Below Sachsenhausen
Unter Sachsenhausen is a 210-meter-long, historic street in the north of the old town in Cologne , where numerous banks and insurance companies reside.
history
The current street name Unter Sachsenhausen cannot be traced back to Saxony , Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen or the Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Rather, the street name arose from the transformation of the name "Under 16 houses". Since this street was first named in 1183, the street name has changed at least 15 times.
Name development
In the Middle Ages, the street was in the Niederich district of Cologne , which was outside the city walls ( Latin extra muros civitatis ) until the second city expansion (1106) in the north of Cologne . Initially, the street was called Breite Straße ( Latin lata platea ) between 1183 and 1233 , but this prevailed for Breite Straße ; in the shrine book entries of the 12th century it is mentioned without an individual name. At the "Zederwaldhof" there is said to have been a forest made up of cedar trees in Roman times , which stretched from Lubricating Road (Komödienstraße) to the Pfuhl. Here lived Count Heinrich of Sayn and Mechthild, who sold the property in 1224 to Gerhard Gottschalk and Overstolz. The patrician brothers Gottschalk and Gerhard Overstolz bought the house and farm "Cederwald" here in 1224, which also included a former Cellite convent on Kattenbug; Between 1224 and 1233 they built row houses with 16 so-called apartment buildings for farm workers on the area of the former Zederwald farm. In 1233 the brothers shared this property on the occasion of Gottschalk's first wife's death (“Ida von der Salzgasse”), after which the latter again divided part of his property among his children from his first marriage. From 1233 these "16 apartment buildings under one roof" ( Latin 16 mansionibus sub 1 tecto ) were mentioned, to which the street name still goes back today.
From 1304 the term “under 16 houses” became more and more common. In an entry in the Dünnwald interest register from 1535, the number of the street name for “under Saissen (husen)” is distorted. On the other hand, Arnold Mercator seems to have known the original street name in the first view of the city of Cologne from 1570 , as he had entered “under XVI huiseren” on his city map.
middle Ages
Even before the Overstolz row houses were built, the Dominican monastery “Heilig Kreuz” was built here in “latam plateam” No. 4 / corner of Stolkgasse after 1221 ; For the first time in 1224 there is talk of the "conventus Sanctae Crucis". In 1250 the Dominicans also acquired the adjoining palatial residence of the late Duke Walrams IV of Limburg for 150 marks. After the Overstolzen houses, there was brisk building activity on the street. The sixth oldest brewery in Cologne (“Zum Bierbaum”) was built in No. 47 in 1288 in the street now called “illa parte sedecim domorum”. The "House for Hutlin" is 1,364 in long lease in favor of the Abbey Altenberg , on 20 October 1409, the dispensed cleric Richardus de Tuitio in the house of John de Walde on the "platea inter sedicim domos" all rights of Vikarie in Homberg. "House Haymboich" was leased by Heinrich van Gudesberg on February 1, 1470, and on January 28, 1479 Goiswinus Carpentator announced that he had ended the lease of the houses "Zum Schlüssel" and "Haus Thiis" on "16 domus". In 1484 the hustle and bustle of the prostitutes was so annoying that the city council of Cologne issued a residence ban for Unter Sachsenhausen.
The Montanerburse (“domus montis”; Gymnasium Montanum ; No. 6; today: Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium ) emerged from the Burse (“bursa antiquissima”) founded by Heinrich von Gorkum in 1420 on Machabäerstraße ; Until 1431 it was moved to the street, which was now called “Under-16-Heusern”, and was one of the most respected educational institutions in the country. The artist school, however, had its domicile in the Stolkgasse opposite the Dominican monastery in the former "Verselenkonvent", which the city had acquired in 1398 from the Beguines . The cathedral chapter vererbpachtete on 1 March 1492, the Hofstatt "Lynfalshuys". Printer Johannes Landen completed his first dated print in his office on March 9, 1496 with the “ Praeceptorium ” (by Nicolaus de Lyras) “intra sedecim domos”. In 1508 the owners of taverns, hostels and cookshops on Unter Sachsenhausen and some other streets (including Eigelstein ) were forbidden to give the students drinks. The printer Melchior von Neuss moved here by 1533 at the latest, as Johannes Hetler proves: "Printed by tzo Coellen vnder sieß tzyenhuyser anno May 1st, 1533". By 1587 at the latest the street was called "Under Sechzehn Häuser". The Dominican monastery, its farm building and the nave of the monastery church were largely destroyed by fire on March 2, 1659.
From the early days to the 20th century
Unter Sachsenhausen 6 - House of Commerce Councilor Franz Carl Guilleaume (around 1890)
Unter Sachsenhausen 35 - Robert Kaaf House (around 1890)
Unter Sachsenhausen 1–3 - Reichsbank building (1896)
Unter Sachsenhausen 4 - A. Schaafhausen'scher Bankverein (around 1896)
Unter Sachsenhausen - Reich Main Post Office (around 1900)
Unter Sachsenhausen 1–3 - Reichsbank building (around 1900)
During the founding period in 1861, Kölnische Hagel-Versicherung moved into a building designed by Josef Felten in No. 8. In 1863, the Colonia Kölnische Feuer-Versicherungs-Gesellschaft moved into a late Classicist building, also designed by Josef Felten, in No. 10-12. The representative building and the exposed location should radiate their size and importance. The first bank building on the street - the origin of its later development into a “bank mile” - was built on the site of the demolished Montanergymnasium (No. 4) by the architect Hermann Otto Pflaume . It was the bank palace for A. Schaaffhausen'schen Bankverein , built between 1859 and 1863 as an axially symmetrical building and of great importance for the development of Cologne's banking system . When it opened on August 22, 1863, the public could marvel at the palatial features with Italian renaissance as well as the interior staircase made of black marble and the ballroom with stucco work, the huge mirror, gilded furniture, wallpaper and curtains made of yellow silk. It was rebuilt in 1903 and destroyed in World War II. The Cologne architect Wilhelm Hoffmann , who returned from Paris, created the Palais Unter Sachsenhausen 37 for Eduard Freiherr von Oppenheim in 1870 , the property of which Oppenheim had acquired in 1867. In 1894, architect Pflaume erected a three-story bank building for the Rheinisch-Westfälische Boden-Credit-Bank in No. 2 , which was demolished in 1914 and replaced by a building that had hardly been destroyed during the war.
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Between 1894 and 1897, the neo-Gothic building of the Reichsbank headquarters in Cologne (later the Landeszentralbank , then the Deutsche Bank ) was built in No. 1–3 according to a design by the Berlin architect Max Hasak . The opening on May 4, 1897 in the “elegant shopping street” brought to light the building supported by granite columns with its spacious dance hall, which was “almost reminiscent of princely dwellings”. The building, which was marked by war damage, was heavily modified.
The structurally stabilized fragment of the Dominican monastery opposite, largely destroyed by fire, served as a French military hospital between 1799 and 1814 and was used as a Prussian artillery barracks from 1814. In 1828 the last medieval remnant of the monastery (the Gothic entrance gate to the monastery building) was removed by the military authorities, and in 1889 the monastery grounds were rounded off. In its place, the Cologne main post office of the Reichspost , built at the instigation of Heinrich von Stephan , was put into operation on November 15, 1893. It was an imposing structure that was 85 meters wide from west to east on the street side and was even 210 meters long from north to south with an area of 20,895 m². It was completely destroyed in the war and replaced in 1948 by a simpler postal service building, which was demolished on February 11, 1998.
The Cologne entrepreneur Franz Carl Guilleaume had Hermann Otto Pflaume build his palace-like house in No. 6 in 1882 , which was acquired by the Gerling Group in 1923 and destroyed in 1943. In no. 37, Peter Behrens built a commercial building for the fashion goods manufacturer Frank & Lehmann in 1914, which survived the war and is now used by HypoVereinsbank. . In No. 21-27 which made Barmer bank association - the later with the Commerzbank merged was - 1915 by Carl Moritz build designed bank building. After severe damage in the Second World War, nothing of the historical interior was preserved except for the vestibule. On August 20, 1931, after several changes of location in the city center , the Cologne Stock Exchange moved into the new administration building built by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in No. 4.
In the final phase of the Second World War , the 3rd US Army advanced on March 6, 1945 via Unter Sachsenhausen in the direction of Cologne Cathedral and was involved in a final battle with a German V Panther armored car at An den Dominikanern . The armored car could not prevent the advance of the US unit to the cathedral and was shot incapacitated.
After the Second World War
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Most of the representative buildings were destroyed during the Second World War by two air raids on 28/29. Largely destroyed in June 1943 and March 2, 1945 (during Operation Millennium ). As in the entire inner city of Cologne, the degree of destruction of the buildings at Unter Sachsenhausen was on average 75%, most of the monumental, palace-like structures were destroyed. There was therefore an urgent need for reconstruction, which began in 1950. On February 4, 1952, the five-storey reinforced concrete skeleton building of the Cologne Chamber of Commerce and Industry, designed according to plans by Karl Hell , opened at No. 10-26. In 1951, the Sal. Oppenheim bank had exchanged the rubble property at Budengasse 8-10 for the destroyed house at Unter Sachsenhausen No. 4 by means of an exchange agreement with the city; A. Schaaffhausen'sche Bankverein was once domiciled at both addresses one after the other. At No. 4 / corner of Tunisstrasse , the Sal. Oppenheim bank was able to resume work for three days a week from January 1945, after which the private bank was temporarily housed at An den Dominikanern 2 between June 1945 and October 1953 . On October 17, 1953, in No. 4, she moved into a six-storey natural stone-clad building with cautiously structured ashlar facades designed by Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot .
On January 2, 1956, the Herstatt Bank, previously founded on December 10, 1955, began its business operations in No. 29–31. These business premises soon proved to be too small for the bank's expansive business policy, so the Gerling Group acquired the rubble plot No. 6-8 at the corner of Tunisstrasse and had it built in three phases. The first construction phase was ready for occupancy in May 1957, the second eight-storey section with striking flight roofs followed in 1963. Until 1961, Wilhelm Riphahn built the tower for the Dresdner Bank in No. 7 as the second construction phase .
Location and significance today
Unter Sachsenhausen is located between the side streets of Stolkgasse and Kattenbug, which flow into it . Its eastern extension is called An den Dominikanern (140 m), the western extension is Gereonstrasse (320 m). Unter Sachsenhausen began on Marzellenstrasse before 1841 and was named An den Dominikanern in its eastern section in memory of the Dominican monastery .
The architect Hermann Otto Pflaume gave his mark in the early days of Unter Sachsenhausen and the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring . The numerous magnificent buildings for banks made the street one of the most important in Europe. The reconstruction, which was necessary due to extensive war destruction, resulted in modern functional buildings. In the post-war period, other banks moved into the street, such as Deutsche Centralbodenkredit AG in October 1950 under No. 2. The term “Cologne Wall Street” was created in 1957; a comparison with Wall Street was and is entirely justifiable, because in the post-war period most of Cologne's credit institutions such as Landeszentralbank Köln (since 1986 in Cologne-Bayenthal), Deutsche Bank , Dresdner Bank , Commerzbank , Bankhaus Sal. Oppenheim , were concentrated in Unter Sachsenhausen . Herstatt-Bank (since November 2011 GESIS - Leibniz Institute for Social Sciences ), Marcard, Stein & Co (No. 10–26), Merck Finck & Co (since June 2009; No. 17), İşbank (No. 35) or HypoVereinsbank (No. 37). Other banks such as UBS Deutschland AG (No. 1–3), ABN AMRO Commercial Finance (No. 15), Delbrück Bethmann Maffei AG (No. 15-23), LBBW (No. 30) or PSD Bank are located on Gereonstrasse Cologne (Laurenzplatz 2).
Web links
Coordinates: 50 ° 56 ′ 33.1 ″ N , 6 ° 57 ′ 10.6 ″ E
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mering / Ludwig Reischert, History of the City of Cologne on the Rhine , Volumes 1-2, 1838, p. 61
- ↑ Thomas Bohn, Countess Mechthild von Sayn , 2002, p. 484
- ↑ FC von Mering / Ludwig Reischert, The bishops and archbishops of Cologne according to their order , 1844, p. 148 f.
- ^ Hermann Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , 1910, p. 145
- ^ Hermann Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , 1910, p. 149
- ^ Peter Glasner, The legibility of the city: cultural history and lexicon of medieval street names in Cologne , 2002, p. 318
- ↑ Jan Aertzen, Albert the Great in Cologne , 1999, p. 15
- ↑ Jan Aertzen, Albert the Great in Cologne , 1999, p. 17
- ↑ Edith Ennen, Women in the Middle Ages , 1999, p. 173
- ^ Leonard Ennen, History of the City of Cologne , Volume 3, 1869, p. 861
- ^ Albert Zimmermann (ed.), The Cologne University in the Middle Ages , 1989, p. 435
- ↑ Christoph Reske, Die Buchdrucker des 16. und 17. Century , 2007, p. 426
- ^ Leonard Ennen, History of the City of Cologne , Volume 3, 1869, p. 886
- ↑ Christoph Reske, Die Buchdrucker des 16. und 17. Century , 2007, p. 435
- ↑ Veit Damm, Self-Representation and Image Building , 2007, p. 153
- ^ Opening of the new Reichsbank building in Cologne. In: Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung , Volume 17, 1897, No. 20 ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (May 15, 1897), p. 223.
- ^ The new Reichsbank building in Cologne. In: Kölnische Zeitung , No. 327 of June 17, 1897
- ↑ Sybille Fraquelli: In the shadow of the cathedral. 2008, p. 284.
- ↑ a b Michael Stürmer, Gabriele Teichmann, Wilhelm Treue, Wagen und Wagen , 1989, p. 455
- ↑ Robert Steimel, ID Herstatt - The old and the new banking house , 1963, p. 52
- ^ Hermann Ginzel, architecture critic of the Kölner Stadtanzeiger, in: Baukunst und Werkform , May 1957, p. 259
