without the appendage 5 to 10 centimeters long and 4 to 5 centimeters wide and purple. The brown, membranous appendages of the middle bracts are 7 mm long and 7 mm wide, more or less narrowly egg-shaped, broadly triangular or almost rhombic, spread out to bent back and shaggy hairy. The inner to the innermost bracts are without the appendages 15 to 18 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. The brown, membranous appendages of the inner bracts are ovate and shaggy with a length of 6 to 8 millimeters and a width of 2 to 5 millimeters. There are only tubular flowers in the flower heads . The hermaphroditic, fertile tubular flowers are pink to purple in color and about 2.5 centimeters long.
Fruit and pappus
The brown achenes are about 7 millimeters long and narrow ellipsoidal with a serrated edge at the top. The pappus has several rows of short, feathery, yellowish to light brown pappus bristles, the longest of which have a length of about 1.8 centimeters. The fruits ripen in July in Xinjiang, China.
Chromosome set
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Occurrence
The natural range of Rhaponticum carthamoides extends from southern Siberia over Kazakhstan to the Altai region. Rhaponticum carthamoides occurs in China's autonomous region of northwestern Xinjiang , in western Mongolia , in southeastern Kazakhstan and in the Russian Siberian regions of Altai , Buryatia , Gorno-Altai, southern Irkutsk , Kemerovo , southern Krasnoyarsk and Tuva . The Saflor-Bergscharte grows mainly in subalpine zones at altitudes between 1200 and 1900 meters. In Eastern Europe and Russia, the safflower mountain gap is also cultivated on a large scale. In Xinjiang it thrives at altitudes between 2000 and 2700 meters.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1803 under the name ( Basionym ) Cnicus carthamoides by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Species Plantarum , 4th edition, volume 3, part 3, p. 1686. The new combination to Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Ilyin was made in 1933 by Modest Michailowitsch Ilyin in Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSS R. Ser. 1, Flora i Sistematika Vysshikh Rastenii. Moscow & Leningrad , 1, p. 204 published. Other synonyms for Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin are Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC. , Serratula carthamoides (Willd.) Poir. , Stemmacantha carthamoides (Willd.) Dittrich .
ingredients
The subterranean parts of the plants, leaves and seeds of the safflower hillside are rich in flavonoids , anthocyanins , stilbenes and steroids . The flavonoids have a Eriodicotyl- and Kämpferolgrundgerüst on. The most important representatives of the steroids are 5α-20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), Integristeron A and B, Makisteron C, Taxisterson and the characteristic leuceasterone. 20E is the most common ecdysteroid with a concentration of 0.04-0.81% (roots), 0.03-1.22% (above-ground parts of plants) and 0.27-1.51% (seeds) based on the dry matter . A total of up to 50 other ecdysteroid components could be analyzed. Essential oils have also been detected in the roots of the plant at a concentration of up to 0.2%.
use
The safflower sill has been used for centuries in eastern parts of Russia due to the positive medical effects attributed to it for health purposes. Particularly extracts from rhizome and root ( tinctures , tea infusions , elixirs ) are used. In animal experiments, they showed adaptogenic properties, such as stimulating the immune system , scavenging free radicals and increased protein biosynthesis , along with increased memory and physical and cardiovascular performance. An increased quality of sperm was also observed in humans. Ecdysteroids are said to be responsible for the effects, mainly the 20E.
The drug has long been given to Soviet athletes to improve their performance.
toxicology
Of all the ecdysteroid-containing plant species, Rhaponticum carthamoides appears to have the lowest toxicity . Even very high amounts of ethanolic extracts could not cause death in mice. Likewise, no embryotoxic effects of 20E were found. However, the thiophene polyacetylenes present in the roots can cause phototoxic reactions.
swell
- Zhu Shi & Ludwig Martins: Rhaponticum carthamoides , p. 178 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 20-21 - Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 (Description section)
- Ladislav Kokoska, Dagmar Janovska: Chemistry and pharmacology of Rhaponticum carthamoides: A review , In: Phytochemistry , Volume 70, 2009, pp. 842-855. doi : 10.1016 / j.phytochem.2009.04.008 (Ingredients section)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Rhaponticum carthamoides in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d Zhu Shi & Ludwig Martins: Rhaponticum carthamoides , p. 178 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 20– 21 - Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0
- ↑ Inger Martinussen, Vladimir Volodin, Svetlana Volodina, Eivind Uleberg: Effect of Climate on Plant Growth and Level of Adaptogenic Compounds in Maral Root (Leuzea charthamoides (Willd.) DC.), Crowned Saw-wort (Serratula coronata L.) and Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.) , In: European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology , Volume 5, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 72-77. Full text clickable.
- ↑ Willdenow scanned in 1803 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ a b Rhaponticum carthamoides at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 24, 2013.
- ↑ Werner Greuter , 2006+: Compositae (pro parte majore). In: Werner Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. - online.
- ^ Association for Medicinal and Spice Plants SALUPLANTA eV Bernburg: Handbook of Medicinal and Spice Plant Cultivation , Volume 1, self-published, 2009, ISBN 3-935971-54-0 .
Web links
- Maral Root Leuzea cahamoides or Rhaponticum carthamoides .
- Illustrations at the Flora of China : flower head and achenes and pappus.