Verbena plants

Verbena plants
	Verbena ( Verbena officinalis ), illustration
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Mint family (Lamiales)
Family :	Verbena plants
Scientific name
	Verbenaceae
	J.St.-Hil.

The verbena family (Verbenaceae) are a family of plants belonging to the order of the mint family (Lamiales). Some species and their varieties are used as ornamental trees in parks, gardens and as bedding and balcony plants. There are also some medicinal plants .

description

Tribus Duranteae: Illustration from Botanisk tidsskrift , 1873 by Bouchea pseudochascanum

Flower diagram of Verbena officinalis

Tribus Petreeae: Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , No. 628 by Petrea volubilis

Tribus Duranteae: leaves and fruits of Duranta erecta

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly herbaceous or woody plants that grow as shrubs , more rarely trees or lianas . The often square or stem -round stems have a different indument depending on the type . The shoot axes are unreinforced or sometimes there are spikes or thorns.

The mostly opposite, rarely arranged in whorls or bundles of leaves are petiolate or sessile. The leaf blades are usually simple or three-part, rarely composed. The leaf margins are smooth, serrated, notched, lobed or cut out. Sometimes the leaves are reduced to scales or spines. There are no stipules.

Generative characteristics

In the lateral and / or terminal, simple or compound, in most species racemose , less often spiked , capricious or zymous inflorescences are the flowers or close together. Most are bracts present, they can be decorative or inconspicuous.

The mostly hermaphroditic flowers are small to medium-sized, zygomorphic (rarely radial symmetry ) and have a double flower envelope (perianth). They have (four to) five (to eight) fused sepals and (four to) five (to eight) fused petals . There is only one stamen circle ; the (two to) four (to five) stamens are fused with the corolla. Usually two carpels are a top permanent ovary grown (synkarp).

Flower formula : ${\ displaystyle \ downarrow K _ {(5)} \; [C _ {(5)} \; A_ {5-2}] \; G _ {\ underline {(2)}}}$

There are stone fruits or fruit capsules formed.

ingredients

Resin glands are present on stem axes, foliage leaves, bracts, sepals or petals.

The types of verbena family contain essential oil .

ecology

Many species are pollinated by insects ( entomophile ).

Systematics and distribution

The Verbenaceae family was listed in 1805 by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire in Exposition des Familles Naturelles , 1, p. 245. Type genus is Verbena L. Synonyms for Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil. are Durantaceae J.Agardh and Petreaceae J.Agardh .

Tribe Verbeneae: flowers of Glandularia bipinnatifida

The areas are in the temperate latitudes , the subtropics and the tropics . They are widespread in the moderate latitudes, with a focus on biodiversity in the tropics. They are absent in central and northern Eurasia .

Insights into the phylogenesis of the order Lamiales obtained with molecular phylogenetic methods have narrowed the scope of the Verbenaceae family. Before that, genera were also included that are today counted among the families of the mint family (Lamiaceae) and the acanthus family (Acanthaceae). The family contains 30 to 35 genera and about 1200 species (as on the AP website ). For example, the genus Verbena was divided into three genres: Verbena s. str., Glandularia and Junellia and in 2009 eleven species from Junellia were placed in the new genus Mulguraea .

According to O'Leary et al. 2009, Marx et al. 2010, Thode et al. 2013, Lu - Irving et al. In 2014 the Verbenaceae family is divided into seven tribes:

The Verbenaceae family contains 30 to 35 genera with about 831 species:

Tribus Citharexyleae: habit of Citharexylum spinosum

Tribe Duranteae: Stachytarpheta glauca

Tribe Lantaneae: inflorescence of a variety of Lantana ( Lantana camara )

Tribus Petreeae: Petrea volubilis

Tribus Priveae: inflorescence of Priva cordifolia

Tribe Verbeneae: Mulguraea ligustrina

incertae sedis: branches of Rhaphithamnus spinosus with leaves and flowers

Tribus Casselieae (Schauer) Troncoso : It contains three genera with around 14 species:
- Casselia Nees & Mart. : The seven or so species are distributed in tropical South America (Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay).
- Parodianthus Tronc. : The only two species occur only in Argentina.
- Tamonea Aubl. : The six or so species are common in the Neotropic.
Tribe Citharexyleae Briq. : It contains three genera with about 134 species:
- Baillonia Bocq. : It contains only one type:
  - Baillonia amabilis Bocq. ex Baill. : It occurs from Bolivia to the Argentine province of Formosa .
- Citharexylum L .: They are shrubs or trees. The 70 to 130 species are common in the Neotropic, for example:
  - Citharexylum spinosum L .: It is sometimes used as an ornamental plant.
- Rehdera Moldenke : The two to three species are distributed from Mexico to Central America.
Tribe Duranteae Benth. : It contains five genera with up to 189 species:
- Bouchea Cham. (Syn .: Lomake Raf. ): The 10 to 17 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
- Chascanum E. Mey. : The 20 to 31 species are distributed in the Old World from tropical to southern Africa, in Madagascar and the Arabian Peninsula to the Indian subcontinent.
- Duranta L .: They are evergreen shrubs and trees. The 20 to 30 species are common in the Neotropic.
- Recordia Moldenke (Syn .: Verbenoxylum Tronc. ): Since 2013 it contains only two species:
  - Recordia boliviana Moldenke : It occurs only in the east-central Bolivia.
  - Recordia reitzii (Moldenke) Thode & O'Leary (Syn .: Verbenoxylum reitzii (Moldenke) Tronc. ): It occurs only in the southern Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul .
- Stachytarpheta Vahl (Syn .: Ubochea Baill. ): The 60 to 130 species grow as herbaceous plants and shrubs and are common in the Neotropic. Some species are invasive plants in tropical areas.
Tribe Lantaneae Endler : The extent of the genera is controversial and the number of species is hardly recorded; about five genera with about 269 are assumed:
- Lemon bushes ( Aloysia Palau ): The 36 to 43 species are common in subtropical to tropical areas of the New World , for example:
  - Lemon bush ( Aloysia citrodora Palau , Syn .: Lippia triphylla Kuntze , Aloysia triphylla Britton nom. Superfl., Aloysia sleumeri Moldenke ): It originates from southern Bolivia to northwestern Argentina. The leaves smell strongly of lemon and it is used as a tea and medicinal plant.
- Convertible rose ( Lantana L. , Syn .: Camara Adans. , Charachera Forssk. , Riedelia Cham. , Tamonopsis Griseb. , Xeralis Raf. ): The 100 to 150 species are widespread in the Neotropics and from Africa to Thailand. Many species of a few species are often cultivated; with discoloring petals.
- Lippia L .: The 125 to 174 species are widespread in tropical and southern Africa as well as in the Neotropics, including, for example:
  - Aztec sweet herb ( Lippia dulcis Trevir. , Syn .: Phyla scaberrima Moldenke ): The use as a sweetener is harmful in the long run due to the high camphor content.
  - Lippia magentea T.RSSilva
  - Mexican oregano ( Lippia origanoides Kunth )
- Nashia Millsp. : Of the seven species, five occur only in Cuba, one only in the Bahamas and one only in Haiti.
- Sweet herbs ( Phyla Lour. ): The approximately 5 to 15 creeping or at least broadly growing herbaceous to semi-shrubby plants mostly come from the Neotropic, one species is also said to be native to Asia, but perhaps belongs to Lippia . This subheading includes, for example:
  - Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene : It occurs in the tropics and subtropics. It can be used as a lawn substitute in humid tropical to not too frosty regions. In Central Europe, their use is limited to locations that are mild in winter.
- Xeroaloysia Tronc. : It contains only one type:
  - Xeroaloysia ovatifolia (Moldenke) Tronc. : It occurs only in northwest Argentina.
Tribus Neospartoneae Olmstead & O'Leary : It was set up in 2010 and contains two to three genera with up to seven species:
- Lampayo F. Phil . ex Murillo (Syn .: Lampaya Phil. orth. var.): The only two to three species are distributed from Bolivia and Chile to north-western Argentina.
- Neosparton Griseb. : The only four species are common in southern South America (in temperate areas in Argentina).
Tribus Petreeae Briq. : It contains two genera with 12 to 13 species:
- Purple wreaths ( Petrea L. ): There are climbing plants, shrubs and small trees. The 11 to 12 species are common in the Neotropic.
- Xolocotzia Miranda : it contains only one species:
  - Xolocotzia asperifolia Miranda : It is distributed from the Mexican state of Chiapas to Honduras .
Tribe Priveae Briq. : It contains only two genera with about 21 species:
- Pitraea Turcz. : It contains only one type:
  - Pitraea cuneatoovata (Cav.) Caro : It is distributed from Peru and Bolivia to central Chile and from southeastern Brazil to northern Argentina.
- Priva Adans. : The 20 or so species are found in tropical and southern Africa, Asia and the Neotropics.
Tribe Verbeneae Dumort. : It contains five genera with about 177 species:
- Glandularia J.F. Gmel. (Syn .: Billardiera Moench nom. Illeg., Helleranthus Small , Shuttleworthia Meisn. , Uwarowia Bunge , Verbenella Spach ): It wasspun offfrom Verbena sl. The 70 to 84 species are widespread in the New World in temperate to subtropical areas.
- Hierobotana Briq. : It contains only one type:
  - Hierobotana inflata (Kunth) Briq. : It is common in western South America from Ecuador and Colombia to Peru.
- Junellia Moldenke (Syn .: Urbania Phil. , Thryothamnus Phil. Nom. Rej., Monopyrena Speg. Nom. Rej.): She became from Verbena s. l. outsourced and contains about 37 species as of 2009. It is distributed from western and southern South America to Patagonia and to the Falkland Islands .
- Mulguraea N.O'Leary & P.Peralta : This genus wasestablished in 2009with about eleven species thatwere spun offfrom Junellia . It is distributed from Peru and Argentina to southern South America.
- Verbena or iron herbs ( Verbena L. s. Str., Syn .: Aubletia Le Monn. Ex Rozier , Burseria Loefl. , Obletia Rozier , Patya Neck. , Stylodon Raf. , Styleurodon Raf. ): It only contains 44 to 74, it used to contain up to 250 species. These include several species whose varieties are used as ornamental plants. Most of the species are common in the New World, only one species is originally native to Central Europe.
incertae sedis = uncertain systematic position within the Verbeneae family:
- Coelocarpum Balf. f. : The five to seven species occur in northeastern tropical Africa, Madagascar on Socotra and on islands in the western Indian Ocean.
- Dipyrena Hook. (Syn .: Diostea Miers , Wilsonia Hook. Nom. Illeg.): Only one to four species are common in the temperate, southern South America.
- Rhaphithamnus Miers : The only two thorny evergreen shrub species come from temperate South America (Chile, Juan Fernández Islands , western Argentina).

swell

The Verbenaceae family on the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
Dissertation by Ursula von Mulert: Phylogeny of the Verbenaceae: Cladistic investigations with morphological and chemical features. , 2001. With a wide range of information on taxonomy and descriptions of the most important genera and analysis of the characteristics. (PDF file; 7.8 MB)
Flavio França, Sandy Atkins, 2009: Neotropical Verbenaceae at Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics . (Sections Description and Systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Flavio França, Sandy Atkins, 2009: Neotropical Verbenaceae at Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics .
↑ Verbenaceae on the AP website. (engl.)
↑ ^a ^b Richard Glenn Olmstead et al .: A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales. : Version 2.6.2 (in prog.) 2016 - PDF.
↑ Verbenaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Verbenaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 27, 2018.
↑ Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae , p. 1 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X .
↑ Nataly O'Leary, Pablo Moroni: Hierobotana Briq., An intriguing monotypic genus of tribe Verbeneae (Verbenaceae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 164, 2014, pp. 286–290. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.164.4.8
↑ P. Peralta, ME Múlgura de Romero, SS Denham, SM Botta: Revisión del género Junellia (Verbenaceae) , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 95, 2008, pp. 338-390.

Web links

Commons : Verbenaceae - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Verbenaceae at DELTA still in the old scope (therefore not entirely consistent with APWebsite). (engl.)
Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae , p. 1 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994. ISBN 0-915279-24-X (English - not entirely consistent with AP website)
Brief description of the family. (German)
Search for "Verbenaceae" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
Entries about Verbenaceae in Plants For A Future

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Neotropikey-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Flavio França, Sandy Atkins, 2009: Neotropical Verbenaceae at Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics .

[APWebsite-2] Verbenaceae on the AP website. (engl.)

[SynopticalClassificationLamiales-3] Richard Glenn Olmstead et al .: A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales. : Version 2.6.2 (in prog.) 2016 - PDF.

[GRIN-4] Verbenaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 7, 2014.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Verbenaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 27, 2018.

[FoC-6] Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae , p. 1 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X .

[Hierobotana-7] Nataly O'Leary, Pablo Moroni: Hierobotana Briq., An intriguing monotypic genus of tribe Verbeneae (Verbenaceae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 164, 2014, pp. 286–290. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.164.4.8

[Junellia-8] P. Peralta, ME Múlgura de Romero, SS Denham, SM Botta: Revisión del género Junellia (Verbenaceae) , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 95, 2008, pp. 338-390.