Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2018

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Map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The presidential and parliamentary elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo took place on December 30, 2018. In four of the 81 constituencies, the elections were postponed four days before the election date to March 2019. On January 10, 2019, the electoral commission declared the opposition member Félix Tshisekedi the winner of the presidential election. Despite numerous reports of gross election fraud to the detriment of candidate Martin Fayulu , the constitutional court upheld Tshisekedi's election.

With the assumption of office of the new president there was a - formally - democratic handover of the office for the first time in the history of the country. The previous incumbent Joseph Kabila was no longer allowed to run after two terms.

The elections were originally supposed to take place on November 27, 2016. However, they were postponed several times and were finally scheduled for December 23, 2018. On December 20, 2018, the election commission announced that the elections would have to be postponed again. December 30, 2018 was set as the new date.

In addition to the President, the 500 members of the National Assembly ( Assemblée Nationale ) and the 715 members of the regional parliaments were elected.

Announcements and riots

The then 29-year-old Joseph Kabila took over the presidency from his murdered father Laurent-Désiré Kabila in 2001 ; in the 2006 elections he was legitimized for the first time by election. He announced that he would hold regular democratic elections in the state in November 2016. According to the constitution , he was not allowed to run again after two terms of five years each. But he postponed the elections and warned politicians not to destabilize the country. The opposition suspected that Kabila wanted to stay in power, especially since Kabila pointed out that some Congolese wanted to keep him in office. However, he did not reveal his exact plans.

After the postponement of the elections, unrest broke out in September 2016. According to government reports, 17 people, including three police officers, were killed after clashes between demonstrators and emergency services. The opposition alliance Rassemblement , however, spoke of more than 50 demonstrators who were shot by police officers. The opposition alliance then announced further demonstrations. The United States Department of State and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon expressed concern about the situation in the Congo and called on the government there to uphold all human rights, including the right to peaceful demonstrations.

The New Year's Eve Agreement of December 31, 2016 agreed that the election should be held in 2017. After this election date was also postponed, December 23, 2018 was finally set as the date and candidates were nominated.

Candidates

Félix Tshisekedi
Martin Fayulu


The 21 candidates included

The only woman on the candidate list was Mpunga Marie Josee Ifoku Mputa (AENC).

Jean-Pierre Bemba ( Mouvement de Liberation du Congo ), who had been imprisoned for a long time in The Hague , was one of the non-admitted candidates because he did not meet the constitutional requirements because of his prison sentence. After his non-admission he supported the Lamuka alliance like Moïse Katumbi, who was also rejected . Katumbi had previously lived in Belgium and was not allowed into the country, so he could not submit his candidacy.

On November 11, 2018, Fayulu, Tshisekedi, Vital Kamerhe and other opposition leaders decided in Geneva , Switzerland , that Fayulu should run as their joint candidate against Shadary. The following day, Tshisekedi and Kamerhe revoked the agreement because they felt that Fayulu had too little political experience. The two decided that Tshisekedi should also run and Kamerhe should lead his election campaign in order to become Prime Minister after an election victory. In return, Tshisekedi is set to support the candidate from Kamerhe's party as a presidential candidate in 2023.

Electoral process

Around 40 million eligible voters were registered by the Electoral Commission (CENI, also Céni), but their raw data included 46.5 million people.

Each voter has one vote in the presidential election. The president is elected by a simple majority .

Of the 500 members of the National Assembly, 60 are elected by majority voting in as many constituencies . The remaining 440 MPs are assigned according to proportional representation in 109 major constituencies; the parties compete there with open lists .

For the first time in the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, voting took place via voting machines . To this end, over 105,000 devices from the South Korean manufacturer Miru Systems were introduced. Voters voted on the machine, which produces a hard copy. In addition to the electronically determined result, this was then used to determine the election result. This procedure should make voting more secure and speed up the evaluation; but the opposition feared manipulation.

There were around 80,000 polling stations.

Election campaign and procedure in the run-up to the elections

Election Commission headquarters
Voters reading the electoral roll

Shadary, Fayulu and Tshisekedi were considered favorites. A few hours before the opposition candidate Fayulu held a mass rally in the capital Kinshasa , Governor Kombuta issued a decree prohibiting this. The election campaign was difficult due to the poor infrastructure and ethnic unrest. Voting machines and ballot papers had to be imported and brought to all parts of the country by plane in a short time. On December 20, 2018, the CENI electoral commission announced that the elections would have to be postponed again for technical reasons. In addition to the Ebola outbreak in some parts of the country, the reasons included the destruction of around 8,000 voting machines in a warehouse fire in Kinshasa. According to diplomats, the government soldiers who were supposed to guard the building had recently been withdrawn. December 30th was set as the new election date.

On 26 December 2018 it was announced that the votes in four of 81 constituencies were postponed to March 2019 The cities of Beni and Butembo and the surrounding area of Beni - all together heartland of the Nande - to the east choose because of the Ebola outbreak later Yumbi because of rampant violence with almost 900 deaths. All three cities are opposition strongholds . Around 1.26 million of the 40 million registered voters live there. March 31 was later set as the election date. Despite the by-elections, the result of the presidential election should be announced on January 15, 2019 and the new president sworn in on January 18. In the by-elections there was no vote on the presidential election.

As election observers were commissions of the African Union (AU), the Development Community of Southern Africa (SADC), the Central African Economic Community (CEEAC) and the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) in the country; together about 200 people. European election observers were not invited. In addition, 1,026 long-term citizens and around 40,000 citizens active on election day accompanied the elections on behalf of the Congolese Roman Catholic Bishops' Conference (CENCO) and up to 20,000 employees of the non-partisan, civic synergy of the Missions d'Observation Citoyenne des Élections (SYMOCEL).

Course of the elections

Joseph Kabila voting

The elections took place as planned on December 30th, but election day was marked by numerous irregularities. Many polling stations opened several hours late; occasionally voting machines or voter lists were missing. Severe flooding occurred in Kinshasa on election day. The CENCO election observers recorded almost 200 acts of violence.

Events and unofficial results after the elections

The first results were announced the day after the elections. While Tshisekedi's campaign manager Kamerhe spoke of around 40% of the vote for Fayulu and Tshisekedi and 13% for Shadary, Shadary's campaign manager claimed that Shadary would win the election. After numerous interim results were published on Twitter , for example , the government blocked large parts of the national Internet connections and SMS sending. The ban should not be lifted until January 6, 2019, when the election commission had announced results according to the plan. In addition, the VHF program of the French radio station Radio France Internationale was blocked nationwide and its correspondent's accreditation withdrawn. Two of Jean-Pierre Bemba’s television channels have also been temporarily closed.

On January 2, 2019, SADC election observers stated that the elections were largely orderly and well conducted; AU observers praised the behavior of the voters. On the following day, CENCO stated that, based on its observations, it already knew the winner of the presidential election and demanded that the election commission publish the results as soon as possible. Government circles indirectly confirmed that Martin Fayulu had won the election. According to Africa Confidential, CENCO members already passed on information to Western diplomats on January 2nd that Fayulu had won more than 50% of the vote and Tshisekedi and Shadary had each gained around 20%.

On January 5, US President Donald Trump had soldiers and military aircraft relocated to Libreville , Gabon , to protect US citizens and facilities in the event of unrest. The announcement of the election results planned for January 6th was postponed because, according to CENI, the day before, only half of the election results had arrived. However, a deliberate delay was presumed, since the constituency results were usually already determined on the evening of the election. The blocking of Internet connections and broadcasting stations also remained in place for the time being.

SYMOCEL election observers stated that “major” irregularities had occurred in more than half of the central counting offices visited and that 92% of these offices, contrary to the regulation, had not posted any results.

Between the election day and the announcement of the results, there were several meetings of advisers Kabilas and Tshisekedis.

Official results of the presidential election and reactions

In the early morning of January 10, 2019, the electoral commission announced the preliminary results of the presidential election. Accordingly, Tshisekedi won with over seven of the 18 million votes cast (38.6%). Fayulu received over six million votes (34.8%), Shadary over four million (23.8%). According to CENI, the turnout was 47.6%.

Numerous people in Kinshasa cheered the result in public. Unlike Shadary, Fayulu did not accept the result and spoke of an "election coup". He stated that a secret agreement between the Tshisekedis and Shadarys or Kabilas camps was an "open secret". The Foreign Ministers of France and Belgium, Jean-Yves Le Drian and Didier Reynders , also questioned the results and asked for a breakdown of the results. Like Fayulu, several analysts thought it likely that the electoral commission associated with the Kabila regime won Tshisekedi in order to prevent Fayulu from taking over the presidency. After the results were announced by CENI, the country's Catholic Church stated that, according to their counts, Fayulu had won.

After the election results were announced, Tshisekedi called Kabila “no longer an opponent, but a partner in the democratic change in our country”.

On the day the presidential election results were announced, eleven people were killed in clashes between demonstrators and police, who fired live ammunition. The following day, the UN Security Council called for a national consensus to be found and violence to be avoided. However, Russia and China spoke out against UN interference.

Fayulu's house in Kinshasa was surrounded by soldiers from the Republican Guards and police on January 12, so that he could not reach the Constitutional Court until hours later . His lawyers had challenged the presidential election results in the Constitutional Court the day before and demanded a new count by hand. Fayulu also requested a recount of the remaining election results. The Zambian President Edgar Lungu welcomed the objection on behalf of SADC Fayulus and proposed a government of national unity . The ICGLR alliance also joined the call for a new count. Radio France Internationale , TV5 Monde , the Financial Times and Süddeutsche Zeitung reported on January 15 that the election results were falsified; in fact, Fayulu received almost 60% and Tshisekedi less than 20% of the vote. They cited raw data from the election commission published by a whistleblower as the source , representing 86% of the total votes cast. The Financial Times found a high correlation between the raw data and the data collected by CENCO. Commentators spoke of the "best documented electoral fraud in African history" and the "most ruthless election fraud in recent African history".

On January 17, after a summit meeting , the African Union asked the electoral commission to suspend the announcement of the official election results and decided to send a high-level commission to the country to find a solution with the local actors. The Congolese government described this statement as "scandalous".

Early in the morning of January 20, the Constitutional Court dismissed Fayulus' suit against the result of the presidential election. He did not provide sufficient evidence of irregularities. Fayulu then proclaimed himself president. The Internet connections were restored shortly before the court ruling, and the broadcasters followed shortly afterwards. Tshisekedi's well-wishers on the same day included SADC, Tanzanian President John Magufuli and Burundian President Pierre Nkurunziza , as well as Cyril Ramaphosa ( South Africa ) and Uhuru Kenyatta ( Kenya ). The AU postponed the sending of a delegation indefinitely. The French Foreign Ministry “took note” of the official election result and called on Tshisekedi to enter into a dialogue “with all actors”. The European Union also “ took note” of the result and offered the government “further cooperation”. The US government has also announced further cooperation. On January 23, the US administration recognized the election result and praised the election - in the draft version the election result was described as "very flawed and worrying". One commentator complained about the “cynical view” and the “nodding” of the “ridiculously clumsy forgery” by Western countries.

On January 24th, Tshisekedi was sworn in as president. Joseph Kabila presented him with a national flag and a printed constitution, which symbolize the office. However, Kabila still lives in the presidential palace. In May 2019, Tshisekedi finally appointed former minister Sylvestre Ilunga , a follower of Kabila, as prime minister. Tshisekedi was only able to form a cabinet at the end of August 2019.

Results of the general election

On January 12, 2019, the Election Commission announced the preliminary results of the election to the National Assembly. Accordingly, the Kabila-affiliated coalition Front Commun pour le Congo (FCC) received over 250 of the 485 seats awarded - 15 seats will not be awarded until March. Tshisekedi's alliance Cap pour le changement (CACH) got less than 50 seats, while Fayulus Lamuka got about 59 seats. The following day the distribution of seats was given as follows: around 350 seats for the FCC, around 80 seats for Lamuka and almost 50 seats for CACH.

Result

CENI only gave the names of the elected candidates. The assignment to a group or coalition is not always clear.

Preliminary results of the parliamentary elections
Party or alliance be right % Seats +/-
Directly relationship Total
Parti du peuple pour la reconstruction et la democratie (PPRD) 52 −10
Alliance des Forces démocratiques du Congo et alliés (AFDC-A) 41 +26
Union pour la democratie et le progrès social -Tshisekedi (UDPS / Tshisekedi) 32 −9
Action alternative pour le bien-être et le changement (AAB) 30th
Mouvement Social (MS) 23
Alliance des acteurs pour la bonne governance du Congo (AABC) 22nd
Mouvement de liberation du Congo (MLC) 22nd ± 0
Parti du peuple pour la paix et la democratie (PPPD) 21st −8
Alliance des democrates pour le renouveau et le progrès (ADRP) 21st
Alliance des mouvements du Congo (AMK) 20th
[Parti lumumbiste unifié et alliés (PALU-A) 17th −2
Union pour la nation congolaise (UNC) 14th −3
Avenir du Congo (ACO) 12
Alliance des bâtisseurs pour un Congo émergent (ABCE) 11
Rassemblement pour la Reconstruction du Congo (RRC) 11 ± 0
Parti congolais for the development (PCD) 11
Groupe des 7 (G7) 10
Action des alliés pour l'amélioration des conditions de vie des congolais (AAAC) 10
Alliance politique CCU et alliés (ALLIANCE) 8th
Alliance pour l'alternance démocratique (AAD) 7th
Dynamique de l'opposition (DO) ⩾ 1
Notre Congo (CNB) ⩾ 1
Mouvement social pour le renouveau (MSR)
Ensemble pour le change (EPC)
Rassemblement congolais pour la democratie (RCD)
Parti démocrate-chrétien (PDC)
Others -
Independent
Seats still to be allocated 1 14th 15th -
Total Alliance Front commun pour le Congo ( PPRD -PPPD-AFDC-AAB-Others) 337
Sum of alliance Lamuka (DO-MLC-EPC-PALU-CNB-MSR) 94
Total Alliance Cap pour le changement ( UDPS / Tshisekedi -UNC) 46 −12
Valid votes 18.161.182 99.08
Invalid votes 168.136 0.92
total 18,329,318 100 60 440 500 ± 0
Non-voters 20.212.820 52.44
Registered 38,542,138 47.56

In a later list, which includes the by-election results from March 2019, the distribution of seats by blocks is given as follows: FCC 341, Lamuka 112, Cap pour le changement 47.

In June 2019, Lamuka was stripped of 21 parliamentary seats and two senatorial seats following a court decision. All 23 seats were slammed to the FCC.

By mid-June, following alleged election complaints, the Constitutional Court had awarded Lamuka a total of 33 mandates to the FCC.

Results of the provincial and senate elections

According to the election commission, the FCC also won here with an absolute majority of the seats - calculated nationwide. In the election of the senators by the provincial councils on March 15, 2019, candidates affiliated with the FCC received 91 out of 101 seats (+35), plus Joseph Kabila received a seat for life. Fayulus Lamuka received six seats (−13), President Tshisekedis CACH three, of which his UDPS only received one (without by-elections on March 31, after which eight more seats were awarded). Obviously, numerous votes were " sold ". After initial resistance, Tshisekedi accepted the result on March 28th.

Broadcast reports

Web links

Commons : Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2018  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Constituencies Beni Territoire (8 seats), Beni Ville (2), Butembo Ville (4) and Yumbi (1).
  2. ↑ Total 40,024,897 of the registered minus the registered of Beni Territoire, Beni Ville, Butembo Ville and Yumbi

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Opposition member surprisingly wins presidential election in Congo. sueddeutsche.de from January 10, 2019, accessed on January 10, 2019
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