Original level
The extensive geometric leveling of the trigonometric department of the Royal Prussian Land Survey in the years 1868 to 1894 is referred to as the original leveling , which was later also used in other countries of the German Empire such as Baden, Bavaria, Mecklenburg, Saxony and Württemberg to connect the leveling to the reference horizon of the normal high point created in Berlin for the Kingdom of Prussia in 1879 . The first attempts in 1867 were still unsatisfactory, so that the surveyors (levelers) who carried out the work were dismissed because of the poor results.
Especially under the direction of Oskar Schreiber , who had gained his own experience with leveling between Madgeburg and Braunschweig, the precision leveling was improved organizationally and technically and delivered satisfactory results as early as 1868.
starting point
Through special measurements in the years 1875 and 1876, normal zero (NN) was brought into relation to the Amsterdam level and established as the Prussian state horizon through the normal high point in 1879 at the former observatory in Berlin.
Leveling (classification and procedure)
In the leveling of the Trigonometric Department of the Royal Prussian Landing Record from 1868, the categories main level and signal level must be strictly separated with a view to accuracy .
calculation
The calculation and adjustment took place in subnetworks.
Documentation and publication
The results of the work were carefully and comprehensively documented. The results have been published in a total of eight volumes in line with work progress. Volumes 1 to 3 are titled "Levellements and Height Determinations of the First and Second Order Points", while Volumes 4 to 8 are titled "Levels of the Trigonometric Department of the Land Survey". The first volume was published in 1870 and the last in 1894.
In addition to the height figures of all fixed points determined by leveling, these volumes contain detailed descriptions of the method of measurement, the adjustment and error calculation, the origin of normal zero and other information. While the published elevation figures soon became outdated, the explanations mostly scattered in the text retain their value as documentation of the development of the geometric leveling during this long period.
These volumes were too bulky and expensive for practical use by technicians and engineers. A first attempt to meet the requirements of practice was made by the six unofficial booklets edited by the "Bureau des Zentralirektorium der Vermessungen" and published as "Excerpts from the leveling of the trigonometric department of the regional survey" in the years 1886 to 1889. During this period, however, there are also extensive changes due to the insertion of height marks and wall bolts on lines that have already been measured. The supplements published in quick succession are increasingly confusing and the size of the individual issue was too large due to the selected area delimitation.
Therefore, after the completion of the entire network, the Trigonometric Department published the results in thirteen handy booklets with the title "The Leveling Results of the Trigonometric Department of the Royal Prussian Land Record". The first twelve issues appeared in the years 1896 to 1898, issue 13 in 1900.
Each of the first twelve issues covers the area of a Prussian province as well as the non-Prussian parts of the country touched by the leveling network. Issue 13 contains Alsace-Lorraine and connecting lines through the Bavarian Palatinate, Baden and Württemberg. Preliminary remarks provide information on how to understand the technical content of each issue. This form of publication of booklets as "leveling results" from 1896 onwards has proven its worth, so that supplements to the old volumes and extracts were no longer published.
Nevertheless, supplements to the booklets will also be required with individual work to restore the line sections and the new measurement of the leveling network ( DHHN12 ). This happened up to 1921 in particular because of the effects of the First World War .
Level control points
Originally from 1868 almost completely Nivellementspfeiler with cast-leveling number bolt (NB) led Nivellementnetz was from 1882 and the same in older lines only later by height marks stabilized in solid buildings permanently.
The granite pillars with numbered bolts were approx. 2 km apart, while the elevation marks on buildings that were only used from 1882 on were installed at a distance of 10 km.
Nivellements border post
At the then border of the Kingdom of Prussia , special leveling border posts were marketed.
The following table shows the almost 1000 kg heavy leveling border pillars, which served as markers for the height control point in the sense of a "border transfer point".
Map with all coordinates of the Nivellements boundary pillars: OSM
| No. | Description / name | comment | Geographical location | photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL-1 | (NL): Nieuweschans | Dutch Nivellements border post NL 8D026 (measured in 1876) on the Netherlands-Prussia border. The historically significant point (measurements to transfer the height of the Amsterdam level to the Prussian normal high point in 1879 ) is now inaccessible on the median of the Dutch motorway ( Rijksweg 7 ) after the road was expanded . |
53 ° 10 ′ 49 ″ N, 7 ° 13 ′ 38 ″ E |
_-_Bunde_(DE).jpg) |
| 1856 | (DE): Bunderneuland | Nivellements border post 1856 (year of measurement 1875) on the Prussia-Netherlands border. The point was moved to a nearby traffic island at the dispatch building at the end of 1938 because the road was widened and the customs houses were rebuilt. In 1954, the border post was removed and reworked into an underground fixture, which was introduced south of Dörpen in September 1956 . |
53 ° 10 ′ 50 "N, 7 ° 13 ′ 41" E | Point away. |
| 3601 | (DE): Reichenbach | Nivellements border post 3601 (year of measurement 1880) on the former Prussian-Saxony border. | 51 ° 8 ′ 7 ″ N, 14 ° 46 ′ 27 ″ E | Point is missing. |
| 3679 | (DE): Wainsdorf | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 3679 (year of measurement 1884) on the former Prussian-Saxony border. | 51 ° 24 ′ 14 "N, 13 ° 30 ′ 0" E |
 |
| 3712 | (DE): Gordemitz | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 3712 (measurement year 1883) on the former Prussian-Saxony border. | 51 ° 24 ′ 10 "N, 12 ° 31 ′ 50" E |
 |
| 3799 | (DE): Model joke | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 3799 (year of measurement 1884) on the former Prussian-Saxony border. The height control point was removed from its old location and is now about 50 m away as a curbstone at the parking lot of a private property (new storage space: coordinates: 51.386228 12.256760) |
51 ° 23 ′ 10 ″ N, 12 ° 15 ′ 22 ″ E |
 |
| 3825 | (DE): Döhlen | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 3825 (year of measurement 1884) on the former Prussian-Saxony border. | 51 ° 17 ′ 11 "N, 12 ° 11 ′ 26" E |
 |
| 4420 | (PL): Wilhelmsbrück | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 4420 (year of measurement 1879) on the former Prussia-Russia border. (pol. Wieruszów ) | 51 ° 17 ′ 51 ″ N, 18 ° 8 ′ 37 ″ E |
|
| 4711 | (PL): Slupna | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 4711 (year of measurement 1879) on the former Prussia-Austria-Russia border. (pol. Słupna) Point possibly present on the disused railway line? |
50 ° 13 ′ 46 ″ N, 19 ° 9 ′ 19 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 4720 | (PL): Zabrzeg | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 4720 (measurement year 1879) on the former Prussia-Austria border. (pol. Bieruń Nowy ) | 50 ° 3 ′ 55 ″ N, 19 ° 11 ′ 30 ″ E | Point is missing. |
| 4801 | (PL): Liebau | Nivellements border post 4801 (measured in 1880) on the former Prussian-Austria border. | 50 ° 41 ′ 11 "N, 15 ° 59 ′ 0" E |
|
| 4862 | (PL): Schlaney | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 4862 (year of measurement 1880) on the former border Prussia-Austria (year of measurement 1880). (pol. Słone (Kudowa-Zdrój) ) Point possibly present in the old course of the road behind the rest area? |
50 ° 25 '50 "N, 16 ° 11' 50" E | not clarified! |
| 4884 | (PL): Bobischau | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 4884 (year of measurement 1880) on the former Prussian-Austria border. (pol. Boboszów ) | 50 ° 5 ′ 47 "N, 16 ° 42 ′ 17" E | Point is missing. |
| 5000 | (PL): Oderberg | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 5000 (year of measurement 1880) on the former Prussia-Austria border. better: Prussian Oderberg (pol. Chałupki (Krzyżanowice) ) | 49 ° 55 ′ 15 "N, 18 ° 19 ′ 32" E | Point is missing. |
| 5013 | (DE): Frensdorferhaar | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 5013 (year of measurement 1875) on the Prussia-Netherlands border. The point no longer exists. | 52 ° 24 '12 "N, 7 ° 2' 8" E | Point is missing. |
| 5870 | (DE): Elten | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 5870 (year of measurement 1875) on the Prussia-Netherlands border. | 51 ° 54 ′ 2 ″ N, 6 ° 8 ′ 1 ″ E |
|
| 5873 | (DE): Dammerbruch | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 5873 (year of measurement 1878) on the Prussia-Netherlands border. The height control point was properly removed from its old location by the former state survey office of North Rhine-Westphalia and has been on display for many years at the edge of the authorities' car park in Bonn-Bad Godesberg (new location: coordinates: 50.67548222 7.15816758). |
51 ° 24 ′ 3 ″ N, 6 ° 12 ′ 41 ″ E |
.jpg) |
| 5881 | (BE): Eupen | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 5881 (year of measurement 1878) on the former Prussian-Belgium border. | 50 ° 37 ′ 57 "N, 6 ° 0 ′ 34" E |
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| 6533 | (FR): Kiffis | Nivellements border post 6533 (measured in 1881) on the former Prussia-Switzerland border near Kiffis . | 47 ° 26 ′ 28 "N, 7 ° 19 ′ 39" E | Point present. |
| 6534 | (FR): St. Ludwig | Nivellements border post 6534 (measured in 1881) on the former Prussian-Swiss border near Saint-Louis (Haut-Rhin) . | 47 ° 34 ′ 38 "N, 7 ° 34 ′ 19" E | not clarified! |
| 6565 | (DE): Bald | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 6565 (measurement year 1881) on the former border Prussia- Bavaria . | 50 ° 5 ′ 37 "N, 8 ° 59 ′ 55" E | not clarified! |
| 6620 | (DE): Bretten | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 6620 (year of measurement 1881) on the former Prussia- Württemberg border . | 49 ° 1 ′ 34 "N, 8 ° 43 ′ 57" E | not clarified! |
| 6649 | (DE): Alexanderschanze | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 6649 (measurement year 1881) on the former border Prussia- Württemberg . | 48 ° 28 ′ 45 ″ N, 8 ° 16 ′ 30 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 6950 | (DE): Obersiemau | Nivellements border post 6950 (year of measurement 1885) on the former Prussian-Bavaria border. | 50 ° 11 ′ 9 ″ N, 11 ° 0 ′ 6 ″ E | Point present. |
| 7034 | (FR): Alt-Breisach | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7034 (year of measurement 1881) on the former border between Prussia and Baden . | 48 ° 1 ′ 30 ″ N, 7 ° 34 ′ 30 ″ E | Point present. |
| 7035 | (FR): Eichwald | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7035 (measurement year 1881) on the former Prussia- Baden border . | 47 ° 49 ′ 6 ″ N, 7 ° 32 ′ 31 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 7036 | (FR): Hüningen | Nivellements border post 7036 (measured in 1881) on the former Prussian- Baden border near Huningue . | 47 ° 35 ′ 30 "N, 7 ° 35 ′ 16" E | not clarified! |
| 7044 | (PL): Peterwitz | Nivellements border post 7044 (measured in 1882) on the former Prussian-Austria border. (pol. Pietrowice) | 50 ° 7 ′ 1 ″ N, 17 ° 41 ′ 38 ″ E | Point is missing. |
| 7368 | (PL): Ottlotschin | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7368 (year of measurement 1885) on the former Prussia-Russia border. (Polish: Ottłoczin) At that time at the foot of the embankment in front of the gatekeeper's house no. 228, 400 m from the Russian border. |
52 ° 54 ′ 3 ″ N, 18 ° 41 ′ 23 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 7381 | (LT): Gluttonous | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7381 (year of measurement 1888) on the former Prussia-Russia border. (lit. Nemirseta ) At that time 175 m north of the secondary customs office to Nimmersatt and 29 m from the border. |
55 ° 53 '34 "N, 21 ° 3' 42" E | not clarified! |
| 7596 | (PL): Napierken | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7596 (year of measurement 1887) on the former Prussia-Russia border. (Polish Napierki) | 53 ° 13 ′ 19 ″ N, 20 ° 25 ′ 25 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 7874 | (LT): Laugszargen | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7874 (year of measurement 1888) on the former Prussia-Russia border. ( lit.Lauksargiai ) | 55 ° 13 ′ 8 ″ N, 22 ° 11 ′ 4 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 7945 | (RU): Eydtkuhnen | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 7945 (year of measurement 1888) on the former Prussian-Russia border. (Russian Tschernyschewskoje ) At that time on the street side of the secondary customs office I in Eydtkuhnen, in front of the east corner. |
54 ° 38 ′ 27 "N, 22 ° 44 ′ 39" E | not clarified! |
| 8102 | (PL): Prostken | Nivellements border post 8102 on the former Prussian-Russia border (measured in 1888). (Polish Prostki ) | 53 ° 41 ′ 25 "N, 22 ° 26 ′ 51" E | not clarified! |
| 8588 | (DK): Raahede | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 8588 (year of measurement 1889) on the former Prussian-Denmark border. (Danish Hviding). | 55 ° 16 '37 "N, 8 ° 43' 48" E |
 |
| 8609 | (DK): Taarning | Nivellements-Grenzpfeiler 8609 (year of measurement 1889) on the former Prussian-Denmark border. The point is north of Christiansfeld ). |
55 ° 22 ′ 43 "N, 9 ° 28 ′ 52" E |
 |
| 8632 | (DK): Foldingbro | Nivellements border post 8632 (year of measurement 1889) on the former Prussian-Denmark border. | 55 ° 26 ′ 21 ″ N, 8 ° 59 ′ 47 ″ E | Point present. |
| 8647 | (FR): Altmünsterol | Nivellements border post 8647 (measured in 1891) on the former Prussia-France border near Altmünsterol . | 47 ° 36 ′ 36 ″ N, 7 ° 0 ′ 30 ″ E | not clarified! |
| 8652 | (FR): Avricourt | Nivellements border post 8652 (year of measurement 1891) on the former Prussian-France border near Avricourt_ (Moselle) . | 48 ° 38 ′ 51 "N, 6 ° 48 ′ 21" E | Point present. |
| 8661 | (FR): Novéaut | Nivellements border post 8661 (year of measurement 1891) on the former Prussian-France border near Novéant-sur-Moselle . | 49 ° 0 ′ 53 "N, 6 ° 2 ′ 37" E | not clarified! |
| 8690 | (BE): Maldingen | Nivellements border post 8690 (measured in 1892) on the former Prussian-Belgium border near Maldingen . | 50 ° 13 ′ 35 "N, 6 ° 0 ′ 46" E | not clarified! |
Main Provincial Points
A certain fixed point in the area of each booklet of the "leveling results" was considered the provincial main point , which represented an essential mark for the reference horizon. The provincial main points are usually secured by being connected to several nodes in a small local loop and serve as a fundamental control point for all height control points in the Prussian province . The normal high point of 1879 is also the main provincial point for the area of the Province of Brandenburg.
The following table shows the current or historical views of the buildings that served as markers for the height mark of the Provincial main point. Many of these points are still used today, after almost 150 years, with heights above sea level that have been updated in the meantime, as height control points .
Map with all coordinates of the main provincial points: OSM
| notebook | Description / name | comment | Geographical location | photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Königsberg (Prussia) | Königsberg (today: Kaliningrad in Russia), Haberberger Church , tower, height mark. The church and the height mark are destroyed (1944 due to the effects of the war, remains of the church demolished around 1960) | 54 ° 41 ′ 47 "N, 20 ° 30 ′ 7" E |
 |
| 02 | Danzig | Danzig (today: Gdansk in Poland), St. Mary's Church , tower, height mark. The height mark is available. | 54 ° 21 ′ 0 ″ N, 18 ° 39 ′ 8 ″ E |
 |
| 03 | Szczecin | Szczecin (today: Szczecin in Poland), Royal Castle , clock tower, height mark. | 53 ° 25 ′ 34 "N, 14 ° 33 ′ 37" E |
.jpg) |
| 04 | Schleswig | Schleswig, Gottorf Castle , south side, elevation mark. The height mark is available. | 54 ° 30 ′ 42 "N, 9 ° 32 ′ 29" E |
 |
| 05 | Wroclaw | Breslau (today: Wrocław in Poland), Elisabeth Church, tower, height mark. | 51 ° 6 ′ 41 "N, 17 ° 1 ′ 47" E |
 |
| 06 | Poses | Posen (today: Poznań in Poland), Paulikirche , buttress of the southwest corner, height mark. The height mark is available. | 52 ° 24 '33 "N, 16 ° 55' 14" E |
 |
| 07 | Berlin | Berlin, observatory , normal high point 1879 . The observatory and the normal high point are destroyed (demolished in 1913). | 52 ° 30 '12 "N, 13 ° 23' 35" E |
 |
| 08 | Magdeburg | Magedeburg, cathedral , north tower, west side, elevation mark. The height mark is available. | 52 ° 7 ′ 30 "N, 11 ° 38 ′ 2" E |
.jpg) |
| 09 | Hanover | Hanover, Aegidienkirche , tower, height mark. The height mark is available. | 52 ° 22 ′ 10 "N, 9 ° 44 ′ 20" E |
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| 10 | Hamm | Hamm, Great Evangelical Church , tower, west side, height mark. The height mark is destroyed (tower masonry renovated). | 51 ° 40 ′ 53 "N, 7 ° 49 ′ 9" E |
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| 11 | kassel | Kassel, government building, west side, height mark. The government building and the height mark are destroyed (1943 by war). | 51 ° 18 ′ 49 ″ N, 9 ° 30 ′ 9 ″ E |
 |
| 12 | Cologne | Cologne, cathedral , southern part of the transept, west side, elevation mark. The height mark is available. | 50 ° 56 ′ 27 "N, 6 ° 57 ′ 29" E |
 |
| 13 | Strasbourg | Strasbourg, Münster , main portal, north side, elevation mark. The height mark is available. | 48 ° 34 ′ 54 "N, 7 ° 45 ′ 1" E |
 |
See also
literature
- Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany. 2nd Edition. De Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-020719-4 .
Web links
- Trigonometric division: The leveling results of the trigonometric division of the royal. Prussian land survey . Issue 1 - Province of East Prussia, 1896, doi : 10.14463 / GBV: 884739201 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Leveling and determining the height of the first and second order points, Volume 1, Berlin 1870 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ Fritz Berndt: Results of the fine weighing Vorheft, Berlin 1930, p. 62
- ↑ Trigonometric section: The leveling results of the trigonometric section of the royal. Prussian land survey . Issue 7 - Province of Brandenburg, 1897, doi : 10.14463 / GBV: 884745414 .