Montanum high school
The Gymnasium Montanum was one of the first high schools in Cologne . These developed from smaller colleges that prepared for a degree at the Universitas Studii Coloniensis and in some cases also offered lectures from the artist faculty in their rooms and which over the course of time merged into three large private educational institutions - the Bursen . The school founded as a foundation in 1420 and later Bursa Montanum , which was then upgraded to a grammar school and at the same time became the seat of the artist faculty of the old University of Cologne, became one of these . The school existed until the radical changes during the French era , which also affected teaching, its organs and the existing school facilities.
history
Beginnings of educational institutions in Cologne
The beginnings Cologne educational institutions date back to the 9th century and probably in the time of Archbishop Gunthar incurred Domschule be to settle.
From this time on, in addition to previous monastery schools , as in other large cities of the Middle Ages , smaller schools or colleges were formed, the number of which, however, cannot be quantified. The teaching institutions, known as Bursen , that were established in Cologne, merged over time to form three larger communities and were able to establish themselves permanently thanks to private foundations. These initially private institutions, to which the town's coat of arms was later demonstratively attached to the front of the house, practiced a strictly regulated life, offered the pupils and students who had been admitted board and lodging as well as participation in regular lessons and access to the lectures of the professors. Here, foreign students also had the opportunity to acquire the knowledge they need to study at a university. The later Cologne high schools Tricoronatum , Laurentianum and the Montanum became.
Consolidation of the montanum
The three named "large bursas" were each also the foundation of the faculties. These appear in the sources as a disordered whole in different buildings or even just used rooms and are also assigned to them in extensions or acquisitions of neighboring houses. They were given different names according to the changing times and, in the case of the artist faculty, were listed in three different places. In this case, the streets Unter Sachsenhausen, the Engasse, but mostly the Stolkgasse are mentioned. This was obviously the core of all school facilities related to the grammar school or the artist faculty.
Development through to foundation
In 1398 it was said that the nuns of the Ver Selen convent in “Stolkingazzen” (today's Stolkgasse), whose house is now used for lectures, were moving to the Loerers convent in accordance with the contract with the city. In 1416, even before the increased occurrence and the associations of the Cologne bursa, Gottfried de Hegghe was named as the dean of the artist faculty . In 1417 details were reported about a canon of the artist faculty at St. Gereon . This was Heinrich Wessel from Brilon , who at that time was one of the deputies who represented the new university at the Council of Constance .
As a rule, masters , later professors of theology , taught in the artists' schools , who today would be assigned to the philosophical faculty. The colleges or bursa, which were initially housed in several buildings, had merged into a larger facility in which the teaching members of the early "Artes" became co-residents of the teachers. Together with the pupils and students, they formed a house cooperative to promote school education and teaching. In the 15th century, teaching took place more and more in one place thanks to larger facilities. Results were achieved with the students that were comparable with the level of knowledge achieved in today's upper secondary school classes.
In 1417 the term "domus examinus" appears and in 1420 the entry "Bau im Südost (der Straße)" follows, which was specified with a further note entered in 1420: "Editions fabricam domus prope scolas artistarum".
Foundation, establishment and further development
Around 1420 Heinrich from Gorichen founded a Burse in Stolkgasse, to whose buildings a neighboring house was added in 1439. It was subsequently expanded by the Regens (from 1431) and theology professor Gerhard ter Stegen de Monte (domini) (from Heerenberg in Geldern) (around 1400-80) and his nephew Lambertus de Monte , Regens from 1480, and was later expanded after these their names.
Another note in which in 1423 the entry “structura dom. collegi arte scolas nostras ”, was supplemented in 1427 with the words“ building at the school on which the city coat of arms is attached ”. This could mean that between 1423 and 1427 negotiations had taken place that aimed for a structural change in the sense of transforming what had been a private institution into an urban institution. The agreement that was then probably reached was followed by urban construction work and the installation of the city's coat of arms, with which the council equipped the facilities owned by the city. In 1436 “stufa (= oven / kitchen) and aula ” were named and in 1440 a “camera examinis”. For 1443 the construction of a new kitchen and the discussion about the construction of a chapel in the springs are documented and for the year 1456 the mention of a magna aula . In 1464/65 the artist faculty bought the domus pauperum opposite the preacher's monastery called the Wesebeder College, an institution for poor students established by the doctor Wesebeder in 1422, the oldest foundation of the Cologne grammar school and foundation fund . The faculty had a similar facility for its sick students, for whom it had carefully set up the “Zur roder Porzen” hospital on Gereonstrasse.
In 1470 the name of the main building was "Artistenschole achter den Prytgeren (Dominican preacher's monastery), old and dilapidated, should be built, further and higher". In 1473 the note “Construction of the Secret Annex started” and further to the relationship to the “Scholae medicorum” that the artist faculty gave consent to remove a partition wall from the medical school. In 1483 there was a reference to the fencing of the garden area with a wall and to the decision of the artist faculty to purchase a sister house (domus sororum) next to the school.
The expansion that began in the year de Montes died († 1499) could be related to financial support from the St. Gereon Monastery, which was given to the artist faculty in 1494 in the form of six hundred gold gulden in cash at an interest rate of four percent.
Changes in the 16th century
The 16th century is considered to be the time in which the change from a Burse to the status of a grammar school took place. Around 1504, the institution acquired additional ownership through a foundation of the “Dr. Valentin Engelhard ”, which included the donation of a“ stone house ”and other buildings on the tower at Unter Sachsenhausen. After these events, Andreas Heerle de Bardwick, elected rector of the university in 1525, was a long reigning rain from 1507 to 1526. He was described as a benefactor of the students and left a foundation to the Montanum after his death in 1556.
Through the rain of Gerhard Mathias von Geldern, the Montanum came into the possession of two further buildings in Enggasse (which still flows into Stolkgasse today), which were called "to the two bucks" and which thus become one connected larger unity. Gerhard Mathias' successor, Regens Hermann Fley, was also able to expand the Burse's real estate holdings . A later rain, Johann Titz (1624 to 1658), the now very old school complex was rebuilt. He also added an alumnate to the facility with his own funds and had a chapel built, which was consecrated to St. Thomas Aquinas . For this purpose, Jakob von Groote had already established a measurement foundation.
Artists and doctors under one roof
In 1528 the collaboration between the "Artes" and the medical profession became clear again. In addition it says in the entries "Domus artistarum beneden (inside, inside) the Engergassen (today's Enggasse), alhie deyt one ouch last vur die ghene (read or let those who study medicine)".
New buildings in the 18th century
In the 18th century, essential parts of the outdated main system were demolished and renewed. In April 1766 the foundation stone was laid for a new administration building. According to a description at the time of the auction in 1807, the complex consisted of a three-storey main and front building corresponding to the style of the construction period, which was called the Regentie and was dated 1684, and an auxiliary building of the same length but more solidly built. However, this was only two-story and inscribed from the year 1766. The building was separated by a courtyard entrance, above which a beam was attached. The new buildings carried out by the master builder and stonemason Nikolaus Krakamp cost the city a total of 23,947 thalers according to the minutes of the council.
High school and faculty
Canons, teaching posts and benefices
Before Cologne University was founded, the professors working in the city were among the scholars who had previously completed and received their studies and graduation at remote universities and were predominantly canons of the monasteries . One of these early scholars of the city's eleven monastery institutions was Konrad von Brydschede (Breitscheid), who on the day after the university was founded was among the twenty gentlemen who had gathered in the chapter house of the St. Andreas monastery to officially attend a solemn ceremony to enter the university as professors.
Konrad von Brydschede held a canon of priests (a form of benefice reserved for priests ) at the collegiate church of St. Gereon and was pastor of St. Laurentius in Mintard . Konrad had studied in Prague and passed the baccalarius artium examination in 1368 . With the magister artium , which he had acquired elsewhere, he returned to Prague in 1378 as a professor of the "arts", among which philosophy came first. There and later at the University of Cologne he studied theology. In 1386/87 he was one of the first art professors at the new Heidelberg University . Konrad von Breitscheid is likely to have been the first professor known by name of the later artist faculty in Stolkgasse.
Laurenz Buninch from Groningen , in early sources also Bunynk or Bunyng v. Called Groeningen, it enjoyed a high reputation among the “artists” and was dean of the faculty three times. On the recommendation of the old Duchess von Kleve, Buninch became the first beneficiary in 1456, one of the other privileges introduced , the "second degree" dome frieze created for the professors of the university. He was in the faculty of theology 1442 Licentiate become and advanced 1442/43 rector of the university. The Laurentian course was named after Laurenz Buninch, who was highly regarded in all faculties.
City treasury and benefice
In the first years after the university was founded, in which the Cologne patriciate had been involved a few years before its disempowerment, it was up to the citizens to pay for the professors' salaries. The first participation of the church through special benefices to these professors is known for 1394. These relieved the city coffers , but made further payments from the city to the university administration indispensable due to their size. Documents on the costs incurred in the first few years are no longer available, but twenty years after it was founded, the city paid nine active professors a salary that varied between 40 and 100 guilders and totaled 385 guilders. Around 1500 the city grant for now 12 professors, which in turn was unevenly distributed among them, was 714 guilders.
Rank of the artist school
The artist faculty was the preparatory institution for the higher faculties, but above all for those of theology. All students went through it before they decided to study in one of the other faculties. The rank this faculty held among the others explains why the professors teaching at it were content with the position of vicar at one of the old Cologne parish churches, because they belonged to the lowest ranking of the university in this class. According to this classification, their financial resources were low and usually led to their rather modest lives among their students in the faculty establishment. Only a few of them managed to get a canon of priests at one of the collegiate churches, where they were then responsible for one of the side altars in addition to their teaching work.
Financial resources of the Masters
With the nationwide emergence of many new universities and the trend towards academic teaching, as well as the demand that arose for scholars of secular law through the growth of trade relations, the composition of the teaching college also changed , which was previously dominated by the professors of the Theology had been determined. Many of the doctors and the jurists of secular law followed the zeitgeist by entering into marriages, but giving up their church benefices in order to replace them with an increasingly common city salary.
Provisional and beneficiaries
Regents , who were mostly also professors at the respective faculties of the university, made their living in part by receiving benefices from church monasteries or orders. Depending on the graduation of the benefices to be awarded and financed by the papal curia and subdivided into several degrees, the endowed benefices undertook to hold lectures. They were awarded to the pens according to a concordat agreement , but distributed by a commission of provisional agents, which, in addition to the respective rector of the university, included four representatives of the city council, most of whom consisted of well-earned former mayors waiting for a new office . With this dominance in the awarding body achieved by the city, a supply option was offered that subsequently became nepotism . Examples of these awarding practices are Johannes von der Clocken, son of the mayor Peter von der Clocken, whose receipt of the benefice was litigated in 1472. The process was closed at the urging of the Council. Even Arnold Brauweiler , a wealthy merchant, alderman and repeated in the town hall, was temporarily Provisor and nourished his son Arnold Brauweiler "de Colonia" (later provost of St. George ) with the doped highest "primae gratiae", ie the benefice first Degree. He evaded his duty to lectures by instructing the Englishman Wilhelm Zonius to read canon law for him . Although the provisors were often admonished and reprimanded for their selection of unqualified benefactors, nothing changed, even papal cops in this regard were ignored.
Founders, professors, teachers and students
- Paul Wilhelm von Gerresheim was pastor at St. Laurenz and gave lectures at the artist faculty around 1410. He changed these and taught theology from 1430 to 1470.
- Bernhard von Hagen , student of the Montanerburse since October 1503, licentiate in 1506 , later Magister Artium, after studying law 1513 Baccalaureus, 1515 licentiate and doctor of both rights, 1518 dean, professor until 1526
- Henricus de Clivis, Prof. art. et theol. at the University of Cologne, died in 1523
- Konrad Ort von Hagen, 1548 Dr. jur. Rector of the university in 1561/62 and 1570/71, died in 1589. His book collection fell to the Gymnasium Montanum
- Johann von Swolgen taught at the Burse from 1543 to 1548
- Gerhard Mathias von Geldern, 1558 Dr. theol., 1560/62 theol. Dean and rector of the college in 1562/64, was Regens of the grammar school. Von Geldern died on April 11, 1572
- Everwin von Droste zu Hülshoff , attended the Montaner Gymnasium in Cologne from 1558, where he obtained a bachelor's degree and, in 1560, a license to teach as a licentiate
- Gerhard Xylander (also Walter) from Leuth , became Dr. theol. and Regens of the grammar school, where he worked as a teacher for 30 years and set up a foundation. Xylander died on May 31, 1610
- Paul von Aussem , studied theology in Cologne from 1632 according to the Artes Liberales , 1635 Lic. Theol., 1638 professor at the artist faculty at the Montaner Burse, rector 1675
- Wilhelm Lovius , 1645 as professor at the Cologne Burse Montana of the artist faculty
- Johann Philipp Jakob von Horn-Goldschmidt , was a teacher at the Montaner high school, priest and later vicar general in the Archdiocese of Cologne
- Ferdinand Franz Wallraf attended the Montanum high school from 1760 and the artist faculty from 1765
- Bartholomäus Fischenich , high school graduate at the Gymnasium Montanum, later judge and member of the Prussian State Council
Repeal and private use
Its use as a high school and faculty facility came to an end with the French occupation of the city. The extensive building complex was auctioned by the Aachen businessman Brannertz, who sold them to the local lawyer F. Deutzenberg (possibly Peter Josef Franz Dautzenberg ) in 1807 . He had the buildings repaired in 1814/15 at a cost of 15,000 Reichstalers and rented them to the Prussian government, which used them as the first government building in Cologne. From this the property was acquired on July 18, 1817 at a price of 20,000 Reichstalers.
The government had new conversions carried out, mainly concerning the future apartment of the president, for which the architect Hermann Weyer and then Bierchler submitted plans in June 1825 . However, because of too many inadequacies in the new building project, the government building councilor Schauß advised against carrying it out. The new government building was then carried out in Zeughausstrasse and after its completion in 1833 the main building of the Montanum high school was sold and demolished.
literature
- Franz Joseph von Bianco: The old University of Cologne and the later scholarly schools of this city , Bd. I / 1, Cologne: JM Heberle / H. Lempertz 1855 ( Google Books )
- Erich Kuphal , Der Dom zu Köln , commemorative publication to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its completion on October 15, 1880. Publishing house of the Cologne History Association. Cologne 1930
- Johann Christian Nattermann: The golden saints , history of the St. Gereon monastery in Cologne. Verlag Der Löwe, Cologne 1960. Publisher number: 33 / III / 60
- Hermann Keussen , Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages. in 2 volumes. Cologne 1910. Reprint: Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-7560-9 and ISBN 3-7700-7561-7 .
- Ludwig Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts : Paul Clemen (Hrsg.): Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , Volume II, Extension Volume The Former Churches, Monasteries, ISBN 3-7700-7561-7 and ISBN 978-3-7700-7561 -4
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Ludwig Arentz, H. Neu and Hans Vogts : Paul Clemen (ed.): Die Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Köln , p. 386 f
- ^ Goswin Frenken, The Cologne Cathedral School in the Middle Ages . In: Der Dom zu Köln , Festschrift to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its completion on October 15, 1880. Edited and edited by Erich Kuphal. P. 235 ff
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Johann Christian Nattermann: The Golden Saints , History of the St. Gereon Abbey in Cologne. P. 287 ff
- ↑ a b c d e Hermann Keussen: Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Volume II, Niederich District “Stolkgasse I”, p. 151 ff
- ↑ Friedrich Lauchert : Terstegen de Monte, Gerhard . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 54, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1908, p. 681 f.
- ^ Hermann Keussen, Topography of the City of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Vol. I, p. 139
- ↑ Cf. Frank Rexroth, How do you socialize a university? The opening celebrations of the medieval German universities and the founding of the University of Erfurt (April 28, 1392), in: Reports on the History of Science 21, 1998, pp. 19–33, here pp. 23f.
- ↑ Rexroth, How do you socialize a university? (see note 7) p. 22.
- ^ A b c Hermann Keussen, Die Dompfründen of the Cologne University . In: Der Dom zu Köln , Festschrift to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its completion on October 15, 1880. Edited and edited by Erich Kuphal. P. 184 ff