Diving
The Diving is a water sport , jump, when it comes from different heights and with different techniques as possible elegantly into the water. This competitive sport has been part of the Olympic Games since 1904 with several disciplines . A distinction is made between the disciplines artificial jumping (1 m and 3 m board ), high diving (5 m, 7.5 m and 10 m tower ) and synchronized jumping (3 m board and 10 m -Tower). Diving is also a popular recreational sport that can be practiced in many swimming pools and leisure pools. As an important part of most swimming badges and lifeguarding , water jumping also has a safety relevance.
One extreme sport of water jumping is cliff jumping . The athletes jump into open water from cliffs over ten meters high. It combines high diving techniques with the demands that nature places on athletes.
history
As early as the 8th century BC, diving in ancient Greece was first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey . However, it was more part of military training than a sporting competition. Jumping followed by diving also counted as a military means for the Romans and Teutons . A first picture of a water diver was found in Paestum , around the year 475 BC. The Tomba del Tuffatore ( Diver's Tomb ) depicts a man jumping gracefully from a platform. The picture is supposed to symbolize the course of life, from birth to death.
Diving as a modern competitive sport developed in Germany and Sweden from the 18th century. In Germany, the development is closely linked to the gymnastics movement of gymnastics father Jahn and GutsMuths . The Halloren , for whom jumping became a sporting custom, were among the first to show their jumps in front of spectators in competitions. Most people jumped from bridges into the Saale . The world's first diving club was founded in 1840 by Halloren Tichy and was called Tichy'sche Fösche . Since many swimming pools were built at this time and jumping there was safer than in open water, water jumping spread quickly. In Sweden at that time, many wooden scaffolding was being built on lakes and coasts, from which courageous athletes could show their jumps. In 1899 the first, albeit unofficial, world championship took place in Sweden. With the addition of diving to the program of the 1904 Olympic Games , the sport spread to many other countries.
German championships have been held since the German Swimming Association was founded in 1886, and women have also been taking part since 1921. The international umbrella organization, FINA , was founded in 1908.
Diving as a recreational sport
Jumps into the water require courage and skill and have a long tradition. In most public swimming pools and leisure pools, visitors have a diving board, often even a diving tower, and their own diving pool. These facilities are an attraction especially for children and young people and are used intensively. In contrast to competition jumping, in which elegance and clean immersion are in the foreground, what counts for many recreational jumpers is the courage to jump, from greater heights also the feeling of free fall and sometimes the impression you make on the audience. A popular jump is the so-called ass bomb , where you hit the water with a large surface, creating a high fountain.
In Germany, diving is part of many swimming badges . When seahorses a jump is required by the water's edge, for the German Swimming Pass jumps of up to 3 m high. Head and take-off jumps must also be shown in order to obtain the lifeguard badge .
The situation is similar in Austria. For the swimming badge of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichisches Wasserrettungswesen (ARGE ÖWRW) certain requirements for diving must be met. For example, a jump from the edge of the pool is required for early swimmers, a 1-meter jump or 3-meter jump for free swimmers, and head-start jumps are required for driving and all-round swimmers.
In Switzerland, diving is part of swimming lessons in schools. As part of the swimming tests, children and young people can take special tests for diving in the water and acquire appropriate fabric badges over eight levels. The state organization Youth and Sport promotes water jumping in popular sports. From the fifth level on you need a certain number of points in a competition in order to acquire the badge.
The dangers of jumping in the water include diving head into unfamiliar waters. Incorrectly estimated water depth or parts floating below the surface of the water repeatedly lead to serious injuries, especially paraplegia , and to death.
Diving as a competitive sport
International competitions
In the junior and adult area, there are individual competitions for women and men in artificial jumping from the 1-m board and 3-m board and from the 10-m tower as well as synchronized competitions from the 3-m board and 10-m tower. The most important international competitions include the Olympic Games, in which a preliminary, semi-final and final are played individually from the 3-meter board and 10-meter tower. The 18 best jumpers in the preliminary competition qualify for the semifinals, the twelve best jumpers in the semifinals for the final. The results obtained from the preliminary match or the semi-finals are not taken into account any further, the jumpers start again at 0 points. However, the jumpers in the semifinals or finals start in the reverse order of the previous ranking, so that the best jumpers from the preliminary or semifinals in the semifinals or finals have their turn at the end of a round. Skydiving from the 1-meter board is not an Olympic discipline. Eight pairs qualify for the synchronized competitions from the 3-meter board and 10-meter tower at the Olympic Games, so that the final is played directly.
At swimming world championships , the same procedures apply to the individual competitions from the 3-meter board and 10-meter tower as at the Olympic Games. However, there is no semi-final from the 1-meter board, the twelve best jumpers in the preliminary fight qualify directly for the final. In the synchronized competitions, due to the higher number of participants, there is a preliminary competition from which the top twelve couples qualify for the final. The same competitions are held at the European Swimming Championships as at the World Championships, but there are no semi-finals. The twelve best jumpers or synchronized pairs of the preliminary run qualify directly for the final.
Other international competitions organized by FINA are the biennial World Cup (since 1979) and, annually, the FINA World Series (since 1995) and the FINA Grand Prix (since 2007). Diving is also part of the largest multisport events, such as the Commonwealth Games , Pan-American Games and Asian Games .
Execution of the jumps
A competition consists of five jumps for women and six for men. In the individual competitions there are only freestyle jumps, the jumpers can freely choose the jump type, level of difficulty and order of their jumps. However, one jump from each of the five jump groups must be shown in artificial jumping. The men can thus show two jumps from a freely selectable jump group, which, however, must not be identical. There are six jump groups in high diving, the women have to jump from five freely selectable groups, the men from each of the six groups. In the synchronized competitions, the first two rounds consist of compulsory jumps. In the case of a low level of difficulty, the focus is on exact synchronicity. Here, too, jumps from different jump groups must be shown.
The jumpers must indicate their jump types and the order before the competition. If they do not jump the jump that was specified in a run, the jump must be rated with 0 points regardless of the execution.
The artistic jumps are made up of somersaults and twists . Each jump is expressed by a three-digit number, or four-digit number for jumps with screws. This is supplemented with the letter A, B, C or D, which defines the type of design. This jump table is internationally uniform and open to further jump variants.
Examples:
| 101 A | Forward head jump |
| 403 C | Perched 1 ½ dolphin somersault |
| 5132 D | 1 ½ somersault forward with 1 twist |
Jump groups
The first digit of the three-digit number indicates the jump group. In the case of screw jumps, the number 5 is placed in front of the fourth number:
| 1 _ _ | Leaps forward | Jump forward, turn forward |
| 2 _ _ | Backward jumps | Jump backwards, turn backwards |
| 3 _ _ | Auerbach jumps | Jump forward, turn backward |
| 4 _ _ | Dolphin jumps | Jump backwards, turn forwards |
| 5 _ _ _ | Screw cracks | as the fourth digit |
| 6 _ _ | Handstand jumps | only when diving |
| 6 _ _ _ | Handstand jumps with screw | only when diving |
Somersaults
The second digit describes whether a jump with at least one full somersault is to be performed “normally” (= 0) or flying (= 1). Flying means: at least the first half turn (180 °) stretched, the following turns either pike (= B) or crouched (= C).
| _ 0 _ | normal | |
| _ 1 _ | flying | at least the first half turn stretched, remainder B or C |
The third digit indicates the number of half somersaults:
| _ _ 1 | Plunge |
| _ _ 2 | Somersault |
| _ _ 3 | 1 ½ somersault |
| _ _ 4 | Double somersault |
| _ _ 5 | 2 ½ somersault |
| _ _ 6 | Triple somersault |
| _ _ 7 | 3 ½ somersault |
| _ _ 8th | Quadruple somersault |
| _ _ 9 | 4 ½ somersault |
| _ _ 11 | 5 ½ somersault |
Screws
Jumps in groups 1–4, which are combined with screws, are preceded by the number 5. The second digit then means the jump group, the third digit the number of half somersault turns, the fourth digit the number of half twists:
| 5 _ _ 1 | half screw |
| 5 _ _ 2 | whole screw |
| 5 _ _ 3 | 1 ½ screws |
| 5 _ _ 4 | double screw |
| 5 _ _ 5 | 2 ½ screws |
| 5 _ _ 6 | triple screw |
| 5 _ _ 7 | 3 ½ screws |
| 5 _ _ 8 | quadruple screw |
| 5 _ _ 9 | 4 ½ screw |
- Execution of a screw jump from the 3m board
A diver performs a 2½ forward somersault with 1 twist, free execution (5152 B; difficulty 3.0) at the German indoor championships of the A / B youth 2019.
deep jump into the board
Take off and initiate the somersault
1/4 somersault, start of execution B
3/4 somersault done
1 1/4 somersault pike, release to stretch, initiation of the twist
1 1/2 somersault, 1/4 twist, turn to the left
1 3/4 somersault, 3/4 twist
2 somersault, loosening of the screw
2 somersault, screw loosened
2 1/4 somersaults, loosening the somersault rotation
2 1/2 somersault, start of the immersion phase
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Handstand jumps
Handstand jumps without screws are given a 3-digit jump number. The second digit then means the jump group, the third digit the number of half somersaults:
| 6 _ _ | Handstand jump without screw |
| 6 G _ | Jump group |
| 6 _ p | half somersaults |
Handstand jumps with screws are given a 4-digit jump number. The second digit then means the jump group, the third digit the number of half somersault turns, the fourth digit the number of half twists:
| 6 _ _ _ | Handstand jump with screw |
| 6 G _ _ | Jump group |
| 6 _ S _ | half somersaults |
| 6 _ _ p | half screw turns |
- Execution of a handstand jump from the 7m tower
A diver performs a handstand with 1 forward somersault (612 B; difficulty 1.8) at the German indoor championships of the A / B youth 2019.
Placing the hands
Upswing to the handstand
Handstand stretching
Handstand in the resting position
Tipping over
Initiate rotation
Somersault pike (execution B)
Beginning of the stretching phase
Immersion phase
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execution
Jumps can be stretched, pitched, crouched or performed freely. The execution is expressed with a letter which is placed after the jump number:
| A. | stretched | the body is stretched throughout the jump |
| B. | dreaded | Hips bent and legs straight |
| C. | crouched | Squat position with legs drawn up |
| D. | free | mostly stretched first, then piked (for screw jumps) |
stretched - 101 A
pike - 205 B
perched - 202 C.
Level of difficulty
A level of difficulty is calculated for each type of jump using the individual jump components it contains. For the calculation there is a formula from the FINA, which enables every athlete to calculate his jumps.
Examples:
| height | Leap | difficulty | Leap |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 m | 101 A | 1.6 | Forward head jump |
| 3 m | 103 B | 1.6 | Dived 1 ½ somersault forward |
| 3 m | 403 B | 2.1 | 1 ½ dolphin somersault made |
| 3 m | 5233 D | 2.5 | 1 ½ back somersault with 1 ½ twists |
| 3 m | 5239 D | 3.6 | 1 ½ back somersault with 4 ½ twists |
In international competitions, up to 4½ somersaults and 4½ screws are jumped from the 3-meter board. The most difficult jump shown so far with a degree of difficulty of 3.9 was the 2 ½ forward flip pike with 3 screws (5156 B), shown by Ilya Sakharov and He Chong at the 2011 World Championships . From the 10 m tower, Viktor Minibajew showed the most difficult jump so far at the Diving World Series event in Moscow in 2013, a 2½ back somersault with 3½ twists (5257 B) with a degree of difficulty of 4.3.
rating
Be rated:
- Jump height, distance to the board
- technical execution, posture, body tension
- Elegance, overall impression
- Immersion
- Jump, jump direction
In international competitions, seven judges assess the jumps in individual competitions. Everyone awards 0 to 10 points per jump, in steps of half points. The two highest and lowest ratings are deleted. The remaining three ratings are added up and the result multiplied by the degree of difficulty. The final result corresponds to the number of points achieved by the jumper.
- Immersion phases
Immerse yourself in the water with your legs still almost at right angles
overextended immersion
straight posture when immersing
synchronous immersion
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In synchronized competitions, nine competition judges evaluate the jumps. Two competition judges each evaluate the individual jump of one of the two synchronized jumpers, whereby the worse evaluation is deleted. Five competition judges only evaluate the synchronicity of the jump, the lowest and highest rating are deleted. The five judges should only judge the synchronicity of the jump, not the technical execution. Parallel approach and jump, jump height, distance to the board or tower, parallel opening of pike or crouch, overall impression of synchronicity during the jump, angle of immersion and simultaneous immersion are evaluated. The addition of the scores for the two individual jumps and the three synchronized scores is multiplied by the degree of difficulty and results in the number of points achieved. In the single and synchronized jumping, the jumper or the pair who has achieved the highest total number of points after five or six jumps wins. For smaller national and international competitions, the number of judges may be smaller.
Olympic games
Diving has been Olympic since 1904. In St. Louis, there were two men's disciplines on the program, high diving and head long jump, which was followed by a diving phase that was as long as possible after a board jump. In 1908 artificial jumping was added. The first women's competition was held in Stockholm in 1912. Synchronized competitions have also been Olympic for men and women since 2000. The most successful male jumper is the American Greg Louganis , who won four golds and one silver between 1976 and 1988. Among the women, the Chinese Guo Jingjing is most successful with a total of four gold and two silver medals, which she won between 2000 and 2008. US athletes dominated Olympic diving until the 1970s, and the US is by far the most successful nation to this day. Today, however, Chinese water divers are setting the tone, at the last Olympic Games China won seven out of eight possible gold medals.
World championships
The world championships were first held by FINA in 1973. Initially they took place at different intervals, but since 2001 they have been held regularly every two years. At the beginning there were two competitions for men and women, artificial jumping from the 3-meter board and diving from the 10-meter tower. In 1991 artificial jumping from the 1-meter board was added, in 1998 synchronized jumping from the 3-meter board and 10-meter tower, each for men and women. A cliff jumping competition was held for the first time in 2013. For women from 20 meters and for men from 27 meters.
While US and Soviet athletes still dominated the first world championships, China was able to increasingly assume a dominant position in the following period. Today, Chinese athletes have won more than half of all world titles. Twice at a world championship all titles could be won by athletes from one country, in 1982 the USA won all four titles, in 2011 China even won all ten possible titles. The most successful athlete with six gold medals is Qin Kai , the most successful athlete with ten gold medals and one silver medal is Guo Jingjing .
→ See: List of world champions in diving
European championships
European swimming championships were held for the first time by the European umbrella organization LEN in 1926. Initially they took place at different intervals, but since 2000 they have been held regularly every two years. Since 2009 there have also been biennial separate European championships only for water divers. At the first European championship in 1926 there were only competitions for men, but since the second edition in 1927 women have also been jumping for medals. Initially, only competitions in artificial jumping from the 3-meter board and 10-meter tower diving were held, in 1989 there was also artificial jumping from the 1-meter board and since 1997 there has also been 3-meter and 10-meter synchronized jumping Part of the European Championships. Since 2010, a mixed team competition has been held as an additional category in which a woman and a man from one nation show 3 jumps and the result is added up.
The most successful participant is Dmitri Sautin with twelve titles as well as four silver and two bronze medals. In the women's category, Tania Cagnotto is the most successful participant with fourteen gold, four silver and four bronze medals.
→ See: List of European champions in diving
| Selection of important divers from the past | |||
 Guo Jingjing
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 Dmitri Sautin
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 Greg Louganis
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 Ingrid Krämer-Gulbin
|
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 |
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| 4 × Olympic Champion 10 × World Champion 3 × Asian Champion |
2 × Olympic champions 5 × world champions 12 × European champions |
4 × Olympic champions 5 × world champions 6 × Pan American champions |
Most successful German water jump Olympic athlete 3 × gold, 1 × silver |
In Fort Lauderdale , the Hall of Fame water jumping is. It was founded in 1965. So far, more than 80 water divers, who were particularly successful at the Olympic Games, as well as important officials, sponsors and artists have been admitted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame .
Records
There are clear rules for jumping from a great height (also called high diving). No wetsuits or shoes are allowed. In addition, the jumper has to leave the pool of his own accord. At 52.4 m, Dana Kunze has held the men's world record since 1983. Lucy Wardle has held the world record for women since 1985 with 36.8 m.
training
In summer, training is mainly in the outdoor pool, in winter in the indoor pool, on the trampoline or in a diving pit ( diving board and pit filled with foam). Dance and ballet are used to promote expression and posture . In training, the jumps or the individual jump components are first practiced from the lowest possible heights or in the jump pit. The number of training jumps from 3 m and above all 10 m height is kept low in order to prevent excessive stress on the body.
In Germany there are currently five federal bases for diving enthusiasts in Berlin , Dresden , Halle , Leipzig and Rostock , where athletes can find optimal training conditions and full-time trainers.
physics
A high diver shoots into the water at almost 50 km / h when jumping from a height of 10 meters. Its speed is reduced to zero within a few tenths of a second. It is 3.5 times your own body weight. In order to reduce the risk of injuries, the water surface is kept in motion by a water jet directed towards it, which disrupts the surface tension. One speaks colloquially of the roughening of the water.
Trivia
A form of water jumping that is more related to fun sports is dirndl flying , which has been particularly widespread in the Austrian and Bavarian Alps since the 1990s. Women in dirndls jump from a springboard into a lake or a swimming pool; the flight figures are judged by a jury.
Celebrities competed against each other in a TV-compatible format in the eleven times TV total Turmspringen (2004-2015). The format changed "from a funny ass bomb parade to a spectacular competition".
Web links
Associations
- German Swimming Association V. Diving division
- LEN - European Swimming Federation
- FINA - World Swimming Association
- Links to the most important associations and clubs in diving
Results
Other links
- Exposé: Diving in Germany ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 1.93 MB)
- Sketches of different types of jump ( Memento from June 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 654 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Origins Diving. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012 ; accessed on September 14, 2011 (English).
- ↑ The historical development of water jumping. Retrieved September 14, 2011 .
- ↑ DLRG warns against useless jumping into a wheelchair. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012 ; Retrieved September 14, 2011 .
- ^ Structure of Diving. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012 ; accessed on September 14, 2011 (English).
- ↑ > FINA Diving Rules 2013 - 2017 including Appendixes, Section D3 (Competition Format). (PDF) Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 ; accessed on August 27, 2014 .
- ↑ > FINA Diving Rules 2013 - 2017 including Appendixes, Section D4 (Statement of Dives). (PDF) Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 ; accessed on August 27, 2014 .
- ↑ > FINA Diving Rules 2013 - 2017 including Appendixes, Appendixe 2 and 4 (FINA Table of degree of difficulty Springboard / Platform). (PDF) Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 ; accessed on August 27, 2014 .
- ↑ Appendix 1 FINA degree of difficulty - Formula and components springboard. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 12, 2016 ; accessed on May 12, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ DWS 2013, Moscow day 3: Minibaev innovates; China concludes with double gold. ( Memento from December 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Article by Elena Vaytsekhovskaya on the official website of FINA , April 2013.
- ↑ FINA Diving Rules 2013 - 2017 including Appendixes, Section D8 (Judging). (PDF) Archived from the original on March 11, 2014 ; accessed on August 5, 2015 .
- ↑ FINA Diving Rules 2013 - 2017 including Appendixes, Section D9 (Judging Synchronized Diving). (PDF) Archived from the original on March 11, 2014 ; accessed on August 5, 2015 .
- ↑ Mark Austin: ABC's Wide World of Sports - World Record High Dive Challenge 1983 (172 ft). February 20, 2011, accessed September 11, 2018 .
- ↑ streetsailor: World Record Highest Dives (Randy Dickison 174'8 "and Lucy Wardle (Streeter) 120'9"). November 26, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2018 .
- ↑ Cheers in the TV-Jammertal. In: Spiegel Online . Archived from the original on November 6, 2008 ; accessed on February 21, 2017 .
