Vallisneria

Vallisneria
	Vallisneria americana
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family :	Frog bite family (Hydrocharitaceae)
Subfamily :	Hydrilloideae
Genre :	Vallisneria
Scientific name
	Vallisneria
	L.

Vallisneria , also called water screws , swamp screws and Germanized Vallisneria , is a genus of plants within the family of the frog-bite family(Hydrocharitaceae). The approximately 14 species thrive as submerged aquatic plants in freshwater or brackish water in the subtropics to the tropics almost worldwide. Vallisneria spiralis isan invasive plant in some subtropical and tropical areas, for example in Hawaii , New Zealand and also in Germany.

Description and auto-ecology

Illustration of the screw vallisneria ( Vallisneria spiralis ); The stolons at the base of the adult specimen are well represented

Illustration from Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States , p. 160 by Vallisneria americana

Appearance and leaves

Vallisneria species usually grow as perennial, rarely annual, herbaceous plants . The upright, short, unbranched shoot axes form roots in the water bed. Stocks are formed by rhizomes or stolons .

The submerged leaves are all basal or alternate, spiral or two-line distributed on the stem. The leaves consist of a leaf sheath and a leaf blade, but are always without a petiole. The simple leaf blades are linear or belt-shaped with a blade base that gradually merges into the leaf blade and a blunt to pointed upper end. There is a parallel vein with eight to nine leaf veins . The leaf margins are smooth or tiny serrated.

Inflorescences and flowers

Vallisneria species are dioeciously separated sexes ( diocesan ). The lateral, zymous inflorescences are unisexual and have a spathe , which is formed from two fused bracts. The male inflorescences stand on a short to very short inflorescence stem and contain many flowers arranged on a central column. The spathe of the male inflorescences is ovate or broadly lanceolate. The female inflorescences stand on a long inflorescence stem, are flooding and contain only one flower. In Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Central America there are some Vallisneria - populations in which the female inflorescences contain instead of just single flower to 30 flowers. The spathe of the male inflorescences is tubular with a two-column upper end.

The unisexual flowers are threefold with a double flower envelope . The three sepals are tiny, with two of the male flowers being larger than the third. The three transparent petals are longer than the sepals. The male flowers are released from the inflorescence and float to the surface of the water. The tiny male flowers contain three free stamens , three of which are fertile or one or two are reduced to staminodes . The anthers are spherical. The pollen grains are spread out as monads . The three free styluses each end in a two-column scar. Three carpels are one under constant, unilocular ovary deformed, the triangular-cylindrical or cylindrical narrow. There are many ovules . The pollination takes place in the water through the freely floating male flowers.

Fruits and seeds

After fertilization, the inflorescence shafts wind up like a screw and ensure that the ripening fruits are kept exactly below the surface of the water. The narrow cylindrical or narrow triangular-cylindrical fleshy and berry-like, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, toothed capsule fruits open in irregular parts and contain many seeds. The bare elongated or spindle-shaped seeds contain starch and a straight embryo with a cotyledon .

Vallisneria natans

Systematics and occurrence

Vallisneria species occur in the subtropics to the tropics almost worldwide.

The genus Vallisneria was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 1015. The type species is Vallisneria spiralis L. The generic name Vallisneria honors the Italian doctor, naturalist and botanist Antonio Vallisneri (1661–1730). Synonyms for Vallisneria L. are: Maidenia Rendle , Physkium Lour.

The genus Vallisneria belongs to the subfamily Hydrilloideae within the family Hydrocharitaceae .

There are around 14 (as of 2018) (8 to 26) Vallisneria species:

Vallisneria americana Michx. (Syn .: Vallisneria spiralis var. Americana (Michx.) Torr. , Vallisneria neotropicalis Vict. ): It occurs in large parts of North America from Canada to Mexico and in Central America, in Colombia and on the Caribbean islands.
Vallisneria anhuiensis X.S.Shen : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Anhui .
Vallisneria annua S.WLJacobs & KAFrank : This annual species isnative tonorthern and central Australia .
Giant Vallisneria ( Vallisneria australis S.WLJacobs & Les , Syn .: Vallisneria spiralis var. Procera Rodway ): It occurs in the Australian states of New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria , South Australia , Western Australia and Tasmania .
Vallisneria caulescens F.M.Bailey & F.Muell. : It occurs in northern Australia.
Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino) Makino : It occurs in running and standing waters in southern and eastern China and on the Japanese island of Honshū .
Vallisneria erecta S.WLJacobs : It is only found in northeastern Queensland.
Vallisneria longipedunculata X.S.Shen : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Anhui.
Narrow-leaved Vallisnerie , Dwarf Vallisnerie or Giant Vallisnerie ( Vallisneria nana R.Br. , Vallisneria gracilis F.M.Bailey , Vallisneria gigantea Graebn. ): It occurs from the Philippines via Australia to New Caledonia .

Vallisneria natans

Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H.Hara (Syn .: Physkium natans Lour. , Vallisneria physkium Juss. Ex Spreng. Nom. Illeg., Vallisneria spiraloides Roxb. , Vallisneria minor Ito , Vallisneria spiralis f. Minor (Ito) Makino , Vallisneria spiralis var. subulispatha Makino , Vallisneria asiatica Miki , Vallisneria asiatica var. biwaensis Miki , Vallisneria asiatica var. higoensis Miki , vallisneria subulispatha (Makino) Koidz. , vallisneria biwaensis (Miki) Ohwi , vallisneria higoensis (Miki) Ohwi , Vallisneria gigantea var. higoensis (Miki) Kitam. , Vallisneria natans var. biwaensis (Miki) H.Hara , Vallisneria natans var. higoensis (Miki) H.Hara , Vallisneria americana var. biwaensis (Miki) Lowden ): It is widespread in Asia and comes in Iraq, India, Nepal, Assam, Vietnam, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, the Nansei Islands and Russia's Far East.
Vallisneria rubra (Rendle) Les & SWLJacobs : It was first described in 2008 and has so far only been found in northwestern Australia.
Vallisneria spinulosa S.Z.Yan : It occurs in still waters only in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi , Hubei , Hunan and Jiangsu and in southern Korea.
Ordinary water screw ( Vallisneria spiralis L. ), Syn .: Vallisneria jacquinii Savi , Vallisneria michelii Savi , Vallisneria linnet Bercht. & J.Presl , Vallisneria jacquiniana Spreng. , Vallisneria micheliana Spreng. , Vallisneria pusilla Barbieri ex Bertol. , Vallisneria aethiopica Fenzl , Vallisneria numidica Pomel , Vallisneria spiralis subvar. jacquinii (Savi) Nyman , Vallisneria spiralis subvar. michelii (Savi) Nyman , Vallisneria spiralis var. pusilla (Barbieri ex Bertol.) Nyman , Vallisneria spiralis f. aethiopica (Fenzl) T.Durand & Schinz , Vallisneria spiralis var. numidica (Pomel) Maire & Weiller : It is widespread in Eurasia and is also found in southern Africa.

Vallisneria triptera S.WLJacobs & KAFrank : It only occurs in northern Australia.

The common names of the species are characterized by many trade names and diversity and confusion. One example is Giant Vallisneria, which it makes sense to no longer use, as it is / was used for Vallisneria australis and Vallisneria gigantea , which is now only a synonym for Vallisneria nana .

use

For example, the screw vallisneria ( Vallisneria spiralis ), the American water screw ( Vallisneria americana ) and Vallisneria nana are cultivated as plants in ponds and aquariums . There are also some selection forms with deviations in the leaf color that are used as aquarium plants.

swell

Robert R. Haynes: Hydrocharitaceae. : Vallisneria - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 . (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)
Qingfeng Wang, Youhao Guo, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Hydrocharitaceae. : Vallisneria. P. 99 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 23 - Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 . (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)
Abdul Ghafoor :: Vallisneria. In: Flora of Pakistan . (Section description)
HR Coleman: Vallisneria. In: Western Australian Flora . 2008. (section description)
SWL Jacobs et al .: Entry on New South Wales Flora Online. (Section description)
Donald H. Les, Surrey WL Jacobs, Nicholas P. Tippery, Lei Chen, Michael L. Moody, Maike Wilstermann-Hildebrand: Systematics of Vallisneria (Hydrocharitaceae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 33, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 49-65. doi: 10.1600 / 036364408783887483 (section systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Robert R. Haynes: Hydrocharitaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 : Vallisneria - online with the same text as the printed work.
^ Entry at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. = PIER . Retrieved January 30, 2013
^ Vallisneria. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved January 30, 2013
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Qingfeng Wang, Youhao Guo, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Hydrocharitaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 : Vallisneria , p. 99 - online with the same text as the printed work.
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e HR Coleman: Vallisneria. In: Western Australian Flora , 2008.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e SWL Jacobs u. a .: Entry on New South Wales Flora Online.
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Vallisneria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Retrieved January 30, 2013
^ ^A ^b Vallisneria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 30, 2013
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Vallisneria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 20, 2018.
↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , pp. 431-436 and 470.
↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 912 .
^ Christel Kasselmann : Vallisneria. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. 2 volumes. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , p. 966 f.

Web links

Commons : Vallisneria - collection of images, videos and audio files

Datasheet: genus Vallisneria - water screws

[FoNA-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Robert R. Haynes: Hydrocharitaceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 : Vallisneria - online with the same text as the printed work.

[PIER-2] Entry at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. = PIER . Retrieved January 30, 2013

[FloraWeb-3] Vallisneria. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved January 30, 2013

[FoC-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Qingfeng Wang, Youhao Guo, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Hydrocharitaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 : Vallisneria , p. 99 - online with the same text as the printed work.

[WAF-5] A ^b ^c ^d ^e HR Coleman: Vallisneria. In: Western Australian Flora , 2008.

[NSWFo-6] SWL Jacobs u. a .: Entry on New South Wales Flora Online.

[biodiversitylibrary-7] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-8] Vallisneria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Retrieved January 30, 2013

[GRIN-9] A ^b Vallisneria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 30, 2013

[WCSP-10] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Vallisneria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 20, 2018.

[11] Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd, revised and expanded edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , pp. 431-436 and 470.

[Botanica2003-12] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 912 .

[Schaefer2004-13] Christel Kasselmann : Vallisneria. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. 2 volumes. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , p. 966 f.