Verbenas

Verbenas
Verbena officinalis ( Verbena officinalis ), illustration
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Euasterids I Order : Mint family (Lamiales) Family : Verbena plants (Verbenaceae) Genre : Verbenas
Scientific name
Verbena
L.

The verbenas or iron herb ( Verbena ) is a plant genus in the family of the iron herb plants (Verbenaceae). The only 74 to 80 species (as of 2018) are distributed almost worldwide.

Description and ecology

Vegetative characteristics

Verbena styles are mostly annual to perennial herbaceous plants , or half bushes to bushes . Most species give off a pleasantly spicy scent. The young stems are square.

The cross-opposite, rarely whorled leaves are simple. The leaf margins are serrated. Stipules are missing.

Floral diagram of the Real vervain ( Verbena officinalis )

Generative characteristics

The simple or compound, ear-like , paniculate or zymous inflorescences are usually terminal, rarely lateral and contain bracts .

The hermaphrodite flowers are four to five-fold and zygomorphic with a double flower envelope . The four to five sepals are fused Roehrig. The four- to five-ribbed, straight or curved calyx tube ends in four or five unequal calyx teeth. The calyx is not enlarged when the fruit is ripe. The five petals are fused. The upper lip consists of two and the lower lip of three petals. There is only one circle with four stamens . Two carpels are fused, they are due to an incorrect septum to a tetralobal, vierkammerigen, upper permanent ovary divided with an ovule per chamber. The stylus ends in an unequal two-lobed scar. The pollination is usually by insects ( Entomophilie ).

The decay fruit breaks up into four elongated, angular nuts .

Verbena bracteata

Verbena bonariensis

Verbena hastata

Verbena lasiostachys

Verbena macdougalii

Verbena rigida ( Verbena rigida )

Verbena simplex

Verbena stricta

Verbena supina

Verbena urticifolia

Systematics

The genus name Verbena was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 18. Synonyms for Verbena L. are: Aubletia Le Monn. ex Rozier , Burseria Loefl. , Patya Neck. , Styleurodon Raf. , Stylodon Raf. , Obletia Rozier .

According to Botta et al. In 1995 many species from the genus Verbena were transformed into the genera Glandularia J.F.Gmel. and Junellia Moldenke spun off. One can distinguish these three genera especially by the basic chromosome number : Verbena x = 7, Glandularia x = 5, Junellia x = 10.

Christenhusz et al. In 2018, six species of Glandularia were placed in the genus Verbena :

To the genus verbena ( Verbena ) belong to the carve into two genera, only 74 to 80 (up to 250 if the Glandularia styles are included here) types :

• Verbena alata Cham. : It occurs in Brazil and Uruguay.
• Verbena alejandrana (BLTurner) Christenh. & Byng (Syn .: Glandularia alejandrana B.L.Turner ): This new combination took place in 2018. It occurs in the Mexican states of Nuevo León , Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí .
• Verbena × allenii Moldenke = Verbena officinalis × Verbena xutha : It occurs in the southern United States.
• Verbena angustilobata (Moldenke) Christenh. & Byng (Syn .: Glandularia angustilobata (Moldenke) P. Peralta & V. Thode , Verbena cabrerae var. Angustilobata Moldenke ): This new combination took place in 2018. It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul .
• Verbena barbata Graham : It is believed to be found in Mexico.
• Verbena × bingenensis Moldenke = Verbena bracteata × Verbena lasiostachys : It occurs in the northwestern United States.
• Verbena × blanchardii Moldenke = Verbena hastata × Verbena simplex : It occurs in the central and eastern United States.
• Verbena bonariensis L. (Syn .: Verbena inamoena Briq. ): It is native to Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is a neophyte in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.
• Verbena brachyrhynchos (GLNesom & Vorobik) Christenh. & Byng (Syn .: Glandularia brachyrhynchos G.L.Nesom & Vorobik ): This new combination took place in 2018. It occurs in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí.
• Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. (Syn .: Verbena imbricata Wooton & Standl. , Verbena subuligera Greene ): It occurs in Canada, the United States and Mexico.
• Verbena brasiliensis Vell. (Syn .: Verbena chacensis Moldenke ): It is originally found in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. In southern Europe, Africa, Asia and North America it is a neophyte.
• Verbena californica Moldenke : It occurs in California.
• Verbena calinfera G.L.Nesom : It comes in the Mexican Baja California before.
• Verbena canescens Kunth : It occurs in Colombia and from the southern United States to Mexico.
• Verbena caniuensis Moldenke : It occurs in southern Brazil.
• Verbena carnea med. : Found in Texas and the southeastern United States.
• Verbena carolina L .: It occurs from Arizona to Nicaragua.
• Verbena × clemensiorum Moldenke = Verbena lasiostachys var. Scabrida × Verbena officinalis : It occurs in California.
• Verbena cloverae Moldenke : It occurs from Texas to northeast Mexico.
• Verbena concepcionis Moldenke : It occurs in Chile.
• Verbena dalloniana Quézel : It occurs in Chad .
• Verbena × deamii Moldenke = Verbena bracteata × Verbena stricta : It occurs in North America.
• Verbena delicatula Mart. & Zucc. : It occurs in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
• Verbena demissa Moldenke : It occurs in Ecuador.
• Verbena ehrenbergiana Schauer : It occurs in Mexico.
• Verbena × engelmannii Moldenke = Verbena hastata × Verbena urticifolia : It occurs in North America.
• Verbena ephedroides Cham. : It occurs in southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay.
• Verbena falcata G.L. Nesom : It occurs in Mexico.
• Verbena filicaulis Schauer (Syn .: Verbena australis Moldenke ): It occurs from southern and southeastern Brazil to the Argentine Misiones.
• Verbena glabrata Kunth (Syn .: Verbena parvula Hayek ): With two varieties:
  • Verbena glabrata var. Glabrata : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and the Galapagos Islands.
  • Verbena glabrata var. Hayekii (Moldenke) O'Leary & Múlgura (Syn .: Verbena hayekii Moldenke , Verbena weberbaueri Hayek ): It occurs in central Peru.
• Verbena × goodmanii Moldenke = Verbena halei × Verbena stricta : It occurs in Oklahoma .
• Verbena goyazensis Moldenke : It occurs in west-central Brazil.
• Verbena gracilescens (Cham.) Herter (Syn .: Verbena swiftiana Moldenke , Verbena officinalis var. Gracilescens Cham. ): It occurs in Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina. There are two varieties:
  • Verbena gracilescens var. Gracilescens : It occurs from Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to northern Argentina.
  • Verbena gracilescens var. Swiftiana (Moldenke) N. O'Leary ( Syn .: Verbena swiftiana Moldenke ): It occurs from the Brazilian Rio Grande do Sul to the Argentine Misiones .
• Verbena gracilis Desf. : It occurs in Arizona, Utah, New Mexico and Texas to Mexico.
• Verbena grisea B.L. Rob. & Greenm. : It occurs in the Galapagos Islands.
• Verbena guaibensis (P.Peralta & V.Thode) Christenh. & Byng (Syn .: Glandularia guaibensis P. Peralta & V. Thode ): It wasfirst describedin 2010 from the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul . This new combination took place in 2018.
• Verbena halei Small : It occurs from the central and southern United States to Mexico.
• Verbena hastata L .: It is found in Canada and the United States.
• Verbena hirta Spreng. : It occurs from eastern and southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
• Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Verbena bangiana Moldenke ): It occurs from Ecuador to southeastern Brazil and to southern South America.
• Verbena × illicita Moldenke = Verbena stricta × Verbena urticifolia : It occurs in the United States.
• Verbena incompta P.W. Michael : It occurs from western South America to northern Argentina.
• Verbena intermedia Gillies & Hook. (Syn .: Verbena carollata Briq. ): It occurs from Peru to Argentina.
• Verbena lasiostachys Link (Syn .: Verbena robusta Greene ): It occurs from Oregon to northern Mexico.
• Verbena lindbergii Moldenke : It occurs in southeastern Brazil.
• Verbena lindmanii Briq. : It occurs from southern Brazil to the Argentine Misiones .
• Verbena litoralis Kunth (Syn .: Verbena gentryi Moldenke , Verbena longifolia M. Martens & Galeotti , Verbena sedula Moldenke ): It is native to Mexico, Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, the Galapagos, Paraguay and Uruguay. In Australia she is a neophyte.
• Verbena livermorensis B.L. Turner & GLNesom : It occurs in New Mexico and Texas.
• Verbena macdougalii A.Heller (Syn .: Verbena macrodonta L.M. Perry ): It occurs in Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and in Baja California .
• Verbena madrensis G.L. Nesom : It occurs in Mexico.
• Verbena malmii Moldenke : It occurs in southern Brazil.
• Verbena malpaisana (T. Van Devender & GLNesom) Christenh. & Byng (Syn .: Glandularia malpaisana T. Van Devender & GLNesom ): It wasfirst describedin 2012 from the Mexican state of Sonora . This new combination took place in 2018.
• Verbena menthifolia Benth. (Syn .: Verbena hintonii Moldenke ): It occurs from southwestern California to Texas, in Mexico and Guatemala.
• Verbena moctezumae G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender : It occurs in the Mexican state of Sonora.
• Verbena montevidensis Spreng. (Syn .: Verbena minutiflora Briq. Ex Moldenke ): It occurs from Bolivia to southern and southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
• Verbena moranii G.L.Nesom : It occurs in Baja California, Mexico.
• Verbena neomexicana (A.Gray) Small (Syn .: Verbena runyonii Moldenke , Verbena russellii Moldenke ): It occurs in two varieties from the southern United States to Mexico.
• Verbena officinalis ( Verbena officinalis L. , syn .: Verbena riparia Raf. Ex Small & A.Heller )
• Verbena ovata Cham. : It occurs from Paraguay to southern Brazil.
• Verbena paranensis Moldenke : It occurs in southern Brazil.
• Verbena perennis Wooton (Syn .: Verbena johnstonii (Moldenke) GLNesom ): It occurs in two varieties from Arizona to Texas and in northern Mexico.
• Verbena × perriana Moldenke = Verbena bracteata × Verbena urticifolia : It occurs in North America.
• Verbena pinetorum Moldenke : It occurs in Arizona and Mexico.
• Verbena plicata Greene : It occurs from Arizona to Oklahoma and Mexico.
• Verbena recta Kunth : It occurs in Mexico.
• Verbena regnelliana Moldenke : It occurs in southeastern Brazil.
• Verbena reitzii Moldenke : It occurs in southern Brazil.
• Stiff verbena ( Verbena rigida Spreng. ): It is originally found from Bolivia to Uruguay and is a neophyte in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, North and Central America.
• Verbena rugosa Mill .: It occurs in southeastern Mexico.
• Verbena × rydbergii Moldenke = Verbena hastata × Verbena stricta : It occurs in eastern Canada and in the eastern and central United States.
• Verbena sagittalis Cham. : It occurs in southern Brazil.
• Verbena scabra Vahl : It is found in the United States, Mexico and the Caribbean.
• Verbena scabrella Sessé & Moc. : It occurs in Mexico.
• Verbena simplex clay. (Syn .: Verbena orcuttiana L.M. Perry ): It occurs in two varieties in eastern Canada, in the United States and in northwestern Mexico.
• Verbena sphaerocarpa L.M. Perry : It occurs on Socorro , one of the Mexican Revillagigedo Islands .
• Verbena stricta Vent. : It occurs in eastern Canada and the United States.
• Verbena strigosa Cham. : It occurs in southeastern and southern Brazil.
• Verbena × stuprosa Moldenke = Verbena simplex × Verbena urticifolia : It occurs in the United States.
• Verbena supina L .: It occurs from southern Central Europe to northwest India and from the Canary Islands to Ethiopia.
• Verbena townsendii Svenson : It occurs in the Galapagos Islands.
• Verbena turneri (GLNesom) Christenh. & Byng (Syn .: Glandularia turneri G.L.Nesom ): This new combination took place in 2018. It occurs in the Mexican states of Coahuila and Nuevo León .
• Verbena urticifolia L .: It is found in Canada and the United States.
• Verbena valerianoides Kunth : It occurs in Colombia.
• Verbena villifolia Hayek : It occurs in Peru.
• Verbena xutha clay. : It occurs from the central and southern United States to northern Mexico.

Since 1995, for example:

• Verbena cuneifolia Ruiz & Pav. → Glandularia cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) O'Leary & Múlgura
• Verbena kuhlmannii Moldenke → Glandularia sessilis (Cham.) Tronc.
• Verbena landbeckii Phil. → Glandularia landbeckii (Phil.) P. Peralta
• Verbena multiglandulosa Moldenke → Glandularia multiglandulosa (Moldenke) P. Peralta
• Verbena ribifolia Walp. → Glandularia ribifolia (Walp.) P. Peralta

use

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Varieties of some species and hybrids are used as ornamental plants .

literature

• Shou-liang Chen, Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae. : In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994 ISBN 0-915279-24- X . Verbena. , P. 3 - online with the same text as the printed work . (Section description, but in the old scope sl)
• SMH Jafri, Abdul Ghafoor: Verbenaceae. : Verbena at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Description Section)
• Datasheet in the Western Australian flora . (Section description)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species plantarum , 1, p. 18 1753 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Verbena . In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 8, 2020.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Maarten MJ Christenhusz, Michael Fay, James W. Byng: The Global Flora: Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1 . tape 4 . Plant Gateway Ltd., 2018, ISBN 978-0-9929993-6-0 , pp. 146 ( Verbena on p. 146 in the Google book search).
4. ^ Verbena in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Verbena ( Verbena )  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Old medicines: Verbena (French)

further reading

• Nataly O'Leary, María Ema Múlgura, Osvaldo Morrone: Revisión Taxonómica de las Especies del Género Verbena (Verbenaceae). II: Verbena series. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 97, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 365-424. doi: 10.3417 / 2007070
• Guy L. Nesom: Infrageneric classification of Verbena (Verbenaceae). In: Phytoneuron 2010-11, 2010, pp. 1-15. Full text PDF.