Unification Church

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The Unification Church , originally The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity , also known as the Moon Movement (also known colloquially as Moonies), is a new religious movement founded in 1954 by the Korean Sun Myung Moon . In 2015 the official name of the movement in Germany was changed to Family Federation for World Peace and Unification . The community last attracted a lot of public interest in October 2019. In Ruinerwold, the Netherlands, a small group (including young people) living in isolation in a narrow space was discovered, waiting for the end of the world age. The term " sect " (" Moon sect " or " Mun sect ") is also used for the movement .

The main teachings of this religious community are found in the book The Divine Principle , which was written under the direction of Moon. In 2007 the organization had around 1200 members in German-speaking countries . In Japan , South Korea, and the United States , their membership increases politically and economically. The Unification Church is structured strictly hierarchically. Its founder, Sun Myung Moon, is considered the Messiah and "Lord of the Second Coming". Critics accuse the movement of “a cadre organization organized according to the leader principle with a claim to absoluteness that propagates a theocratic state model with a 'holy elite'”.

The movement's headquarters are in the South Korean capital, Seoul . After Moon's death in September 2012, his widow Hak Ja Han and their youngest son Hyung Jin Moon co-chaired Unification Church International. Hyung Jin Moon has held this position since April 2008. Since 2005, the fourth-born son, Kook Jin Moon, has been chairman of the Unification Church's commercial enterprise ( Tongil Group ). After Moon's death on September 3, 2012, Hak Ja Han, Hyung Jin Moon, and Kook Jin Moon would be in charge of the Unification Church. However, Hyung Jin Moon has now founded his own movement “World Peace Sanctuary” (also known as the “Sanctuary Church of Newfoundland, PA”) and split off from the Unification Church with his supporters.

historical development

International

Sun Myung Moon (born 1920) said he had a vision of Jesus Christ on Easter Sunday , April 17, 1935 . Jesus asked him to complete his mission and to redeem the world. Moon was then a member of various churches and tried for several years to work together with established Christian revival movements in Korea (such as the Inside Belly Church , Shining Sea ).

When these efforts failed, Moon founded the Holy Spirit Society for the Unification of World Christianity (Segye Kidokkyo Tongil Sillyon) in 1954 , which later became known as the Unification Church (Tongil Kyo-hae) . By 1957, parishes had formed in 30 cities in South Korea. The basic teaching of the Unification Church was written down in 1950–52 by Hyo-Won Eu, first chairman of the Holy Spirit Society, and was first printed in 1957 under the title Wôl Li Hae Sôl (Declarations on the Divine Principle) . In the late 1950s the first missionaries were sent to Japan and the United States (Sang-ik Choi, Young-oon Kim, Bo-hi Pak, David Kim).

1960s

On March 16, 1960, Moon married Hak Ja Han for the second time . This event is considered to be the marriage of the Lamb within the Unification Church ( Rev 19.7  EU ) and thus receives the status of a salvation event on which the essential principles and ideals of the community are based (in particular the essential role ascribed to marriage, partnership and family becomes). The couple presented themselves genealogically as the first parents of a new humanity within the Unification Church. Both performed extremely aesthetically staged mass marriages, which attracted a multitude of couples who hoped to be freed from the original sin in the ceremony. Starting in July 1960, summer projects were carried out annually in South Korea in which over 400 Christian churches took part; Bible knowledge and the teachings of Moon were disseminated and charitable work was carried out.

As part of his first world tour in 1965, Moon gave speeches in 40 nations and set up so-called Holy Grounds in several places (including Berlin, Frankfurt am Main and Essen). On his trip to the United States, Moon met former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In 1966, the second edition of the Unification Church Teaching Wôl Li Kang Ron (Explanation of the Divine Principle) was published in Korean , which is the basic textbook of the teaching of Sun Myung Moon.

In 1969, Moon traveled to Europe, Japan and the United States. At this time in Germany international couples received the holy marriage blessing for the first time.

1970s

When Sun Myung Moon moved to the USA in 1971, the focus of the work of the International Unification Church shifted from South Korea to the USA. A few months later, the Unification Church hosted the Day of Hope Address Tour in which Moon spoke in 50 American states, including seven major cities, beginning on February 3, 1972 at Lincoln Center in New York City. Two more speech tours through major American cities followed (Christianity in Crisis: New Hope) . In 1972, the Unification Church had community centers in ten different states in the United States.

In 1973 the first translation of Wôl Li Kang Ron into English was made under the title The Divine Principle , almost at the same time as the German translation.

Following the Watergate affair of US President Richard Nixon , the Unification Church launched a Forgive, Love and Unite campaign calling on the American people to give the president a second chance. On this occasion, a meeting between Nixon and Moon took place in 1974. Then began the fourth American speech tour of Moon through several major American cities. It began with a major event in Madison Square Garden , New York City on September 18, 1974, which was attended by 25,000. Thereupon Moon returned to South Korea to give further talks there and later in Japan.

After establishing the Unification Church in Japan, South Korea, the USA and Western Europe, missionaries were sent to 120 nations in Asia, Africa, Oceania, South America and the Middle East in May 1975. After South Vietnam was captured by communist troops on April 30, 1975, the Unification Church of Korea held the World Rally for Korean Freedom in Seoul on June 7, 1975 , with Moon giving the main address to raise awareness of the danger of communism (especially North Korea ), which was attended by over a million people.

Sun Myung Moon gave two talks on the bicentenary of the founding of the United States in 1976. On June 1 at Yankee Stadium in New York City and another on September 18 at the Bicentennial God Bless America Festival at the Washington Monument .

In 1978 the Unification Church started the Home Church project on Moons initiative . The Church should make this known by offering help to families in need in the immediate vicinity.

That same year, the Subcommittee on International Organizations , a subcommittee of the United States House of Representatives, accused the Unification Church of, among other things, collaborating with the South Korean intelligence agency, the KCIA , in what became known as the Koreagate Affair . In doing so, the committee relied on, among other things, three unaudited CIA reports from the 1960s claiming that the Unification Church was founded by the KCIA in 1961. Committee chairman Donald M. Fraser requested clarification from Colonel Bo Hi Pak, a close confidante of Moon who was believed to be involved in the Koreagate scandal. The latter testified three times before the Fraser committee, denying any links between the Unification Church and the KCIA. Ultimately, Fraser was unable to adequately prove his allegations and Bo Hi Pak and the Unification Church were acquitted. The report was picked up by numerous mass media and contributed to a negative public image of the Unification Church. The Unification Church issued a statement on Fraser's charges entitled Our Response .

Moon was sentenced to jail for tax evasion in 1984. Civil rights movements, liberal and conservative (including right-wing) Christian movements and pastors such as Jerry Falwell , but also Joseph Lowery , considered the charges to be unjustified and a violation of religious freedom . The Dutch Moon Movement had numerous contacts with right-wing extremist groups in the 1980s.

Germany

The first missionary in Germany was Peter Koch, who had learned about the teachings of Sun Myung Moon in America. One year after his arrival in Germany, the Society for the Unification of World Christianity (GVW) was founded in Frankfurt am Main on December 11, 1964 .

During a world tour, Moon visited Germany for the first time in 1965 and founded three Holy Grounds in Berlin , Frankfurt am Main and Essen . He assigned members to send missionaries abroad. A few missionaries then went abroad, for example to Spain and France.

When Moon visited in 1969 there was a first change of leader, Peter Koch became regional leader in Austria, Paul Werner was responsible for the German Unification Church. Werner put a new focus on distributing invitations and other street activities as well as opening new community centers. In 1971 there were 21 community centers and 100 members in Germany.

In September 1971 two mission teams, each with 12 members, traveled through different cities in Germany to find new church members. In 1972, Moon held three public speeches in Germany for the first time, more precisely in Essen, as part of the “Day of Hope” address tour . A short time later, new mission teams were formed in Munich as part of the One World Crusade .

There are ten official community centers in Germany: Berlin, Hamburg , Hanover , Düsseldorf , Bonn , Gießen , Frankfurt, Munich, Stuttgart and Nuremberg .

Austria

The first pioneer of the Unification Church in Austria was Paul Werner, who arrived in Vienna on May 19, 1965 . In May 1966 the “Society for the Unification of World Christianity” was registered as an association with the Security Directorate (Chairman: Paul Werner). Within five years Werner built a community of over 30 members. In January 1974, the association status of the rapidly growing religious community was withdrawn by the Vienna Security Directorate for “formal reasons”. Until the founding of the Austrian Family Federation for World Peace in 1997, the Unification Church therefore only existed as a society under civil law. The Austrian Unification Church advanced to one of the leading national groups in Europe early on, sending missionaries to Switzerland (1968), Czechoslovakia (1968), the USA (from 1972), Germany (1975) and various communist countries Eastern Bloc (1980s).

On June 15, 2015, the Unification Church was recognized by the Austrian Office of Culture as a “state-registered religious denominational community”. (For information on Austrian religious law, see Recognized Religious Communities in Austria .) The Austrian Unification Church currently has six official community centers in the federal capital Vienna (national headquarters ) and the provincial capitals Linz , Graz , Klagenfurt , Salzburg and Innsbruck . According to its own information, the Unification Church in Austria has around 700 members.

Teaching

Unification Church teaching comes from founder Sun Myung Moon. Moon's revelation is seen as the key to understanding the Christian Bible and a guide to restoring the world. The main works on the teaching of the Unification Church are The Divine Principle and Cheon Seong Gyeong (Holy Scriptures of Heaven).

Image of God

There is one God who is absolute, unchanging, all powerful, and eternal. He is invisible, transcends space and time and is the creator of the universe. As God's creature, the world is the physical expression of his being. The qualities that are united in God are thus reflected in creation, which include polar traits ( yin and yang ), such as masculinity and femininity.

God is the source of truth, beauty, goodness and love. God is not in the position of a judge but in the position of the parents of mankind. As a parent, he has both the fatherly aspect of righteousness and the maternal aspect of forgiveness and care within him.

Original ideal of creation

God created the universe to be able to experience love and joy in relationships with object partners. Humans are the most important beings of creation because they are God's children who have the ability to be creators themselves. Furthermore, people can determine their character development on the basis of their God-given freedom, which is related to the extent to which they can receive and return God's love.

God, as the parents of man, gave man the purpose of life to experience joy, which is expressed in the 'Three Great Blessings' ( Gen 1.28  EU ): Be fruitful and multiply, populate the earth, […] and rule about the fish and the seas, about the birds of the sky and about all the animals that move on the land.

  1. “Be fruitful” stands for the attainment of mental and physical maturity, that is, for harmony between mind and body, aligned with God.
  2. “Multiply” means building an ideal family with God at its center.
  3. “Rule” over all living beings on earth requires man to assume responsible leadership over the entire universe and, as mediator between God and the physical world, to use all things in harmony with God's ideal, so that they can in turn fulfill their purpose of creation.

God's ideal of creation is fulfilled when God and humanity are in a relationship of love and man has fulfilled the 'Three Great Blessings'.

Spirit world

Man is seen as the mediator of the spiritual and physical world because he has both a physical and a spiritual self. The spiritual self lives on forever in the spiritual world after the death of the physical self. Deceased people and angels can interact with or influence the spiritual self of the living. Angels were created to help people fulfill the 'Three Great Blessings'. The perfect man is above the serving angels.

The fall of man

The fall of man's first human ancestors Adam and Eve from the Bible is, according to Divine Principles , an actual historical event . However, elements of history, such as the tree of life , the tree of the knowledge of good and evil , the forbidden fruit and the serpent, are interpreted as symbolic metaphors for an ideal man, an ideal woman, sexual love and the archangel Lucifer .

The fall is made up of the spiritual fall and the physical fall . The spiritual fall is understood to mean the forbidden sexual relationship between the archangel Lucifer and the still immature Eve. This relationship was contrary to the originally intended relationship between man and angel.

The physical fall describes the subsequent sexual union between Eve and Adam, which was not yet blessed by God at this point in time. In doing so, Eve transferred elements from her relationship with Lucifer to Adam, and through her children they were passed on to all of humanity. For this reason, God is not at the center of human society, but Lucifer, which is contrary to God's ideal.

Restoration of the original ideal

The doctrine of the Unification Church says that the whole of human history since the fall of an ongoing battle between the forces of God and Satan is the original sin to clean up and restore the original love. This process is the driving force behind human history, which is a history of restoration and reparation. The restoration of the satanic lineage into the divine lineage is the central task of the Messiah . The change of lineage is achieved through participation in the “holy marriage blessing”.

Prayer at the marriage blessing

The history of religions is the history of divine and human efforts to achieve the ideal expressed in the realization of the 'Three Great Blessings'. Various significant figures have appeared throughout history who were on the side of God or Satan and who either served or opposed the process of Restoration.

The Messiah can only free people from original sin and guide them through his teaching. The responsibility to clean up personal and inherited sins is everyone's own.

The Messiah's Mission and the Role of Sun Myung Moon

According to the teaching of the Unification Church, the Messiah is a person who was born without original sin and out of the divine nature of God. He is connected to God, but not to God himself. The Messiah stands in the position of the first man Adam . His mission is to make amends for the Fall and to fulfill the ideal of creation. For this he must lead a woman (in the position of Eve ) to spiritual maturity and start a family with her. The Unification Church understands the marriage of the Lamb ( Rev 19.7  EU ) as a literal marriage between the Messiah and a restored woman.

Jesus was the Messiah. However, because of people's unbelief, Jesus was crucified before he could complete the messianic task on earth. According to the Divine Principle , Jesus' death on the cross was neither necessary nor the will of God. During his lifetime Jesus should actually have become a father, have started a family and established the Kingdom of God ( Isa 9,5–6  EU , Lk 1,31–32  EU ). The sacrificial death on the cross was not in vain. On the victorious foundation of the cross, Jesus was able to rise and bring spiritual redemption to humanity.

The Messiah must come again in order to also physically redeem humanity. Sun Myung Moon is considered to be this second Messiah (Lord of the Second Coming) . It is therefore his job to bring Jesus' mission to an end. Together with his wife Hak Ja Han, he takes on the role of True Parents . Through her, for the first time, God's ideal of a perfect parenting couple is fulfilled. Accordingly, members of the Unification Church refer to Sun Myung Moon as the True Father , Hak Ja Han as the True Mother, and their entire family as the True Family , which is beneficial to the hierarchical structure of the community and its uncritical subordination to the authorities. Moon proclaimed new world historical epochs several times and calculated several precise times of an alleged end time. All of humanity is to be grafted to the lineage of God through True Parents . The True Parents should show all people the way to become True Parents themselves and to found true families.

symbol

The symbol of the Unification Church

In the middle of the symbol is a circle, which stands for God, Truth, Life and Light. From this circle, four large triangular rays emanate for one of these elements, as well as another eight smaller ones. This results in a total of twelve rays that are supposed to remind of the sun and its rays. These should take up the twelve as a biblically important number: The twelve rays correspond to the twelve pearl gates mentioned in the Apocalypse , all of which lead to the holy city of Jerusalem or, for example, also refer to the twelve disciples of Jesus. The four or twelve "rays of the sun" also stand for the cardinal points and for the fact that the truth can be spread in twelve ways. They can also represent the twelve types of human character.

The square in the middle with its four corners symbolizes the four-position basic structure, i.e. the unity of origin, its division and its unity (example: God as origin, man and woman as an expression of his being divided into two objects, child as a unit of man and woman).

The outer circular ring represents the principle of giving and receiving, which is the basis of all existence and thus of the cosmos.

The founder Sun Myung Moon teaches that the structure of the kingdom of heaven will be built according to the pattern of this symbol, i.e. by twelve tribes and twelve character types, by the establishment of the four-position basic structure, aligned with God in harmonious giving and receiving.

Contrary to popular claims, the symbol does not in any way pay homage to the flag of the Japanese Navy .

Political influence

In pursuit of its anti-communist goals, the Unification Church sought to exert political influence since the 1970s.

The Unification Church uses various sub-organizations to influence the public. In the 1980s in particular, CAUSA propagated the philosophy of the Unification Church, "Godism". Its chairman was Bo Hee Park in the 1980s. In Germany, CAUSA Deutschland eV held various conferences. The lectures were published regularly in the CAUSA magazine Forum for Spiritual Leadership . Speakers included Günter Rohrmoser , Helmut Bärwald , Konrad Löw and Klaus Hornung .

The International Conference of the Unity of Sciences (ICUS) , a sub-organization of the International Cultural Federation, which is also subordinate to the Church and based in New York, is aimed specifically at academics . The ICUS holds annual congresses at which the participating scholars receive $ 1,000 for each speech and $ 500 for each article submitted, plus another $ 500 for publication. Senior Consultants receive $ 5,000 a year. Well-known scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, take part in the conferences. The sociologist Irving Horowitz called it a "brilliant marketing strategy". Another subsidiary, the World Media Association , organizes trips for journalists, especially for small and medium-sized US newspapers. "I thought this was the only way for me to come to Asia," a journalist told the Palm Beach Post after taking such a trip. Another subsidiary, the Freedom Leadership Foundation, funded a Senate committee trip to Central America in 1984. The activities of the National Conservative Political Action Committee received $ 500,000 in support that same year. The Church also founded a Washington Institute for Values ​​in Public Policy , which supports conservative research at various universities, including Stanford . Between 1975 and 1984 the Church transferred $ 800 million from Japan to the United States to fund its activities; the proceeds from donation and sales campaigns in the USA were $ 20 million. A major source of income is the sale of flowers and jewelry through followers who commit to making at least $ 100 a day. Donation collectors are expressly allowed to deny belonging to the church and the purpose of the donations (heavenly deception) . Bo Hee Park defined the purpose of political engagement in 1984 as follows:

“We want to wake up the world and make this godless, totalitarian system disappear […] It is a total war. Mainly a war of ideas, of minds, of the human mind. That is where the battle is fought. In this war everything is mobilized: political, social, economic and propaganda means [...] The media organization that we create should be used as an instrument of our cause, as an instrument of God. "

Since 1991 the Unification Church has been doing missionary work in the countries of the former USSR .

The Baden-Württemberg state government described the appearance of the “Unification Church” in 1995 as “exemplary for the instrumentalization of religion for the implementation of political goals”.

Dissemination and membership

In the early days of the movement, the members often lived in shared apartments and did missionary work on the street (“witnessing”). To fund the centers and missionary work, members went door to door selling plants, jewelry, and other items ("fundraising"). Most of the members served full-time missions and few were employed.

In the 1980s, many of the members who joined the movement as adolescents started families. They moved with their families into their own apartments or houses, so that the shared apartments were dissolved. In most families, one or both parents are employed.

According to its own information, the Unification Church in Germany has 1,300 members and around 10,000 sympathizers, and around 200,000 members are expected worldwide. According to the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germany , membership in Germany is “at least 200” people (including children: 350) plus around 1000 sympathizers. About 80% of the members are married and have children.

According to Statistics Austria , in the 2001 census in Austria, 297 people stated that they belonged to the Unification Church. In 2015, the community received the status of a state-registered denominational community.

Customs

Numerous customs are intended to strengthen the feeling of togetherness among the members and the inner focus on God and Sun Myung Moon. Church services are held in the regional community centers on Sundays, and the process is similar to that of the Protestant churches. Hymns are sung together, a sermon is given and a collection is made. Children's services are held for the children of the parishioners.

The Unification Church has its own holidays. The date of the holidays is mostly based on the Chinese calendar . The four most important holidays are:

  • True Day of God (January 1st)
  • True Parents Day (March 1st)
  • Day of All True Things (May 1st)
  • True Children's Day (October 1st)

The movement also celebrates:

  • Love Victory Day (January 2nd)
  • Chil Il Jeol: Day of the Declaration of God's Eternal Blessings (July 1st)
  • Chil Pal Jeol: Declaration of the Kingdom of the Cosmic Sabbath for Parents of Heaven and Earth (August 1st)
  • Founding day of the nation of the united cosmos and founding day of the unification movement (October 3rd according to the lunar calendar)

On Sundays and public holidays as well as on the first of the month, the so-called family vow is usually spoken in family circles. The family gathers at the house altar at five in the morning. The process is initiated by a threefold deep bow before the pictures of Sun Myung Moon and his wife or family. Afterwards, the family vow is recited together, which is often followed by prayers.

It is a tradition to hold Hoon Dok Hae every morning before the normal daily routine begins . Earlier talks by Sun Myung Moon or holy scriptures are read together in a group . The purpose of this is to study the word of God on a daily basis and to bring it to mind.

literature

  • Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 .
  • Massimo Introvigne: The Unification Church . Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah 2000, ISBN 1-56085-145-7 .
  • Reinhart Hummel: Unification Church - The Moon sect in transition . In: Werner Thiede (Ed.): Series Apologetic Topics . tape 9 . Friedrich Bahn Verlag, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1998, ISBN 3-7615-4979-2 .
  • Eileen Barker: The Making of a Moonie: Choice Or Brainwashing? Gregg Revivals, 1993, ISBN 0-7512-0136-7 .
  • Hans G. Hödl, Lukas Pokorny: Religion in Austria . Vienna 2014.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Family Federation for World Peace and Unification eV: Official website of the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification in Germany. FFWV e. V. - Germany, accessed October 16, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Small group in Ruinerwold
  3. ↑ South Korea's sect founder Sun Myung Moon has died. In: Zeit Online. September 3, 2012, accessed May 12, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Moon sect is allowed to meet at Fürstenried Castle. In: Bayerischer Rundfunk. November 5, 2015, accessed May 12, 2020 .
  5. ↑ Why Moon's Movement is also called a sect. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. September 3, 2012, accessed May 12, 2020 .
  6. ^ Mun sect in South Korea: First mass wedding after the death of the founder. In: Der Spiegel. February 17, 2013, accessed May 12, 2020 .
  7. ↑ Faith and Disappointing Reality in the Unification Church of Sun Myung Moon. In: Sekten-Info NRW. March 20, 2014, accessed May 12, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Mun sect. In: Sects and Weltanschauungen in Saxony. Retrieved May 12, 2020 .
  9. ↑ a b Landtag of Baden-Württemberg, printed matter 11/5501 of February 17, 1995, p. 8 ( online ; PDF; 494 kB).
  10. ↑ https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2012-09/moon-sekte-gruender-san-myung-mun-tot
  11. ↑ Kim Hoo-ran: Unification Church founder dies . The Korea Herald of September 3, 2012 (English).
  12. ↑ Michael Breen: Sun Myung Moon - The Early Years 1920-53. Refugee Books, Hustpierpoint, West Sussex 1997, ISBN 0-9531637-0-9 , p. 31.
  13. ↑ Hummel: Unification Church - The Moon sect in transition . 1998, p. 17 .
  14. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon , Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 21.
  15. ↑ a b c Handbook of Religious Communities. Published on behalf of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germany (VELKD) by Hans Krech and Matthias Kleiminger. 6., rework. and exp. Edition Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2006, ISBN 3-579-03585-1 , ISBN 978-3-579-03585-7 , p. 455.
  16. ^ Massimo Introvigne : The Unification Church. Signature Books Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 2000, ISBN 978-1-56085-145-5 .
  17. ↑ a b Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 22.
  18. ↑ Hummel: Unification Church - The Moon sect in transition . 1998, p. 20 .
  19. ^ Unification Church eV (ed.): The Divine Principle. Kando Verlag, Schmitten 2003, ISBN 3-922947-30-1 , S. XXV.
  20. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - Pioneer Witnessing and Publication of Wolli Haesol ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ), April 15th 2009
  21. ↑ Hummel: Unification Church - The Moon sect in transition . 1998, p. 21 .
  22. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - Missionaries Sent Abroad ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ), April 15th 2009
  23. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - The Holy Wedding of the True Parents ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ) 15 April, 2008
  24. ↑ https://www.ezw-berlin.de/html/3_3065.php
  25. ↑ a b c Hummel: Unification Church - The Moon sect in transition . 1998, p. 22 .
  26. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 24.
  27. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 25.
  28. ↑ April 15, 2009 FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - The First World Tour ( Memento from July 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), April 15, 2008
  29. ^ Unification Church eV (ed.): The Divine Principle. Kando Verlag, Schmitten 2003, ISBN 3-922947-30-1 , S. XXV.
  30. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 25.
  31. ^ Unification Church eV (ed.): The Divine Principle. Kando Verlag, Schmitten 2003, ISBN 3-922947-30-1 , S. XXV.
  32. ↑ Hummel: Unification Church - The Moon sect in transition . 1998, p. 26 .
  33. ↑ Hwan Chung Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , pp. 39-41.
  34. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - Madison Square Garden rally ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ) 15, April 2009
  35. ↑ a b Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 42.
  36. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - Day of Hope Tours ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ), April 15 of 2008.
  37. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - Dispatch of Missionaries Throughout the World ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ) 16 April, 2009
  38. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 43.
  39. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - World Rally for Korean Freedom ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ), April 15 in 2009.
  40. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , pp. 43-45.
  41. ↑ FFWPU Oceania, The Life of Sun Myung Moon - Yankee Stadium Rally ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ), April 15th 2009
  42. ↑ FFWPU Oceania - The Life of Sun Myung Moon ( Memento of 19 July 2008 at the Internet Archive ), April 15 in 2009.
  43. ↑ Chung Hwan Kwak (ed.): One Family Under God - The Life of Sun Myung Moon. Universal Peace Federation, New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-930549-59-3 , p. 46.
  44. ↑ Extract from the final report of the Subcommittee on International Organizations of October 31, 1978 ( Memento of March 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 167 kB), link from April 15, 2009.
  45. ↑ Excerpt from the final report of the Subcommittee on International Organizations of October 31, 1978 ( Memento of March 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 167 kB), p. 389, link of April 15, 2009.
  46. ↑ Extract from the final report of the Subcommittee on International Organizations of October 31, 1978 ( Memento of March 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 167 kB), p. 354, link of April 15, 2009.
  47. ^ Carlton Sherwood: Inquisition. Regnery Gateway, Washington, DC 1991, ISBN 0-89526-532-X , p. 557.
  48. ↑ Bo Hi Pak: Truth is my Sword I. 1999, ISBN 0-910621-92-6 ( Memento of November 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), pp. 49-85.
  49. ↑ See Bo Hi Pak's press release from January 17, 1979 , link from April 16, 2009
  50. ↑ See Carlton Sherwood: Inquisition. Regnery Gateway, Washington, DC 1991, ISBN 0-89526-532-X , pp. 523-563, more precisely p. 556.
  51. ^ Carlton Sherwood: Inquisition. Regnery Gateway, Washington, DC 1991, ISBN 0-89526-532-X , p. 559.
  52. ^ Moon loses tax appeal case in high court, must go to jail , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 15, 1984.
  53. ^ The Role of Rev. Sun Myung Moon in Downfall of Communism , Danbury and CAUSA
  54. ↑ Joris van Ejnatten, Fred van Lieburg: Dutch religious history. Göttingen 2011, p. 432.
  55. ↑ Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and Development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 , p. 131.
  56. ↑ Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and Development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 , p. 132.
  57. ↑ Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and Development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 , p. 137.
  58. ↑ Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and Development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 , pp. 139-142.
  59. ↑ Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and Development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 , p. 140.
  60. ↑ Bert Hardin, Wolfgang Kuner: Origin and Development of the Unification Church in the Federal Republic of Germany . In: Günter Kehrer (Ed.): The emergence of a new religion - The example of the Unification Church . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-466-25016-1 , p. 142.
  61. ↑ Centers in Germany on the official website of the Tongil Gyo unification movement. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  62. ↑ Lukas Pokorny, Simon Steinbeiß: 'To Restore This Nation': The Unification Movement in Austria. Background and Early Years, 1965-1966 . In: Hans G. Hödl, Lukas Pokorny (Ed.): Religion in Austria . Vol. 1. Vienna 2012, pp. 175–180.
  63. ↑ Lukas Pokorny, Simon Steinbeiß: 'To Restore This Nation': The Unification Movement in Austria. Background and Early Years, 1965-1966 . In: Hans G. Hödl, Lukas Pokorny (Ed.): Religion in Austria . Vol. 1. Vienna 2012, pp. 180–181.
  64. ↑ Lukas Pokorny, Simon Steinbeiß: 'Pioneers of the Heavenly Kingdom': The Unification Movement in Austria, 1966–1969 . In: Hans G. Hödl, Lukas Pokorny (Ed.): Religion in Austria . Vol. 2. Vienna 2014, p. 195.
  65. ^ Austria: Unification Church recognized as a registered denominational community, FFWPU Austria , June 15, 2015
  66. ↑ Lukas Pokorny, Simon Steinbeiß: 'Pioneers of the Heavenly Kingdom': The Unification Movement in Austria, 1966–1969 . In: Hans G. Hödl, Lukas Pokorny (Ed.): Religion in Austria . Vol. 2. Vienna 2014, p. 195.
  67. ↑ State-registered religious denomination communities, Office of Culture of the Republic of Austria ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) June 15, 2015.
  68. ^ Lukas Pokorny: Millenarian Retrospects and Prospects: The Post-Mun Unification Movement in Austria . In: Hans G. Hödl, Lukas Pokorny (Ed.): Religion in Austria . Vol. 2. Vienna 2014, pp. 132-133.
  69. ↑ "Moon Movement" registered as a religious denomination ( memento from June 16, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ), June 16, 2015.
  70. ↑ a b Washington Post, cit.
  71. ↑ Michael Isikoff: Church Spends Millions On Its Image. Washington Post, Sep 17, 1984, p. A01 ( online ).
  72. ^ Robert J. Lifton : Cult Formation . In: Cultic Studies Journal, 1991, Vol. 8, No. 1, ISSN  0748-6499 , pp. 1-6 ( online ).
  73. ^ Alan E. Aldridge: Religion in the contemporary world. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 20.
  74. ↑ Linda Woodhead: Religions in Modern World. Routledge, 2004, p. 330.
  75. ↑ Florence Whiteman Kaslow, Marvin B. Sussman: Cults and the family. Haworth Press, 1982, p. 34.
  76. ↑ J. Isamu Yamamoto, E. Calvin Beisner, Robert M. Bowman Jr., Alan W. Gomes: Unification Church. Zondervan, 1995, p. 13.
  77. ↑ Gerhard Besier, Erwin K. Scheuch (ed.): The new Inquisitors - Religious Freedom and Envy of Faith, Part II . Verlag A. Fromm, Osnabrück, pp. 346-348.
  78. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 5, 2007, p. 9.
  79. ↑ VELKD (ed.): Handbuch Religiöse Gemeinschaft und Weltanschauungen , 6th edition 2006, p. 469.
  80. ↑ Gerhard Besier, Erwin K. Scheuch (ed.): The new Inquisitors - Religious Freedom and Envy of Faith, Part II . Verlag A. Fromm, Osnabrück, p. 347.
  81. ↑ http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/volkszaehler/bevoelkerung_nach_demographischen_merkmalen/022894.html ( Memento from April 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  82. ^ Family vow ( memento of February 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  83. ↑ see also Tradition and Way of Life in the Unification Church