Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2006
The election in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on July 30, 2006 was the first free election in the Congo since 1965 . A new President and the new National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo were elected .
Between 6 a.m. and 5 p.m. local time, the 25 million eligible voters were able to cast their votes. The electoral commission wanted to announce the official result no earlier than three weeks after the election. There were 50,000 election offices. The EU paid 80% of the cost of the election of around $ 470 million.
There were 32 or 33 candidates for the office of President, depending on the source. There were 9,707 candidates for the 500 seats in parliament. For a direct election, a candidate needed at least 50% of the votes, otherwise it was necessary to go to the runoff election on October 29th.
The election took place with a large number of voters, so many voters had traveled long distances to the election offices and some of them had stayed in front of the election offices. The turnout in the cities was between 60% and 80%.
The election was monitored by 17,600 UN soldiers from the MONUC mission, 2,000 soldiers from the EUFOR RD Congo , including 780 German Bundeswehr soldiers and three Austrian officers , as well as 80,000 Congolese security forces. In the weeks leading up to the election there were repeated riots. The election was controlled by around 1,200 election observers , including former Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark .
Executive elections were scheduled for the 24 new provinces following the presidential elections.
Preparations before the election
The elections, originally planned for 2005, were considered to be the central event in the country's consolidation after the Second Congo War . Voter registration was to begin in mid-June and the election was to take place during the course of the year. On May 17, 2005, the new constitution required for this was passed by parliament, which should replace the two-year-old transitional constitution and form the basis for elections. To come into force, however, this still had to be confirmed in a referendum, which postponed the elections until 2006. Two ballots were now planned for parliamentary and presidential elections on April 29 and June 2, 2006. The new constitution was criticized, but was considered functional and solid enough to serve as the basis for a new state. The most important change was an increased decentralization of the state (although no real federal state came into being) and a decrease in the power of the head of state.
At the same time, however, it was feared that the elections could lay the seed for new military conflicts and fuel the war again. Three candidates were seen as promising rivals for the office of state president: in addition to Kabila, the former head of the central bank Pierre Pay-Pay and the opposition leader and former prime minister Etienne Tshisekedi (whose candidacy was formally not permitted because of an initial election boycott of his supporters, which is another source of conflict hid). All candidates had a strong military base, for example Kabila controlled Katanga province , Tshisekedi controlled Kasai province and Pay-Pay an alliance of politicians in Kinshasa and some militia leaders. Most warlords had not kept to the agreement with the government either to demobilize their troops or to transfer them to a new, integrated army; at the beginning of 2006 around 300,000 non-state fighters were still under arms.
At the beginning of 2006, around 17,000 military observers and soldiers were involved in the "Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo" (MONUC). The UN Security Council had refused to expand this mission and send more blue helmet soldiers. Following a request from the UN, the EU and Germany then examined how and by what means they could secure the election militarily within the framework of a further mission and support the current UN mission.
In the months leading up to the election, the Monuc troops are said to have supported the Congolese army in fighting militias in eastern Congo. On April 21, 25 to 34 civilians are said to have died in the village of Kazana , mostly from mortar fire by UN troops. In addition, the UN troops would have watched as the Congolese army then burned the village.
Three days before the election, on July 27, a peace treaty was signed in Ituri Province . The rebel organization MRC should be disarmed. A general amnesty was issued for the fighters and the officers were accepted into the Congolese army. The conflict in Ituri had claimed around 60,000 lives and around 200,000 people had been displaced.
On July 29, a large cargo of to T-72 - tanks in the port city of Matadi arrived and have been transported at night to Kinshasa. The tanks were an order of the Congolese army.
Candidates
Joseph Kabila
Joseph Kabila (according to statements made by many Congolese refugees in Germany, ethnically from Rwanda ) was considered the favorite of the election. He was the incumbent president of the Congo and came to power after then-President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was shot dead by one of his bodyguards on January 16, 2001.
Kabila ended the second Congo War in 2002 through peace treaties with Rwanda and Uganda and was therefore favored by the USA and the EU. Its political base was mainly in the east of the country.
Joseph Kabila grew up in exile in Tanzania and does not speak the national language Lingala .
Critics accused him of selling off Congo's raw materials, which his family earned. The opposition party Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social ( UDPS for short ) also accused him of registering his own parties under the name of the UDPS in order to prevent the UDPS from participating in the election. The UDPS then boycotted the election.
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, also known simply as Chairman , was one of four Vice-Presidents of the Congo at the time of the elections and leader of the Uganda-supported Mouvement de Liberation du Congo ( MLC for short ). His party invokes the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was overthrown in 1997 . Bemba is married to a sister of Mobutu. Human rights activists accused his troops of serious crimes against humanity.
During the election campaign, he emphasized that Kabila grew up in exile and was therefore not a real Congolese. That is why his followers also call him “ son of our people ”.
Azarias Ruberwa
At the time of the election, Azarias Ruberwa was also Vice-President of the Congo and, during the Congo War, leader of the Rassemblement congolais pour la démocratie ( RCD ), which was supported by Rwanda . Critics accuse him of being a Rwandan puppet . He described his party as social democratic , but also left his political goals in the dark.
More candidates
Source:
Election boycott
The UDPS called for a boycott of the election. In 2006, the UDPS was the only party in the Congo with a political program and the aim of establishing a rule of law in the Congo. The UDPS raised allegations that the election was being manipulated and that Kabila had already been selected as the winner, as he was supported by foreign countries, including the USA and the EU . The UDPS also criticizes the fact that there was no census, which would have been necessary after the Congo War with over four million deaths.
The Catholic Church had initially threatened to call for a boycott of the election, as it also feared irregularities. Nevertheless, she called on her supporters to vote. The position of Rome was decisive: The Pope Benedict XVI. blessed the elections. The Catholic Church in DR Congo even launched an awareness campaign in its media about the elections in 2005. The Catholic military bishop Walter Mixa criticized the Bundeswehr's Congo mission several times, " because the political meaning and the specific interest of the mission are not obvious ". The German parliamentary group of the International Catholic Missionswerk Missio supported and blessed the Bundeswehr mission . At the same time, it draws attention to the connection between German small arms exports and their importance for child soldiers . Because handguns are easy to use, they allow children to be used in the military.
Incidents
Before the election
After Bemba entered Kinshasa on July 27, a fire broke out in one of his camps and in the house of his bodyguard. A Congolese soldier who allegedly wore a Kabila T-shirt was burned alive during the subsequent riots by Bemba supporters. A free church was burned down by Bemba supporters because the priest was considered a Kabila supporter.
When Kabila and the rival candidate Azarias Ruberwa met on July 28, the bodyguards of Kabila opened fire and killed one of Ruberwa's bodyguards. The fire started because Ruberwa's car simply drove through Kabila's column, even though it was asked to stop. The vehicle was then shot at for fear of an assassination attempt. Ruberwa himself was not in this vehicle.
On July 28, an EUFOR drone crashed over Kinshasa, injuring five residents, according to the military. On July 29, it became known that the crash over the poor district of Kingabwa in the capital Kinshasa was one of two Belgian drones and that it was on a test flight. According to a taz report, eight people were injured. EUFOR temporarily suspended its unmanned election observation. 16 residents, who mostly fished in the Congo during the crash , were made homeless by the plane crash.
Opponents set fire to a truck carrying election papers in Mbuji-Mayi city on July 28th. The election coordinator for the region Hubert Tissuaka said that the 67 election offices for which the truck was carrying the documents could not vote on Sunday because it was not possible to replace the material in such a short time. Seven election offices are said to have been burned in the Kasai region . The Monuc then flew new ballot papers to Mbuji-Mayi and about 200 polling offices were reopened on July 31st.
EUFOR vehicles were attacked by demonstrators and, according to EUFOR information, some of them were seriously damaged. According to the UN, only minor problems arose during the election, for example some voter lists were wrong.
Between the election and the announcement of the election results
A spokesman for Ruberwa's RCD party spoke of electoral fraud, and RCD secretary General Kabasu Babu Katulondi told the BBC that RCD representatives had been chased from polling stations when they tried to monitor the counts .
After the election, some election workers protested who had not been paid their promised salary or complained about the conditions in the election offices. So they would have worked for days without any support from the election commission.
The license to broadcast was withdrawn from three television stations after they broadcast images that could provoke violence . It was particularly concerned with calls for violence against whites and foreigners. One appeal was that if Kabila won, all whites in Kinshasa should be "set on fire". Such calls were also broadcast by a state television station and a broadcaster Bembas.
On August 20, shortly before the preliminary official election results were announced, an exchange of fire broke out between the police and security guards Bembas. The police in the Congo were considered to be the private army of the incumbent Kabila. The announcement was then delayed.
After the announcement of the preliminary official election result
Hours after the preliminary official election results were announced on August 21, Kabila's and Bemba's troops fought each other. Heavy weapons such as tanks , flak and grenade launchers were also used and the Bemba residence was also under fire, where 14 diplomats, including the UN ambassador William Swing and the German ambassador Reinhard Buchholz , were just meeting with Bemba. The private helicopter Bembas was destroyed. The EUFOR force was deployed to escort the diplomats out of the building after a ceasefire negotiated especially for this action. 150 Spanish paratroopers escorted the diplomats with armored vehicles from the Bembas residence. During the night the situation calmed down again. On the morning of August 22nd, the fighting flared up again, so that EUFOR 131 more troops moved from Libreville , Gabon to Kinshasa . The fighting was probably preceded by an attempt by Kabila's troops to disarm the soldiers of Bemba. Kabila's presidential guard, however, accused the Bembas units of kidnapping two soldiers. Government troops occupied Kinshasas Airport, which was then closed. In the evening, after mediation by the EU and the UN, a ceasefire was agreed. At least five people died in the shooting, including a Japanese man who wanted to photograph the shootings from his balcony.
On October 12, 2006, on the way to a television appearance for the election in London , Kabila's chief of staff Leonard She Okitundu , the former ambassador to Great Britain Henri Nswana and the chairman of Kabila's party in Great Britain Placide Mbatika were attacked by about 20 people with baseball bats and by the perpetrators left naked. The perpetrators published pictures of the robbed clothes and objects on the Internet.
Comments on the election
The Monuc described the elections as a great success. According to the Carter Center , a center for democracy and human rights founded by former US President Jimmy Carter , the election was generally peaceful, but the effects of changes in electoral offices and electoral lists made shortly before the election are still not correct measured.
However, the organization Human Rights Watch spoke of problems with the counts. Ballot papers have been seen to be thrown away and even burned; the numbers in some of the counts would not match and the number of supposedly invalid votes would keep increasing. In the Ituri region, where a peace treaty was signed three days before the election, the observers were severely hindered in their work.
Ballot boxes were partly driven to the collection points in private cars or even mopeds, some of which were in the open air.
Result
First counting and opinion-making of the candidates
First counts on July 31st showed that Bemba could claim the most votes in Kinshasa. According to Bemba, he won elections in six of the eleven provinces and would receive 40% to 45% of the vote. Pro-government newspapers, on the other hand, accused Bemba of publishing false results.
Ruberwa, on the other hand, announced that he would not recognize the election result because of electoral fraud. But so far he has not been able to provide any evidence.
Kabila announced that he would accept the election result even if the voters decided against him.
Counts on August 9th showed that Kabila was able to win a majority in the east of the country (according to Spiegel : 46%). He was followed by Bemba with 24%. But so far only 1.6 million votes from 25 million eligible voters have been counted and the east is a stronghold of Kabila. According to the BBC , Kabila was able to claim around 90% of the votes in the eastern provinces of North Kivu , Katanga and Maniema . In the west of the country, where the capital Kinshasa is located, Bemba was able to win around 40% of the vote and Kabila only 16% of the vote.
Preliminary official election result
Presidential election
The preliminary official election results were published on August 21, 2006. Kabila received the most votes with 44.81%. Bemba finished second with 20.03% of the vote. The turnout was 70%. Since none of the candidates achieved an absolute majority , there was a runoff election on October 29, which, according to Monuc, was largely uncomplicated. In this run-off election, Kabila was able to assert himself with around 58 percent of the vote and relegate Bemba to second place. On November 28, the Supreme Court dismissed a lawsuit for election fraud.
| Joseph Kabila Kabange | 44.81% |
| Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo | 20.03% |
| Antoine Gizenga | 13.06% |
| François Joseph Mobutu Nzanga Ngbangawe | 4.77% |
| Oscar Kashala Lukumuenda | 3.46% |
| Azarias Ruberwa Manywa | 1.69% |
| Pierre Pay-Pay wa Syakasighe | 1.58% |
| Vincent de Paul Lunda Bululu | 1.40% |
| Joseph Olengankoy Mukundji | 0.60% |
| Pierre Anatole Matusila Malungeni ne Congo | 0.59% |
| Antipas Mbusa Nyamwisi | 0.57% |
| Bernard Emmanuel Kabatu Suila | 0.51% |
| Kasonga Banyingela | 0.48% |
| Christophe Mboso N'Kodia Pwanga | 0.47% |
| Norbert Likulia Bolongo | 0.46% |
| Roger Lumbala | 0.45% |
| Justine Mpoyo Kasa-Vubu | 0.44% |
| Guy Patrice Lumumba | 0.42% |
| Catherine Marthe Nzuzi wa Mbombo | 0.38% |
| Alou Bonioma Kalokola | 0.38% |
| Paul Joseph Mukungubila Mutombo | 0.35% |
| Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma | 0.34% |
| Wivine N'Landu Kavidi | 0.32% |
| Gérard Kamanda wa Kamanda | 0.31% |
| Florentin Mokonda Bonza | 0.29% |
| Alafuele Mbuyi Kalala | 0.26% |
| Jacob Niemba Souga | 0.24% |
| Marie-Thérèse Nlandu Mpolo Nene | 0.21% |
| Osée Muyima Ndjoko | 0.15% |
| Hassan Thassinda Uba Thassinda | 0.14% |
| Timothée Moleka Nzulama | 0.10% |
Source:
Election of deputies
| Political party | Seats | percent |
|---|---|---|
| Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Democratie (PPRD) | 111 | 22.2 |
| Mouvement de Liberation du Congo (MLC) | 64 | 12.8 |
| Independent candidates | 63 | 12.6 |
| Parti lumumbiste unifié (PALU) | 34 | 6.8 |
| Mouvement Social pour le Renouveau (MSR) | 27 | 5.4 |
| Forces you renouveau | 26th | 5.2 |
| Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie (RCD) | 15th | 3.0 |
| Coalition des Democrates Congolais (CODECO) | 10 | 2.0 |
| Convention des Démocrates Chrétiens (CDC) | 10 | 2.0 |
| Union des democrates mobutistes (UDEMO) | 9 | 1.8 |
| Camp de la Patrie | 8th | 1.6 |
| Démocratie Chrétienne Fédéraliste-Convention des Fédéralists pour la Démocratie (DCF-COFEDEC) | 8th | 1.6 |
| Parti Démocrate Chrétien (PDC) | 8th | 1.6 |
| Union des Nationalistes Fédéralistes du Congo (UNAFEC) | 7th | 1.4 |
| Alliance Congolaise des Democrates Chrétiens (ACDC) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Alliance des democrates congolais (ADECO) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Convention des Congolais Unis (CCU) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Patriotes Résistants Maï-Maï (PRM) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Rassemblement des Congolais Démocrates et Nationalistes (RCDN) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Union du Peuple pour la République et le Développement Intégral (UPRDI) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Parti de l'Alliance Nationale pour l'Unité (PANU) | 4th | 0.8 |
| Alliance des Bâtisseurs du Congo (ABAKO) | 3 | 0.6 |
| Convention pour la République et la Démocratie (CRD) | 3 | 0.6 |
| Parti des Nationalistes pour le Développement Intégral (PANADI) | 3 | 0.6 |
| Union des Patriotes Congolais (UPC) | 3 | 0.6 |
| Union Nationale des Démocrates Fédéralistes (UNADEF) | 3 | 0.6 |
| Alliance des Nationalistes Croyants Congolais (ANCC) | 3 | 0.6 |
| Alliance pour le renouveau au Congo (ARC) + | 2 | 0.4 |
| Convention Démocrate pour le Développement (CDD) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Forces Novatrices pour l'Union et la Solidarité (FONUS) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Mouvement pour la Démocratie et le Développement (MDD) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Parti Congolais pour la Bonne Gouvernance (PCBG) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Parti de la Révolution du Peuple (PRP) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Parti Démocrate et Social Chrétien (PDSC) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Rassemblement des Forces Sociales et Fédéralistes (RSF) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Renaissance Plate-forme électorale (RENAISSANCE-PE) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Solidarity for the Development of the National (SODENA) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Union pour la Majorité Républicaine (UMR) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Union Nationale des Democrates Chrétiens (UNADEC) | 2 | 0.4 |
| Action de Rassemblement pour la Reconstruction et l'Edification Nationales (ARREN) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Alliance des Nationalistes Congolais / Plate Forme (ANC / PF) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Conscience et Volonté du Peuple (CVP) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Convention Chrétienne pour la Democratie (CCD) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Convention Nationale d'Action Politique (CNAP) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Convention Nationale pour la République et le Progrès (CNRP) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Démocratie chrétienne (Congo-Kinshasa) (DC) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Front des Democrates Congolais (FRODECO) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Front for l'Intégration Sociale (FIS) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Front Social des Indépendants Républicains (FSIR) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Front of the Sociaux Démocrates pour le Développement (FSDD) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Générations Républicaines (GR) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Mouvement d'Action pour la Résurrection du Congo, Parti du Travail et de la (MARC-PTF) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Mouvement d'Autodéfense pour l'Intégrité et le Maintien de l'Autorité Indép (MAY-MAY MOUVE) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Mouvement du Peuple Congolais pour la Republique (MPCR) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (MPR) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Mouvement Solidarité pour la Démocratie et le Développement (MSDD) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Mouvement Maï-Maï (MMM) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Organization Politique des Kasavubistes et Alliés (OPEKA) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Parti Congolais pour le Bien-être du Peuple (PCB) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Parti de l'Unité Nationale (PUNA) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Parti National du Peuple (PANAP) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Rassemblement des Chrétiens pour le Congo (RCPC) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Rassemblement des Écologistes Congolais, les verts (REC-LES VERTS) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Rassemblement pour le Développement Économique et Social (RADESO) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Union Congolaise for Change (UCC) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Union des Libéraux Démocrates Chrétiens (ULDC) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Union for the Defense of the Republic (UDR) | 1 | 0.2 |
| Not forgiven | 2 | 0.4 |
| All in all | 500 | 100 |
Web links
- cei-rdc.org - website of the election committee (French)
- bpb.de - Website of the Federal Agency for Political Education on the elections in the Congo
- guardian.co.uk - portal page of the Guardian about the Congo and the choice (English)
- bbc.co.uk - In pictures: DR Congo voters' views (English)
- spiegel.de - Photo series to choose from
- ELECTIONS 2006, DRC Assemblée National Inter-Parliamentary Union
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c BBC : Tight security for DR Congo vote , July 30, 2006
- ↑ a b c d FAZ : “Most important day in the history of our country” , July 30, 2006
- ^ NZZ : Start of the elections in Congo ( memento of September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) , July 30, 2006
- ↑ a b c BBC : First results posted in DR Congo , July 31, 2006
- ^ A b c NY Times : Former Rebel Claims Congo Poll Lead , July 31, 2006
- ↑ a b c BBC : Congolese vote in landmark polls , July 30, 2006
- ↑ a b c The Standard : “Proud to be Congolese” , July 30, 2006
- ↑ a b Der Spiegel : EU praises first step towards democracy , July 31, 2006
- ↑ a b SZ : The EU Military Mission in the Congo , July 28, 2006
- ↑ Der Standard : First free elections in over 40 years , July 30th
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Bestial murder in Kinshasa - UN director Conze worried , July 28, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Rush to the ballot boxes , July 30, 2006
- ↑ Dominic Johnson : Congo? No thanks! and what a mission in the Congo is about. in: the daily newspaper . Berlin January 28, 2006, p. 2 ISSN 0931-9085
- ↑ a b Dominic Johnson: Congo? No thanks! and what a mission in the Congo is about. in: the daily newspaper . Berlin January 28, 2006, p. 2 ISSN 0931-9085
- ^ NY Times : Congo's Election, the UN's Massacre , July 28, 2006
- ↑ Der Standard : Peace Accord for Ituri , July 27th
- ↑ a b SZ : Dead, fires, looting in Kinshasa , July 28, 2006
- ↑ a b c d e f DW : Election campaign without content in the Congo , July 28, 2006
- ↑ a b Der Spiegel : Shooting shortly before the end , August 20, 2006
- ^ A b Basler Zeitung : Congolese President promises reconstruction ( memento of September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) , July 28, 2006
- ↑ a b FAZ : The suicide of a favored party , July 21, 2006
- ↑ BPB : Who is available for election? - Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo
- ↑ BPB : Who is available for election? - Azarias Ruberwa
- ↑ Electoral Committee (CEI-RDC) - List définitive des candidats à l'election présidentielle ( Memento of the original of August 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Fear of Violence in the Congo Elections , July 30, 2006
- ↑ Vatican Radio : Reports of July 7, 2006 ( Memento of April 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) , July 7, 2006
- ↑ Blessing for the German soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the presidents of missio ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) , July 5, 2006
- ↑ Reuters : Eufor plane crashes in Congo - injured ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , July 29, 2006
- ↑ taz : EU drone crashes in poor district , July 31, 2006
- ↑ Der Standard : Oppositionists set fire to trucks with election papers , July 30, 2006
- ↑ a b c BBC : Foreign observers hail Congo poll , August 2, 2006
- ↑ a b c BBC : DR Congo outcome forces run-off , August 21, 2006
- ^ Berliner Zeitung : Split Congo , August 21, 2006
- ↑ Journalism.co.za : UN worried about DRC hate messages , August 20, 2006
- ↑ BBC : DR Congo to reveal poll results , August 20, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Fierce Gun Battles in Kinshasa , August 21, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel : EU troops save foreign ambassadors from firefight , August 21, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel : German Ambassador under fire , August 22, 2006
- ↑ BBC : EU boosts Congo force amid battle , August 22, 2006
- ^ FAZ : Shootings in Kinshasa - airport occupied , August 22, 2006
- ^ FAZ : Tense calm in Kinshasa , 23 August 2006
- ^ BBC: London attack on Congo officials , October 12, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel: Unknown people move out of Congolese politicians , October 13, 2006
- ^ The Guardian : Beaten, stripped and humiliated online - an African minister's welcome to the UK , October 13, 2006
- ↑ BBC : Congo poll count raises concerns , Aug. 5, 2006
- ↑ FAZ : Chaos during counting in Congo , August 3, 2006
- ↑ a b BBC : DR Congo candidate rejects poll , August 1, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Kabila lies in front of Bemba , August 11, 2006
- ↑ BBC : Kabila takes DR Congo vote lead , August 9, 2006
- ↑ BBC : Diplomats flee DR Congo shooting , August 21, 2006
- ↑ Der Spiegel : Shootings and Runoff Election , August 21, 2006
- ↑ Report from the Federal Agency for Civic Education
- ↑ CEI-RDC (electoral commission): Results Proviroired Presidentielle ( Memento of the original dated June 30, 2007) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , August 21, 2006
