Sandhof retraining camp

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During the Nazi era from 1939 to 1943, the so-called Sandhof retraining camp was located in the Sandhof estate in Windhag near Waidhofen an der Ybbs . Originally proclaimed to prepare Jewish emigrants from Vienna for their life in their destination country, it was more like a labor camp in which conditions similar to concentration camps prevailed. These manifest themselves mainly in abuse and malnutrition and in the fact that the Jewish workers - some of whom came voluntarily - lived in complete legal uncertainty. A similar camp was located in Doppl near Altenfelden . In particular, 226 camp inmates could be detected at the Sandhof; the number of these was probably higher, because so far documents could only be found for 27 of the 44 months that the camp had existed. The Jewish “party leader” Rudolf Flussmann, who spent three years at the Sandhof, counted 421 Jews during his time.

The Sandhof near Windhag in 2012

prehistory

Hachschara in Austria

In 1917 the Zionist- oriented, global umbrella organization Hechaluz was founded, whose aim was to settle Jews from the countries of the diaspora in Palestine . Because of the “typically Jewish occupational structure” created by occupational bans, they should familiarize themselves with manual, predominantly agricultural activities and receive ideological training. This is how the Hachshara came into being in preparation for the Aliyah , the settlement of Palestine. The Hachshara worker certificate was a condition for entry and admission to a kibbutz . In the Altreich , the Hechaluz had around 15,000 members as early as 1934, at which time 3500 people were in training. In Austria the organization was of little importance at first. Part of the Jewish population was assimilated, part believed that they could fight for enough rights here too. Only a few youths and young adults , mainly organized through the youth aliyah , did agricultural training in the form of paid seasonal work with Jewish landowners.

From Austrofascism to the Anschluss

After previous denunciations and professional bans against the Jewish population in the Austro-Fascist corporate state, most of the 170,000 Jews living in Vienna lost their jobs in March 1938 when Austria was annexed to the German Reich . The Nuremberg Laws and the Reich Flight Tax, which were gradually introduced in the Altreich over five years, were in effect in Austria almost overnight. The suicide rate among the Jewish population rose from five or four in January and February to 79 in March and 62 in April 1938. The Vienna Emigration Fund, founded as part of the Gildemeester campaign , was integrated into the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna . In order to prevent people from fleeing without a property surrender, the border services were instructed to arrest Austrian Jews without an exit permit.

From April 1, 1938, the first Austrian Jews, some of whom were arrested from March 11, were sent to the Dachau concentration camp in smaller campaigns and in June in the large-scale campaign “Arbeitsscheu Reich” . This affected a total of around 1800 Jews who were classified as "anti- social and criminal" mainly because of their open appearance against National Socialism , such as Jura Soyfer , who came out against National Socialism as a communist and Jew.

Escape

Immediately after the Anschluss, only a few Jews, mainly intellectuals such as artists and scientists or Jews with a Zionist background, fled. In order to get as many Jews as possible to emigrate, the SS under Adolf Eichmann took over control of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (IKG) from May 1938 , whose employees were now subject to the instructions of the SS and SD and kept contact with the German Jewish organizations as much as possible . had to restrict written communication. At the same time, the SS set up the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, which shared the task of expelling Jews with the SD . Under the increasing pressure to emigrate and the sudden impoverishment, around half of the approximately 200,000 Austrian Jews had fled across the border by mid-May 1939. By the time the borders were closed in November 1941, the number of Jewish refugees rose to around 128,500. 15,000 of them were later overtaken by the National Socialist regime in their countries of exile and deported from there to concentration and extermination camps. Among the (safe) target countries were a. UK, Mexico, Sweden and the USA. Switzerland, which initially accepted the refugees willingly, saw itself no longer able to cope with the flow of refugees after exchanging visa-requiring, Austrian for German passports and wanted to extend the visa requirement to all Germans. On October 4, 1938, the representatives of both countries agreed to mark Jewish passports with the letter "P". As a result, more than 9,000 Austrian Jews were turned away at the Swiss border while fleeing. It was not until July 1944 that Switzerland was ready to recognize Jews as political refugees.

November pogroms and their consequences in Vienna

In the course of the November pogroms in 1938 , 27 Jews were murdered in Vienna alone and 80 seriously injured by mistreatment. Around 6,000 Jews were arrested, of which 3,760 were brought to the Dachau concentration camp . 1950 Jewish apartments were confiscated. Except for the city ​​temple , all of the prayer houses and synagogues in Vienna were burned down. 4038 Jewish stores had to close. The remaining Jewish businesses in Vienna were forcibly closed until December 3rd. Likewise, Jewish associations and welfare institutions have been closed and expropriated one after the other since the Anschluss.

Finally, the Welfare Service in Vienna complained that the Jewish population, driven into poverty, was becoming a burden for them. In order to relieve them, the city administration, the Reich Commissioner for the Reunification of Austria with the German Reich, Josef Bürckel , the Property Transaction Office and the NSDAP forged plans in the second half of 1938 to find "column work" for Jews from the rest of the population wanted to. The City of Vienna also saw its housing market relieved by housing the "columns" in barracks camps. In the same year, the first test camp in Gänserndorf was set up under the name “Emigrant Retraining Camp”, but it was already a pure labor camp. Reinhard Heydrich included this “Viennese model” in his comprehensive concept for a “fundamental reorientation of the persecution of the Jews” due to its “efficient” working method, which is characterized by harassment and brutality of the Eichmann central office.

From Hachshara to Forced Labor

Since the Anschluss in March 1938, under the increasing pressure to emigrate and the sudden impoverishment, Hachschara camps of the Zionist organizations and the Jewish community were set up on a larger scale as agricultural camps and municipal training workshops (Haasgasse 10 and Rotensterngasse 12). The agricultural camps were u. a. in the Lower Austrian towns of Absdorf , Eichgraben , Fischamend , Kottingbrunn , Moosbrunn , Otterthal , Walpersdorf and St. Andrä-Wölker . The localities for the municipal training centers and the agricultural goods were “Aryanized” properties that had to be rented by the Jewish organizations. The ideological part of the training had to take a back seat in view of the urgency of the escape aid, the training was shortened from two years to a few weeks. The increasing willingness to emigrate due to impoverishment was faced with a world that was not interested in taking in masses of destitute refugees. The issuing of refugee certificates for Palestine was in the hands of the Palestine Office, which was subject to the instructions of the Jewish Agency . This in turn was under the control of the British Mandate Government, for which wealth and a good education were crucial. The Palestine Office in the Altreich mistrusted the suitability of the Austrian applicants without Zionist training and saw the German Jews, some of whom had been registered for years, more justified; so the refugee certificates became a constant issue of controversy between the Viennese and the Berlin organization. In addition to the Hechaluz, the Mossad le Alija Bet was founded in mid-1939 , which organized illegal, very risky transports to Palestine, in which many Austrian Jews took part. The conditions for admission to illegal transport were the same as for the refugee certificate.

Eichmann increased his staff for the Vienna Central Office in the early autumn of 1938, the posts were given to "deserving party comrades". Among them were the SS men who were later assigned to leading positions at the Sandhof and who, in addition to their work at the Sandhof, were involved in the evacuation and deportation of Jews throughout Europe . They realized that retraining camps could be integrated well into the system of exploitation and persecution of the Jews.

The Lower Austrian Hachschara camps were now more and more influenced by the organized use of forced labor, as they were assigned work by the specially created Jewish employment offices. Often the working groups were supervised by “Christian” foremen and employed in road or power plant construction. In autumn 1938, the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna switched to the practice of employing Jews without insurance and outside the tariffs applicable to forced laborers, which further restricted their living and working conditions. Constant protests by local peasant leaders, according to which the Jews housed in the Hachschara camps had a provocative demeanor, should have been the reason why Eichmann planned from the beginning of 1939 to acquire two of his own goods subordinate to the SD in Lower Danube for agricultural retraining, and 1000 there to accommodate up to 2000 Jews.

Similarities between the Doppl and Sandhof camps

In mid-1939, the Vienna Emigration Fund acquired the Sandhof estate near Waidhofen an der Ybbs and a cardboard factory in Doppl near Altenfelden . Neither case is aryanization , but this does not apply to the money that was used to pay. Both had the title "retraining camp" and most of the inmates were withdrawn from the applicants for the retraining courses of the youth aliyah, but they were subordinate to the SD and the SS. They had nothing in common with the similarly named institutions of the Jewish organizations and did not dive into either the lists of the IKG ; instead they can be found in the lists of the labor service camps. However, while Jewish forced laborers outside the concentration camps were at least poorly paid, the inmates of Sandhof and Doppl had no rights. The SS men kept a part of the small rations of food that the forced laborers were entitled to on the basis of the food ration cards specially designed for Jews. According to contemporary witnesses, the inmates were only occasionally paid a small amount of "pocket money" in cash. This was financed by grants from the IKG.

In the summer of 1939 Anton Brunner (also called "Brunner II") was transferred to the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, where he was in charge of the "Jewish professional shifts" until the end of 1940. However, the Nazi rulers gave up their original plans to deport the Jews to Palestine or Madagascar by September 1939 at the latest. There are various assumptions about the underlying purpose of the two camps, among other things, they are seen in connection with the Nisko plan (see also the section on motives ).

Purchase and rebuilding of the Sandhof estate

On June 20, 1939, the farm with the 43.83 hectare property in Windhag was acquired by the Vienna Emigration Fund and the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna created by Adolf Eichmann for a purchase price of RM 48,000  . The SS men deployed at Sandhof over the years all came from Eichmann's staff and, in addition to the expulsion of Austrian Jews, they were also involved in deportations from Greece, France, Hungary and Slovakia. One of Eichmann's closest employees, Alois Brunner (Brunner I), inspected the warehouse several times during its existence.

Together with professionals from the Schrey construction company, the Jews first had to rebuild what was known as the run-down farm. Eichmann is said to have come to Waidhofen an der Ybbs in person to sign the contract with the construction company in an inn. The Jews who built the farm, which still exists today, were housed in a wooden shed at the Sandhof during the construction work, which was later replaced by a barrack they also built on the meadow behind the house (both no longer exist today). There were no barriers around the camp, anyone could walk across the property, over which a footpath runs to the Schoberberg and towards St. Aegidi.

The livestock at Gut Sandhof was limited to a few cows, two horses, geese and chickens. In addition, there were 24 pedigree hares from the breeding of inmate Alexander Klarfeld, which he had to transport and hand over free of charge to the Sandhof by order of the warehouse manager Walcher. After the war, the regional court ruled that the mountain farm could only be run by an undemanding family without external workers.

Business leader Anton Ebenberger

The farmer Anton Ebenberger, who came from Lilienfeld , was employed as a business manager from July 19, 1939 and moved to the Sandhof with his wife and three children. In addition to running the farm, his task should be to impart agricultural skills. The "Emigration Fund Vienna Sandhof" is specified as the employer. Ebenberger was later described by contemporary witnesses as a humane person who did not participate in the mistreatment of the Jews by the SS and referred to the inmates as his students.

Ebenberger's employment is considered to be an indication that retraining was actually planned initially; However, he was also needed to purchase the property, since the guarantee of compliance with the appropriate use as a farm was only given if he (a farmer) was granted a later right of first refusal . From May 1940 onwards, the registry lists that Ebenberger initially kept were signed exclusively by SS men - this is an indication of tightening in the camp. The first transports to Nisko took place in June 1940, at which time the Sandhof reached its first high of 76 occupants. Ebenberger and his family had to leave the camp on June 10, 1941 because of unspecified disagreements with camp leader Robert Walcher, SS-Untersturmführer Alois Brunner from the Vienna Central Office and SS-Hauptsturmführer Gutwasser from the RSHA . The family took over a farm in Gresten . The separation from Ebenberger is also interpreted to mean that no one thought of retraining at this point in time. The Hechaluz dissolved its Hachshara camps at the end of October 1939 due to the deportations that began; the majority of the participants joined the illegal Kladovo transport . As of October 1941, emigration for Jews was prohibited in principle, and the number of deportations increased at the same time.

Inmates

From August 12, 1939, the first ten male camp inmates appeared, and by September 21, there were 25. Contrary to the later practice of interning Jews from Vienna, all of them were of Polish descent with a few exceptions (but this may only refer to theirs Birth place and not the last place of residence.). Since no documents have yet been found for the period from September 1939 to March 1940, no further details can be given about other inmates for this period. In the period from April 28, 1940 to May 6, 1942, all 201 newly interned Jews came from Vienna and, as before, were all male. The high of 76 inmates was reached in June and August 1940. Of the total of 226 recorded Jewish men, almost a third (74) were under 20 years of age; only four were 60 or older. On March 25, 1943, there was the last, indirect reference to the existence of the camp, when two of the inmates in Waidhofen an der Ybbs were arrested and transferred to a collective camp because they disregarded the labeling requirement that had been in force since September 1941. Contemporary witness Strummer also confirmed that the camp would continue to exist until 1943.

In principle, inmates were allowed to leave the camp for a few days' leave, for which separate forms were provided. However, anyone who did not stand in front of camp leader Robert Walcher received the note "Poland" on their vacation pass, which resulted in deportation. Dismissals were ordered by the head of the central office, Alois Brunner. Initially mostly because of the imminent departure, later for the purpose of deportation. If it wasn't planned that way anyway, Walcher occasionally added his Poland note to it. Those who could work well under the given conditions were initially reasonably safe in the camp. According to Rudolf Flussmann, Walcher is said to have meant that such people (who were not so skilled) had no right to life.

The director of the Vienna Youth Alja, Aron Menczer , and the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, who initially believed in real retraining camps , received the order to name “voluntary” Jewish Viennese . The head of the central office, Alois Brunner, made the final selection. After the Jewish functionaries became aware of the conditions in the Doppl and Sandhof camps, they refused to assist in the selection process. Brunner then met her personally.

working conditions

The working hours lasted in all weathers and regardless of the state of health of the Jewish workers from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., in winter until 6 p.m., with an hour's lunch break. Under camp leader Robert Walcher, they had to get up at 3 a.m. and start the heavy agricultural work. Some inmates had no winter clothing at all. Occasionally, inmates were supposed to do work for the Sandhof in companies outside, so Jaques Schafranek was sent to the Schnötzinger sawmill to cut wood that was needed at the Sandhof. He came back to the camp every evening.

They had to do the many earthworks necessary for the renovation of the Sandhof by hand, with shovels and staples . In the same way they had to lay a 400 m long water pipe to the yard. If the water pipe was frozen in winter, they had to fetch the water in buckets from the Lugergraben. Leveling the camp road with a 600 kg roller was also one of the mandatory tasks; a worker who did not manage to do this to Walcher's satisfaction was grossly mistreated.

In addition, the work on the almost 44 hectare estate had to be carried out, which, however, is only described in connection with mistreatment, for example when two young inmates refused to harness wild oxen. For this they were punished with beatings and food deprivation. Sunday work and meal deprivation were sometimes given as collective punishments. The inmates of the Sandhof also had to help out on the surrounding farms; This work is not described in more detail, the most important thing is that the farmers illegally gave them additional food, without which some would probably have starved to death. There are also indications that the men from Sandhof were used to work in road construction, and there were apparently connections to the Steyr-Münichholz subcamp .

Camp leader Alfred Slawik also introduced an evening occupation: after twelve hours of work and insufficient food, they had to walk to the Schoberberg and back again. There was no exception for the elderly and the sick. Both the farmers from the area and the professionals from the Schrey construction company complained about the inhumane treatment. Flussmann intervened with Ebenberger, who may have forwarded the complaint. A commission appeared with SS-Hauptsturmführer Richard Gutwasser and his secretary Eichberger, whereupon the evening ordeal was stopped. An evening drill later ordered by camp leader Walcher was also stopped after protests by farmers in the area.

Reports from contemporary witnesses from the population show that camp leader Walcher mostly went to the surrounding farms in civilian clothes, was friendly and willing to provide men from the camp if necessary. However, they did not ask any questions about the camp because they were afraid. The farmers mostly gave the Jews food for their work. A schoolboy at the time later said that on the way to school he saw Walcher whipping Jews with a whip. On one occasion Walcher was seen pushing a camp inmate into the mud while doing earthworks and jumping on top of him, on another time he was seen yelling down at men who were supposed to be raking up the grass in front of the house and holding some rakes to pieces hit. This incident was discussed in detail in the Walcher trial, the inmates described the day as "Black Friday". In addition to other incidents, it is known from the trial against Walcher that he beat an old man with a 40 degree fever to work and beat him until he was locked up with bread and water for ten days. There is no information about visits to the doctor in Camp Sandhof.

Fates

In the Sandhof camp, there is only one case of death in which the cause of death has not been clarified. However, a non-Jewish maid employed at the court reported that she had seen camp leader Robert Walcher killing a Jew and throwing it into the slurry pit .

One inmate managed to escape into exile in Mauritius , two others were released on July 29, 1940 and were able to join the last illegal transport to Palestine. According to witnesses, other inmates were said to have been released by July 1940, some with the note "Poles".

Most of the men were brought back to Vienna after staying at the Sandhof for varying lengths of time. One of them, he was one of the very first inmates of the Sandhof, died after his return to Vienna at the age of 43. Three were able to go into hiding and survived in Vienna and one because he lived in a mixed marriage .

170 of the former Sandhof inmates were deported from Vienna, of which only 45 survived, and the fate of three is uncertain. Some of them, who had already been in a concentration camp in front of the Sandhof, were then deported a second time. The fate of another 47 men who were returned to Vienna is also uncertain.

The following locations have been proven to be the deportation locations of the former inmates of the Sandhof "retraining camp":

Contemporary witnesses

Rudolf Flussmann was initially in the Gänserndorf camp, from where he was to be sent to Poland in October 1939. He was 39 years old when he volunteered to work at Gut Sandhof and spent three years here. Although he had no agricultural training, he was skilled in the handicraft and was used as a "party leader" from 1940. As such, he received the work schedule from the camp leader and instructed the other inmates. Flussmann was released on September 30, 1942, to be deported from Vienna to Theresienstadt on October 2. From there he went on to Auschwitz and later to Oranienburg. Surviving all camps, he became administrator of the Sandhof estate after the war and testified against the camp leaders in the trials. According to contemporary witnesses, he later committed suicide.

Siegfried Kolisch, then head of the Jewish War Victims Association, was at Sandhof from May 1941 to April 1942. He was a witness at the main trial against Walcher.

Benno Strummer was born in 1922 and spent the last months of the existence of the camp at Sandhof from 1942 to 1943. The only information about the time after Flussmann was released comes from him. He survived Theresienstadt and Auschwitz, after the war he emigrated to Canada.

Camp leader

The camp leaders all came from Eichmann's staff and were involved in the deportations to Nisko . They are described as members of a supposed elite organization enjoying their power, who, as once failed existences, now appeared in their black uniforms as “ master men ” and enjoyed shouting at “Jewish subhumans” at will, ordering them around, humiliating or mistreating them.

Anton Zita

From March 1940 to January 1941 (with an interruption from October 28 to November 12, 1940) the camp at Gut Sandhof was under Anton Zita . Born in Göllersdorf in 1909, he trained as a carpenter and was an illegal member of the NSDAP and SS for many years. In spring 1938 he applied to the “Vienna Care Center” for “any public job”. Assigned to the central office, he belonged to the SS team delegated to Nisko in autumn 1939 before he came to the Sandhof. Here he was deployed as an SS-Sturmmann, SS-Rottenführer and furthermore as SS-Unterscharführer. Subsequently, he was in charge of the Vienna assembly camps Sperlgasse and Malzgasse; there deportation transports were arranged. From February 1943 he finally belonged to a special command subordinate to Alois Brunner that robbed Jews from Saloniki and deported them to extermination camps. In the summer of 1944 he was in Paris, also under Alois Brunner's command, involved in deportations from France. Jews who were held in the Hotel Excelsior were tortured by the SS for the purpose of blackmailing the addresses of their Jewish relatives.

Alfred Slawik

Alfred Slawik was at the Sandhof from April to August 1940. It is not clear whether he temporarily replaced Zita or both were present together. He was previously feared in the Doppl camp. Before his time in Doppl he was part of the SS team delegated to Nisko. From October 28 to November 12, 1940, he was again at the Sandhof.

Robert Walcher

The SS man Robert Walcher was in command of the camp from February 1941 and stayed at Sandhof until the Red Army marched in. Walcher was born on May 8, 1907 in Tanzenberg in Carinthia, where he worked as a butcher until 1938. Because of rheumatism, he gave up his business in 1939 and worked at the Vienna slaughterhouse. In mid-July 1939, his career began at the Vienna Central Office, initially as a gate guard, before he, like Zita and Slawik, was sent to Nisko. From November 1940 he was trained as a camp leader in the Doppl camp and, after a short stay in Vienna, came to the Sandhof as a guard in February or March 1941. He was initially in the rank of SS-Unterscharführer, later an Oberscharführer. From here he was assigned to deport Jews from Slovakia in the spring of 1942. Walcher also illegally enriched himself in the property of Jews, which he either forcibly stolen from them or stolen from a depot.

According to Flussmann, Walcher was the most feared of the camp leaders. After the departure of the business leader Ebenberger, he also took over his duties. Walcher's wife is said to have behaved “quite indecently” towards the camp inmates, above all by using the food that the Jewish inmates were entitled to. The Jewish workers are said never to have received semolina or oil. According to Benno Strummer's statement, Walcher had beaten a lot and boasted that he had already shot many Jews in Poland. During his time at the Sandhof he was involved in the deportation of Jews from the assembly camp in Sered a. d. Waag participated and several times he was involved in putting together the deportation transports in Vienna.

While Walcher was camp leader, there were no other SS men stationed longer at the Sandhof. Alois Brunner inspected the warehouse several times during Walcher's time and was very satisfied. Rudolf Flussmann's testimony helped convict Walcher on June 26, 1945 before the People's Court to ten years of heavy imprisonment and financial collapse.

Franz Spatzer (also known aswalk), SS employee and security guard, appears in the files on July 25, 1943. According to Rudolf Flussmann, Ernst Girzick signed a power of attorney on August 16, 1943, according to which Walcher and Wal were allowed to fix the mail for the camp.

Motifs

Initially, the SS was basically concerned with stimulating emigration and at the same time having control over it. The separation of Jewish citizens from the rest of the population was also an effect of the camps. Gabriele Anderl suggests in her documentation that the predominantly young inmates were probably chosen not only because of their labor, but also to eliminate them as potential sources of resistance.

After the Reich Commissioner and the Property Transfer Office had taken the first initiatives to set up labor camps, the SS may also want to go along with them. They may also have served to substantiate the resettlement legend spread by the SS, according to which Jews in the East would have a beautiful new life.

It is very likely that Doppl and Sandhof served the SS to gain experience in setting up a camp in Nisko ( Nisko Plan ). Almost all of the SS men deployed in Doppl and at Sandhof were also in Nisko. In addition, personal connections with the Madagascar Plan and the later establishment of the ghetto in Theresienstadt are seen; Last but not least, the lawyers involved in the Madagascar Plan, Hugo Weber and Erich Rajakowitsch , were the legal experts of the Vienna Emigration Fund. Theresienstadt was subordinate to the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague , which, like the Vienna Central Office, was subordinate to the Eichmann Department.

Although Jews in the Altreich were also used for closed forced labor, there were no SS labor camps comparable to Doppl and Sandhof. Only in Lipa in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was there a comparable “retraining camp” from 1940.

There are no records of the economic profitability of the Sandhof. Robert Walcher asserted in the course of his proceedings that the agricultural yields had been transferred to the state. In any case, the camp was used to provide the SS men and their families with additional food, although this was mainly diverted from the products that would have been allowed to the Jewish inmates on the basis of the food cards. Witness Rudolf Flussmann reported that u. a. Food for comradeship evenings was delivered to Vienna.

After the closure of the Sandhof retraining camp

From the end of 1942 Vienna was practically “ free of Jews ”. Although the camp in Doppl was sold at the turn of the year 1941/42, the Emigration Fund kept the Sandhof until 1945 as a rest home for SS members. The accounts show that in the time after the Jewish camp inmates left, non-Jewish forced laborers were also used. There are also indications that German refugees from the eastern regions were quartered in 1944 and 1945 . Since the assets of the Vienna Emigration Fund were transferred to the Emigration Fund for Bohemia and Moravia in 1942, the Sandhof also officially belonged to it from then on. From November 16, 1945 it was under public administration according to the land register, with Flussmann being used as administrator. After unresolved discrepancies in the execution of the contract, which apparently existed between Mayor Josef Ecker von Windhag, the Lower Austrian provincial government and the AWF's curator in absence, Friedrich Köhler, the Sandhof was handed over to Leopold Rumpl on February 27, 1948, who was a relative of the was originally owned, leased and sold on September 16, 1955 to his parents, Ignaz and Theresia Rumpl for ATS 338,000 net. Only then did he leave the real estate owned by the Emigration Fund.

compensation

The Doppl and Sandhof camps were only included in a list of concentration camp-like camps in 2003 and the work was classified as slave labor, for which the inmates are entitled to lump-sum compensation of 7,630 euros under the Reconciliation Fund Act . Those inmates who were further deported, however, received a lump sum for the entire duration of the camp from the German foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” .

literature

  • Erika Weinzierl , Otto Dov Kulka, Gabriele Anderl: Expulsion and a new beginning: Israeli citizens of Austrian origin . 1992 ( online ).
  • Werner Sulzgruber: The Jewish community of Wiener Neustadt: from its beginnings to its destruction . Mandelbaum-Verlag, 2005, p. 29 ( online ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - The Jewish Workers (p. 17 and 23-27). doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .
  2. ↑ Shoshana Duizend-Jensen: Jewish communities, associations, foundations and funds: "Aryanization" and restitution . 2004, p. 31 ff . ( google.at ).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration, Part 1. DAVID - Jüdische Kulturzeitschrift, accessed on January 21, 2013 .
  4. ^ A b c Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - preliminary remarks (pp. 1–7). (PDF; 332 kB) doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Federal Chancellery (Ed.): Resistance and persecution in Austria 1938 - 1945 . Federal Press Service, Vienna 1988, p. 29, 35, 37, 43 (texts by Siegwald Ganglmair (Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance), technical advice from Fritz Molden ).
  6. ^ Documentation archive of the Austrian resistance (ed.): Resistance and persecution in Vienna 1934 - 1945, volume 3 . 2nd Edition. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1984, ISBN 3-215-05508-2 , p. 195 .
  7. ^ Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - Notes. (No longer available online.) Doew.at, archived from the original on December 10, 2011 ; accessed on February 1, 2013 (see point 12). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.doew.at
  8. ^ Heinz Arnberger, Winfried R. Garscha, Christa Mitterrutzner: "Anschluss" 1938. A documentation. 8. First measures to institutionalize anti-Semitism. (No longer available online.) Documentation archive of the Austrian resistance, 1988, archived from the original on December 10, 2011 ; Retrieved January 18, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.doew.at
  9. ^ Martin Achrainer: Review of Gruner, Wolf, forced labor and persecution: Austrian Jews in the Nazi state 1938–45. H-Soz-u-Kult, H-Net Reviews, November 2001, accessed January 21, 2013 .
  10. ^ Walter Göhring, Robert Machacek, Hermann Schnell, Erika Weinzierl and others: Start in den Abgrund - Austria's way to 1938 . City School Council for Vienna, Vienna Chamber of Labor, Vienna 1978, p. 53 .
  11. ^ Jura Soyfer. A study (s) project at tfm. (PDF; 2.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Katharina Bauer, Julia Bruckner, Maria Dalhoff, Susita Fink, Sarah Kanawin, Evita Deborah Komp, Carina Pilko, Theresa Prammer, Christina Steinscherer, Anja Strejcek, Jasmin Sarah Zamani, 2009, archived from the original on November 3, 2013 ; Retrieved February 14, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.theaterfink.at
  12. ↑ Gerhard Wanner: Refugees and border conditions in Vorarlberg 1938–1944: Entry and transit country Switzerland. (PDF; 214 kB) reminiscence.at, accessed on February 14, 2013 (there quoted from Rheticus. Quarterly journal of the Rheticus Society . 1998. Issue 3/4, pp. 227–271).
  13. ↑ Werner Sulzgruber: The Jewish community Wiener Neustadt: from its beginnings to its destruction . Mandelbaum-Verlag, 2005, p. 29 ( online ).
  14. ↑ Shoshana Duizend-Jensen: Jewish communities, associations, foundations and funds: "Aryanization" and restitution . 2004, p. 87 ( online ).
  15. ↑ Shoshana Duizend-Jensen: Jewish communities, associations, foundations and funds: "Aryanization" and restitution . 2004, p. 179 ( online ).
  16. ↑ a b c Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - Forced Labor in Doppl and Sandhof (pp. 27–30). doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .
  17. ↑ a b c Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - The Property Relationships (pp. 8-14). doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .
  18. ^ Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - Notes. (No longer available online.) Doew.at, archived from the original on December 10, 2011 ; accessed on February 1, 2013 (see point 58). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.doew.at
  19. ^ A b c d Walter Zambal: The retraining camp Gut Sandhof Windhag near Waidhofen ad Ybbs. (PDF; 169 kB) Eisenstraße treasure hunt, accessed on January 21, 2013 .
  20. ↑ Stefan Lütgenau, Alexander Schröck: Forced labor in the Austrian construction industry: Teerag-Asdag AG 1938-1945 . Studien-Verlag, 2001, p. 28 ( online ).
  21. ↑ Karl Ramsmaier : Jewish prisoners in Steyr-Münichholz subcamp - labor camp for Jews. (No longer available online.) DAVID - Jewish Cultural Association, 2010, archived from the original on May 6, 2012 ; Retrieved February 1, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.davidkultur.at
  22. ↑ a b c d e Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration, Part 2. (No longer available online.) DAVID - Jewish cultural magazine, archived from the original on June 23, 2015 ; Retrieved January 21, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / davidkultur.at
  23. ^ A b Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - The Personnel (pp. 33–46). doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .
  24. ^ Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - The Economic Aspect (pp. 48–49). doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .
  25. ↑ Gabriele Anderl: The "retraining camps" Doppl and Sandhof of the Vienna Central Office for Jewish Emigration - The Compensation Problem (p. 49-50). doew.at, accessed on February 1, 2013 .

Coordinates: 47 ° 58 ′ 55.4 "  N , 14 ° 48 ′ 45.5"  E