Windows Virtual PC

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Windows Virtual PC
Basic data

developer Microsoft , originally Connectix
Current  version 6.1.7600.16393
(February 14, 2011)
operating system Windows Me ,
Windows NT line
  from 4.0 SP6 (only IA-32 )
  to 7
category Virtualization
License proprietary ; free since 2006
German speaking Yes
Windows Virtual PC

Windows Virtual PC , formerly Microsoft Virtual PC (until 2009) and Connectix Virtual PC (until 2003), is software for virtual machines for various x86 -based guest operating systems.

Virtual PC for Mac was originally developed by Connectix for PowerPC-based Mac OS systems as an emulator for operating Windows . After the takeover by Microsoft, the emulator also became part of the Microsoft Office Professional for Mac product , but was discontinued in 2006 after the Macintosh series was converted to Intel x86 processors .

The Windows version running as a virtual machine was later given away by Microsoft free of charge, just like the server variant Virtual Server for Windows, which had already been started by Connectix, was made freely available by Microsoft. In Windows 7, the technology is also an optional component of the operating system under the name Windows XP Mode . Virtual PC can no longer run under Windows 8 : It has been replaced by Hyper-V .

Virtual PC for OS / 2 , which is based on the Windows version, was discontinued after the takeover by Microsoft.

Under Windows Virtual PC can only 16 - and 32-bit operating systems are running.

history

Virtual PC was originally developed by Connectix as a solution to use x86 operating systems with the corresponding software application on Apple Macintosh systems with PowerPC processors. The hardware of an Intel PC had to be completely emulated in software, which required a considerable part of the computing power. Not too demanding PC programs could be run without problems on an Apple Macintosh system with a PowerPC processor.

Later, a virtual machine version of Virtual PC was developed for x86 systems. This eliminates the need for a complex emulation in order to be able to execute x86 machine language on the PowerPC platform , which results in a significant speed advantage over the Mac version. With Virtual PC for Windows , various x86 operating systems (including OS / 2 or eComStation ) can be run as guest systems under Windows as the host system .

In 2003 Microsoft acquired Connectix's virtual PC technology. Both sides agreed not to disclose the details of the takeover deal. Microsoft further developed both the PowerPC-based Mac version and the x86-based Windows version of Virtual PC under its own name. With the switch from Apple to Intel processors (late 2005 / early 2006), Microsoft stopped developing the Mac version, but with Virtual PC for Mac Version 7, an optimization for the Apple Power Mac G5 ; earlier versions can not be executed on G5 processors.

The Windows version was ported under Connectix by the German company Innotek to OS / 2 as the host system. After the takeover, Microsoft withdrew Virtual PC for OS / 2 from its offer without comment. However, the free version 2004 SP1 of Virtual PC for Windows contains the Virtual Machine Additions for OS / 2, with which OS / 2 can still be operated as a guest.

After the takeover by Microsoft, InnoTek continued to work on Linux support for Virtual PC and Virtual Server and has been developing its own virtualization solution called VirtualBox since 2004 . A free version has also been available since 2007 . Contrary to Microsoft's approach, VirtualBox was also ported to the Intel Mac platform. InnoTek was taken over by Sun Microsystems in early 2008 , which was acquired by Oracle in 2009 .

In 2009 the Windows version was renamed Windows Virtual PC and integrated more closely into Windows. Virtual computers can now be managed in a special view in Windows Explorer , similar to printer management in Explorer. Also new was the XP mode available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise and Ultimate, which provides a prepared and registered (and activated) Windows XP Professional installation and makes programs installed there available via the special RemoteApp guest extension in the host system's start menu.

Windows Virtual PC and Virtual PC 2007 and earlier versions can no longer be installed or started under Windows 8 . Instead, its successor, Hyper-V, is included in the server and business versions of Windows. However, the better integration can also be seen here with the Windows 8 option of starting directly from a virtual hard disk image. The new format for hard disk images .vhdxsupports up to 16 TB, while the .vhdimages that can still be used can only have a maximum size of 2 TB (→ virtual hard disk format ).

Technical details

With Virtual PC , a complete PC is virtualized or emulated. The program provides a virtual machine within which a standard PC operating system can run. This makes it possible to run several operating systems simultaneously on just one PC. As guests, 16- and 32-bit operating systems can run within a 32- and 64-bit host system.

Under Mac OS on the PowerPC platform, Virtual PC emulates a standard PC with a Pentium II processor. Under Windows and OS / 2 on the IA-32 platform, the physically existing processor of the host system is virtualized. As virtual components, Virtual PC offers up to three hard disks, which are integrated in VHD format , a CD or DVD drive, memory of an adjustable size (depending on the memory capacity of the host system), a 100 Mbit network card, a sound card and a Graphic card. Support for PCI devices is missing. USB is only supported by Virtual PC for Mac from version 3.0 and by Windows Virtual PC from version 6.1.

Virtual PC basically does not offer the possibility of passing physical partitions or drives through to the guest system. Only with the virtual optical drive can either the actually existing device or an ISO image for the guest be integrated.

emulator

Virtual PC for Mac
Basic data

developer Microsoft , originally Connectix
Current  version 7.0.3
(August 15, 2007)
operating system Mac OS ( PowerPC ); up to version 6
Mac OS X (PowerPC); from version 5
category emulation
License proprietary ; Development stopped
German speaking Yes
unavailable

Only the version for Macintosh is designed as a full emulator. Virtual PC for Mac is only available for PowerPC -based Macs, not for Mac computers with a 68k processor (until 1995) or with an x86 processor (since 2006). The Mac OS versions from 7.5.5 (PowerPC was supported since System 7.1.2 ) and Mac OS X up to Tiger / PowerPC (10.4, 2005; also runs on Leopard / PowerPC, 10.5, 2007) were intended as the host system ; other operating systems on the PowerPC platform are not supported.

The following hardware components are available to the guest system in the emulation:

The main marketing of Virtual PC on the PowerPC-based Apple computers provides for the execution of a Windows, PC-compatible DOS or Linux operating system and thus brings a large number of programs to PowerPC Macs. Basically, however, a large number of x86 operating systems run under Virtual PC for Mac , although these are not officially supported. Close integration into the host system is then not possible due to the lack of Virtual PC Additions .

Virtual PC for Mac was mainly sold with pre-installed operating systems, including MS-DOS with Windows 3.11, PC-DOS 2000, Windows 95, Windows 98 (also Second Edition ), Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP (Home and Professional) as well as RedHat Linux 6.1. On the one hand, a license for the operating system used as a guest was acquired at the same time; on the other hand, the already installed guest system on a virtual hard disk image eliminates the need for a possibly time-consuming installation of the same.

Virtual machine

Virtual PC for OS / 2
Basic data

developer Connectix , together with Innotek
Current  version 5.1
(December 15, 2002)
operating system OS / 2 Warp 4 (only IA-32 )
 from WSOD 2.0 FP16
 from 4.51 CP 1
category Virtualization
License proprietary ; Development stopped
German speaking Yes
unavailable

Using the emulator as a starting point, a virtualized version of Virtual PC was also written that was only intended for the Windows platform. However, there was also a version ported to OS / 2 that was based on the respective Windows version.

The following hardware components are available to the guest system in the virtual machine :

No general drivers are available for the sound card and the USB interface, as the emulated components cannot be addressed like real hardware in the guest system. The sound card therefore only works with the special drivers of the Virtual PC Additions , and thus only with supported Windows guests. The same applies to the virtual USB interface, which was implemented via a Virtual PC -specific internal system bus, which itself can only be used by the Virtual PC Additions .

Standard drivers can be used for the rest of the emulated hardware so that these components can be used with a large number of other operating systems.

Virtual PC Additions

The Virtual PC Additions , drivers and programs for integrating the guest system into the host system are available for MS-DOS, Windows 98 and Me, as well as for Windows NT 4.0, 2000 and XP. They are identical in every variant of Virtual PC, whether the emulator for Mac or the virtual machine for Windows and OS / 2 and usually work beyond the respective version: a guest operating system that is no longer officially supported can also use the older Virtual PC Additions in a Use a newer version of Virtual PC - however, it does not support new functions that have been added in this version of Virtual PC. Since the Virtual PC Additions available for Linux from Virtual Server 2005 R2 SP1 also work with Virtual PC, integration with RedHat Linux and SuSE Linux is also possible.

Windows Virtual PC

Microsoft bought Connectix and its product Virtual PC in 2003 and integrated Virtual PC into its own product range. According to a Microsoft manager, adapting Virtual PC for Mac to the Intel platform would have meant too much effort, the product was dropped with the advent of Intel Macs. Microsoft continued to develop the Windows version and from then on integrated it more and more deeply into its own Windows operating system .

In January 2004 Microsoft released version 2004 or 5.3. This update was free for Connectix Virtual PC 5 customers . Service Pack 1 followed in December.

Microsoft has made the Windows version available free of charge since July 12, 2006.

On February 19, 2007 the new version "Virtual PC 2007" was released, which now also offers support for Windows Vista and has also been available free of charge since then. However, it should be noted here that not all versions of Windows Vista are officially supported. When installing and setting up the program on certain Vista versions, it is pointed out that there is no entitlement to support for these unsupported Vista versions. On Windows Vista Home Premium e.g. B. the program still runs. Service Pack 1 followed in May 2008, which also officially supports Windows XP Service Pack 3, Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 .

Together with the market launch of Windows 7 in autumn 2009, “Virtual PC” was also made available in a new, adapted version. It is now called “Windows Virtual PC” and has been integrated more strongly into Windows, both visually and functionally. It is an optional Windows download and is still freely available (free). There is also a variant called “XP Mode” with pre-installed Windows XP under Windows 7 versions Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise. The programs installed above are integrated into the Windows 7 start menu, which is due to the additional program RemoteApp , which is also freely downloadable for Windows XP guests. The original system requirement for “Windows Virtual PC” in the form of hardware-supported virtualization ( Secure Virtual Machine : AMD-V and Intel VT ; Microsoft's name is “HAV”) was lifted in March 2010 with an update.

The following Windows 7 versions can be used as the host operating system for “Windows Virtual PC”: Windows 7 Home Basic, Windows 7 Home Premium, Windows 7 Professional, Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Enterprise.

Only 32-bit systems are intended as guest operating systems, i.e. operating systems that are virtualized. There is no support for 64-bit systems. The following Windows operating systems can officially be used under “Windows Virtual PC”: Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) Professional, Windows Vista Enterprise Service Pack 1 (SP1), Windows Vista Ultimate Service Pack 1 (SP1), Windows Vista Business Service Pack 1 (SP1), Windows 7 Professional, Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Enterprise. In most cases, however, the virtualization of other Windows editions as well as other operating systems (e.g. various Unix- like operating systems such as Linux) also works, but there may be minor hurdles to overcome during installation or configuration.

Virtual PC can no longer be used from Windows 8. However, Windows 8 offers the option of integrating VHD hard disk images directly into the operating system as virtual drives. With Windows 8 Pro it is also possible to start Windows yourself from a hard disk image, but with the disadvantage of having to do without the quick start function.

Use

For development, Virtual PC offers a flexible and recoverable environment for testing under different operating systems and configurations. A program can be tested under various Windows operating systems without additional hardware. Virtual PC is also ideal, for example, to install Internet Explorer 6 and Internet Explorer 7 on a PC to test whether websites are compatible with both versions. When programming and testing network programs or client-server applications, Virtual PC is useful because it enables network data traffic with the host and a virtual PC (or two virtual ones) on one piece of hardware (including a mobile laptop) to simulate between several computers.

A virtual PC can be used to test unknown programs without risk to the host system. In the worst case, only the guest system is affected. If you like, the program can then be installed on the "real" system.

The virtual PC can be used on Windows XP 64-bit to run 16-bit setup programs that no longer run under the 64-bit engine. This makes it possible to install old games and applications that are 32-bit versions but still use an old installer.

On the Apple Macintosh , the focus is more on making Windows programs executable on an Apple Macintosh, as well as for web developers who have to test their code on Internet Explorer. With the help of Virtual PC, various Linux variants can also be integrated into the existing Windows operating system; Microsoft does not (yet) offer any official support for this.

Linux as a guest system

Although Linux is not officially supported as a guest system, many Linux distributions can still be installed without major problems. Newer Linux kernels (2.6) often do not recognize the AUX interface (/ dev / psaux) in Virtual PC, which is required for mouse control. There are several ways to fix this problem. One of the simplest solutions is to enter the kernel parameters i8042.noloop and psmouse.proto = imps in the configuration of the boot manager GRUB or LILO .

history

Virtual PC for Mac

Since mainstream support for the last version of Virtual PC for Mac ended on April 13, 2010, Microsoft will no longer support this product. Since Apple has also discontinued support for PowerPC-based Apple computers and the operating systems that run on these PCs, abandonware can be used across the board - however, it should be noted that this does not affect copyright law.

version publication Description / changes
Older version; no longer supported: 1.0 April 16, 1997 (USA)
June 25, 1997 (Germany) 		The first version emulates a PC with the components Intel Pentium as main processor (including Protected Mode , MMU , FPU and the MMX instruction set extension ), mainboard with Intel Triton chipset, two IDE channels with two predefined configuration options for two hard drives and one ATAPI -CD-ROM drive (from the host), S3 928 PCI SVGA graphics card with 1 or 2 MB VRAM , PCI Ethernet expansion card with DEC 21041 chip, Sound Blaster Pro expansion card for audio and all necessary standard PC components , for example to connect the Mac keyboard and mouse as a PC keyboard and PS / 2 mouse.

Virtual PC 1.0 requires System 7.5.5 and a PowerPC processor. It was sold either with preconfigured (pre-installed) Windows 3.11 (with MS-DOS) or with Windows 95 and later also with PC-DOS, whereby the official minimum requirements for the host system (Mac with PowerPC processor) are the required computing power for the Guest system oriented. In addition, the guest systems Windows NT, OS / 2 and OPENSTEP were officially supported.

Older version; no longer supported: 2.0 1998 The emulated graphics card is now an S3 Trio 32/64 with up to 4 MB VRAM and offers UXGA resolution. In addition to general speed improvements - up to 40% increase were advertised - the support for DirectX of Windows 95 has also been improved. Support for long file names has also been added for Windows , as well as a shared clipboard and drag and drop between host and guest .

A Voodoo graphics card in the host system can be addressed directly, especially for games , which accelerates graphics performance considerably, but is only possible in full-screen mode .

Virtual PC 2.0 was offered by Apple as an option when purchasing a new Power Macintosh G3.

Version 2.1 was available with Windows 98 as well as PC-DOS and Windows 95.

Virtual PC does not run on Mac OS 8.6 and 9 until version 2.1.1 . The last update is version 2.1.3 from April 1999.

Older version; no longer supported: 3.0 1999 Also runs on Mac OS 9 and can also provide USB there under a Windows 98 guest system. A Windows driver is required for this, which is not included. Also new is the emulation of a Sound Blaster 16 expansion card for audio, connection sharing for the Internet connection, AppleScript support and accelerations for virtual hard disk access. In addition, there is now a setup wizard and a configuration manager for easier configuration of the virtual PCs.

Versions with PC-DOS 2000, Windows 95 and Windows 98 were available. The special version Virtual PC for Advanced Tasks was available with both Windows 2000 and RedHat Linux 6.1 pre-installed. In addition, Windows NT, DOS with Windows 3.11 and OS / 2 were officially supported.

This will be the last version that will run on Apple Macintosh computers with PowerPC 600 processors. Connectix therefore continued to sell this version even after Virtual PC 4.0 was released.

The last update was 3.0.3A dated April 26, 2000.

Older version; no longer supported: 4.0 December 7, 2000 Version 4.0 requires Mac OS 8.5 or higher and a Power Mac with a G3 or G4 processor. It was available with PC-DOS 2000, Windows 98 (Second Edition), and Windows Me guest operating systems. Connectix advertised an almost doubling of the speed that comes with adapting to PowerPC G3 and G4 processors and better use of the AltiVec computing unit. Up to 512 MB RAM can now be allocated for the guest. Hard disk images can grow dynamically up to 127 GB thanks to a new format and with the new Virtual Disk Manager these are easier to manage.

The last update was 4.0.2.

Older version; no longer supported: 5.0 4th December 2001 For the first time it supports both Mac OS 9.1 and Mac OS X 10.1 "Puma" as host system and can now handle Windows XP as a guest system. Another new feature is the ability to reset hard disk images. In addition to an upgrade version, versions with the pre-installed operating systems PC-DOS, Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows XP Home were also available. Newer Virtual PC Additions are included in the March 6, 2002 update 5.0.2, and several issues have been fixed on Mac OS X as the host system and performance has been improved.

The last update was 5.0.4 on June 25, 2002.

Older version; no longer supported: 6.0 December 18, 2002 Requires Mac OS 9.2.2 or Mac OS X 10.1.5 "Puma" or 10.2.1 "Jaguar" or higher. The speed of execution of the emulated operating systems (guest systems) under Mac OS X was improved in this version. For the first time, there was also integration into the Mac OS X dock. As in the previous versions, there was Virtual PC with pre-installed PC-DOS, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP Home and Windows XP Professional as well as an upgrade for an existing Virtual PC 5 installation.

This and all previous versions of Virtual PC will not run on Macs with a PowerPC G5 processor.

The last update was 6.1.1 on February 10, 2004.

Older version; no longer supported: 7.0 September 10, 2004 Last version for the Mac and at the same time the first, which already bears the name "Microsoft Virtual PC" after the takeover of Connectix by Microsoft in 2003. This version has been specially optimized for the Power Mac G5 . Assume Mac OS X 10.2.8 "Jaguar" or later. If Mac OS X Panther (10.3) or newer is used as the host system, Virtual PC makes the printer available directly in the guest system so that you don't have to install your own Windows printer.

“Virtual PC for Mac” cannot be executed on Intel Macs. The further development was discontinued after the conversion from PowerPC to Intel processors by Apple in 2006.

The last update was 7.0.3 on August 15, 2007. Mainstream support ended on April 13, 2010.

Legend:
Old version
Older version; still supported
Current version
Current preliminary version
Future version

Windows Virtual PC (Virtual PC for Windows)

Windows Virtual PC was replaced in Windows 8 by its successor Hyper-V ; it can therefore no longer run as a host on Windows versions newer than Windows 7.

version publication Description / changes
Older version; no longer supported: 4.0 2001 This is the first version of Virtual PC to run on Windows. Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 6 and Windows 2000 Professional are supported as hosts. DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95 to Me, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 and Linux were planned as guests.
Older version; no longer supported: 4.2 2001 With the update to version 4.2, Windows XP is now fully supported both as host and as guest. This version was advertised as meeting the criteria for the Developed for Windows XP logo; accordingly, this version also contains the Guest Additions for Windows XP . The installation program now uses the Microsoft Installer . Also new are the reading support for LS120 disks, an improved virtual switch and support for Novel 5.1 and 6.0 guest systems.
Older version; no longer supported: 5.0 Last version of Connectix.

Updates 5.1 and 5.2 were released.

Older version; no longer supported:2004
5.3 		November 10, 2003 ( RTM ) This version, 5.3.582, was the first to be released by Microsoft. Microsoft Virtual PC was available for free download as a 45-day test version or as an update for existing Virtual PC for Windows 5.x users. Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 , Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition (32-bit) are supported as host systems . The officially supported guest systems, for which there are also the Virtual Machine Additions , are MS-DOS 6.22, Windows 95, 98 and Me, Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 6 , Windows 2000 Professional , Windows XP Home and Professional and also OS / 2 Warp 4 with Fixpack 15 , Convenience Pack 1 or Convenience Pack 2 .

Version 2004 SP1 (5.3.582.27) was released on August 30, 2006 - it is the first that Microsoft offered for free.

Security update KB969856 was released on July 15, 2009.

Older version; no longer supported:2007
6.0 		February 19, 2007 With Microsoft Virtual PC 2007 6.0.156.0, both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows XP Professional and Tablet PC Editions , Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista Business , Enterprise and Ultimate are supported as host systems for the first time. In a 64-bit host system, both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems can be virtualized. The virtual machine additions for the guest systems are available for all systems that are also supported as hosts, as well as for Windows 2000 Professional , Windows 98 Second Edition and, as for version 2004 (5.3), for OS / 2 Warp 4 (FP15, CP1 , CP2) are available. The Virtual Machine Additions of version 2004 continue to work, so that ultimately all guest systems supported under Virtual PC 2004 are supported on Virtual PC 2007 , at least indirectly.

Update 2007 SP1 (6.0.192.0) was released on May 15, 2008. The "hotfix rollup package" from February 20, 2009 raises Virtual PC 2007 SP1 to version 6.0.210.0, fixes some critical bugs, and improves network performance in the guest system.

Security update KB969856 was released on July 15, 2009.

Windows Vista Ultimate and Enterprise should be delivered " including Microsoft Virtual PC Express ", a Virtual PC 2007 full version, and especially the license to install the operating system itself a second time (Enterprise: up to four times) in the virtual machine. These additional licenses were granted, but Virtual PC Express was not included, as the Virtual PC 2007 full version was available for free download from Microsoft anyway.

Older version; still supported: 6.1 October 22, 2009 Current version , now referred to as Windows Virtual PC , with which Microsoft fully relies on hardware virtualization technologies (AMD-V, Intel VT, VIA VT). It is the first Windows version of Virtual PC with USB support for the guest system. All Windows 7 versions are supported as the host system.

On March 18, 2010 Microsoft released update KB977206 , after which Windows Virtual PC will work without hardware virtualization functions.

For Windows 7 Professional, Windows 7 Ultimate or Windows 7 Enterprise, Microsoft provides a specially adapted and activated 32-bit version of Windows XP Professional Service Pack 3 free of charge : in "XP mode" the user interface of the guest system is completely in Windows 7 integrated. After installing the XP mode , Windows Virtual PC is already prepared with a Windows XP hard disk image, which means that the otherwise necessary installation as a guest system is no longer necessary. The RemoteApp program, which can also be installed separately for Windows XP running in the guest system, ensures easy integration of Windows XP programs into the Windows 7 interface. Under the other Windows 7 versions, the hard disk image of the XP mode can also be used, which saves a separate installation of Windows XP Professional and RemoteApp. However, since you are not authorized to use it, Windows XP Professional must then be activated with a valid product key.

Windows Virtual PC cannot be used under Windows 8 and newer . The successor product is Hyper-V .

Legend:
Older version; no longer supported
Older version; still supported
Current version
Current preliminary version
Future version

Virtual PC for OS / 2

There is no longer any support for Virtual PC for OS / 2 , which, in addition to OS / 2, can also run on its further development eComStation . Virtual PC for OS / 2 can now be described as abandonware - but copyright is not affected.

version publication Description / changes
Older version; no longer supported: 4.2 March 31, 2002 Together with the German InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH, Virtual PC was adapted in a special version for the operating system OS / 2 (as host). The minimum requirement is OS / 2 Warp 4 with Convenience Pack or newer or WorkSpace on-Demand 2.0 Fixpack 16 or newer. “Virtual PC for OS / 2”, which also contained “Virtual PC for Windows” in the bundle, offers in particular the OS / 2 additions that better integrate OS / 2 as a guest operating system into the host and thus enable easier work. This means that an existing OS / 2 installation can continue to be used relatively comfortably under Windows.

The updated version 4.3.2 of July 12, 2002, like version 4.2, is based on the respective Windows version of Virtual PC. It includes some detail improvements, including a. better support for CD and DVD media and compatibility with OS / 2 Warp 4 FP8 (without Convenience Pack ), although this was not officially supported, as well as improved functionality on SMP systems (without being SMP-capable themselves).

Older version; no longer supported: 5.0 September 26, 2002 This version, which is also based on Virtual PC for Windows, has been improved in some details compared to the previous version. The graphical user interface has been translated into German, French, Japanese, Italian and Spanish.

The last version is 5.1 from December 15, 2002.

After Microsoft took over Connectix, the OS / 2 version was not developed any further. The free version Microsoft Virtual PC 2004 SP1 for Windows also contains the Virtual Machine Additions for OS / 2 so that OS / 2 can be used as a guest operating system under Windows.

Legend:
Old version
Older version; still supported
Current version
Current preliminary version
Future version

See also

Products that are in direct competition with Virtual PC :

Other virtualization products:

Related topics:

Web links

swell

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