VETAMIN D
VETAMIN D is an acronym used primarily in animal neurology to classify diseases into eight etiological groups. The acronym was inspired by veterinary and vitamin D . A distinction V askuläre diseases E ntzündungen, T raumatische disease, A nomalien, M etabolisch-toxic diseases, I diopathische diseases, N eoplasien and D egenerative diseases. In principle, the acronym can also be used for other organ diseases.
From the large number of neurological diseases, only the more common ones will be presented below.
Vascular diseases
Vascular diseases ( lat. Vas = blood vessel ) are all neurological diseases caused by vascular diseases such as vascular malformations , bleeding , infarctions or ischemia . With the exception of infarcts of the spinal cord , they are relatively rare in animals .
| More common vascular neurological disorders in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Ischemic myopathy | v. a. cat | Thrombosis of the aorta with paraplegia of the hind limbs |
| Fibro-cartilaginous embolism | v. a. dog | Infarction of the spinal cord through disc material |
Inflammation
Inflammations with neurological disease patterns can be caused either by infectious ( prions , viruses , bacteria , fungi , protozoa , parasites ) or by pathological immunological processes. Some of them are now rare in Europe due to consistent animal disease control and / or vaccinations . B. Rabies , Classical Swine Fever . Some diseases do not specifically affect the nervous system (e.g. feline infectious peritonitis , cat disease ), but have a so-called "nervous form".
| More common inflammatory neurological disorders in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Neurological diseases caused by prions and viruses | ||
| rabies | all pets | Zoonosis , notifiable , vaccination v. a. in dogs and cats |
| Aujeszky's disease | all pets, main host pigs |
|
| distemper | dog | Vaccination possible |
| Panleucopenia | cat | Syn .: cat disease, vaccination possible |
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis | cat | |
| EHV-1 infection | horse | nervous form ( paralytic syndrome ) rare |
| Borna's disease | Horse, sheep | |
| BSE | Beef | Notifiable , transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
| Scrapie (scrapie) | sheep | Notifiable , transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
| Maedi-Visna | sheep | Visna is the central nervous form of this viral disease |
| Caprine arthritis encephalitis | goat | |
| Classic swine fever | pig | notifiable |
| Infectious pig paralysis | pig | notifiable , syn .: Teschener disease |
| Bacterial diseases | ||
| tetanus | v. a. horse | Zoonosis , vaccination possible (strictly speaking no inflammation, but intoxication of the CNS caused by tetanospasmin ) |
| botulism | all animal species | Toxin- related disease (strictly speaking not a really inflammatory disease, but rather a disease of the CNS caused by the botulinum toxin formed by Clostridium botulinum ) |
| meningitis | all animal species | various pathogens (including Borrelia burgdorferi ) |
| Listeriosis | v. a. sheep | Zoonosis |
| Protozoal diseases | ||
| Encephalitozoonosis | especially rabbits | Pathogen: Encephalitozoon cuniculi , zoonosis |
| Neosporosis | Main host dog | Pathogen: Neospora caninum , abortions in cattle |
| Parasitic diseases | ||
| Strongylosis | horse | Horse palisade worm (Strongylus vulgaris) |
| Parelaphostrongylosis | Sheep goat | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis |
| Coenurosis | sheep | Coenurus cerebralis , the fin of the quesen tapeworm |
| Other inflammations | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | v. a. dog | Autoimmune disease |
| Massive muscle myositis | dog | Autoimmune disease of the masticatory muscles |
| Granulomatous meningoencephalitis | dog | v. a. older dogs, predominantly affected by the brain stem |
| Canine Meningitis Arteritis | dog | reason unknown |
Traumatic illness
All neurological diseases caused by mechanical influences ( trauma ) that cause direct or indirect (e.g. traumatic bleeding, herniated disc) damage are classified here. The diseases usually occur acutely after exposure to external forces (traffic accident, falls).
| More common traumatic neurological disorders in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| traumatic brain injury | v. a. Dog Cat | Concussion , brain contusion, brain contusion |
| Spinal cord trauma | v. a. Dog Cat | |
| Brachial plexus avulsion | v. a. Dog Cat | |
| Crushed nerves | all animal species | v. a. Facial paralysis , radial paralysis , suprascapular paralysis , obturator paralysis |
Anomalies
By anomalies , so abnormalities before birth, neurological disorders can result of genetic defects or intrauterine infection of the fetus , leading to deformities occur.
| More common abnormal neurological disorders in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| deafness | v. a. dog | accumulated in certain races |
| Congenital vestibular syndrome | Dog Cat | |
| Hydrocephalus | v. a. Dog, cat, horse | |
| Atlanto-axial subluxation | dog | Malformation of the lower head joint , v. a. small breeds |
| Infections | v. a. ruminant | Bluetongue , BVD , Border Disease |
Metabolic-toxic diseases
Metabolic-toxic diseases are caused by metabolic disorders , endocrine disorders (over- or underproduction of hormones ), lack of nutrients, vitamins and trace elements .
| More common metabolic-toxic neurological diseases in domestic animals | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatoencephalopathy | v. a. dog | by portosystemic shunt , also described in older dogs with chronic liver disease |
| Hypothyroidism | v. a. dog | In the dog are u. a. Cranial nerve disorders, seizure disorders, and paresis of other peripheral nerves have been linked to hypothyroidism |
| Thiamine deficiency encephalopathies | Cat ( thiamine deficiency encephalopathy of cats ) ruminants ( cerebrocortical necrosis ) fur animals ( Chastek's paralysis ) |
|
| Polioencephalomalacia | ||
| Metabolic encephalopathy | ||
| Cross crate | horse | Syn. Paralytic myoglobinuria , lumbago |
| Enzootic ataxia | Sheep goat | Copper deficiency |
| Ketosis | Beef, sheep | |
Idiopathic diseases
Functional disorders without an identifiable cause are referred to as idiopathic diseases.
| More common idiopathic neurological disorders in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Facial paralysis | v. a. Dog Cat | Paralysis of the facial nerve can also be traumatic, inflammatory or metabolic |
| Polymyositis | v. a. Dog Cat | |
| epilepsy | v. a. Dog, cat, arab | |
| Laryngeal whistling | v. a. horse | One-sided paralysis of the larynx due to damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Vestibular syndrome | Dog, cat, horse | Disturbance of the organ of equilibrium |
Neoplasms
New formations ( neoplasia ), i.e. all tumor diseases, are classified in this complex . These can be tumors of the nerve cells, whereby glial cell tumors (gliomas) occur almost without exception in animals . A second group are tumors that originate from mesenchymal tissues.
| More common neoplastic neurological disorders in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Schwannoma neurofibroma | v. a. Dog Cat | |
| Paraneoplastic neuropathy | dog | |
| Chondrosarcoma | v. a. Dog Cat | v. a. Temporal bone chondrosarcomas |
| Plexus papilloma | Beef, dog | Papilloma of the choroid plexus |
| Cat malignant lymphoma | v. a. cat | if localized in the epidural space , caused by the virus |
| Reticulosis | ||
| Pituitary tumor | ||
| Meningioma | Dog Cat | most commonly diagnosed geriatric cat brain tumor, most common extraaxial canine brain tumor |
| Gliomas | v. a. diagnosed in the dog | this includes u. a. Astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas |
Degenerative diseases
In animals, degenerative diseases are usually caused by signs of wear and tear on the intervertebral discs or the spine , which lead to secondary damage to the spinal cord.
| More common degenerative neurological diseases in pets | ||
| illness | Occurrence | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| disc prolapse | v. a. dog | Predisposition of some breeds to weak cartilage tissue ( dachshund paralysis ) |
| Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis | v. a. dog | "Cauda Equina Syndrome" |
| Degenerative myelopathies | v. a. dog | only those of the older dogs are relatively common |
| Wobbler syndrome | Dog, horse | can also be caused by abnormality or nutritional disorder |
See also
Postural and positional reactions
literature
- KG Braund, CH Vite: Braund's Clinical Neurology in Small Animals. Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment (www.ivis.org, last updated Nov 24, 2006).
- André Jaggy: Atlas and textbook of small animal neurology . Schlütersche, Hannover 2005, ISBN 3-87706-739-5 .
- Michael D. Lorenz, Joe N. Kornegay: Handbook of Veterinary Neurology . 4th edition. Saunders, St. Louis MO 2004, ISBN 0-7216-8986-8 .
- Marc Vandevelde u. a .: Veterinary neurology. A guide for study and practice. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8263-3224-5 .