Kudzu (plant)

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Kudzu
Pueraria montana var. Lobata

Pueraria montana var. Lobata

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Phaseoleae
Genre : Pueraria
Type : Kudzu
Scientific name
Pueraria montana
( Lour. ) Merr.

Kudzu ( Pueraria montana ), from Japanese kuzu ( ), is a type of plant from the legume family (Fabaceae). Their original range is in East Asia: China, Japan, Korea .

description

Tubers
Inflorescence with butterfly flowers
Hairy legumes

Vegetative characteristics

Pueraria montana is a robust, left-winding, climbing, seasonal green, perennial herbaceous plant that is partially woody at the base ( liana ). Root tubers are formed as persistence organs, which can reach lengths of two meters, diameter of 18 to 45 centimeters and a weight of 180 kg. The climbing shoot axes rooted at the leaf attachment points are hairy, grow up to 20 meters per year and can reach a height of 30 meters. The above-ground parts of the plant are yellowish, coarsely hairy to gray-brown woolly hairy, balding with age. The stem axis reaches lengths of 30 meters with a diameter of 0.6 to 2.5, exceptionally up to 10 centimeters.

The opposite leaves are pinnate in three parts or rarely simple. The terminal leaflet is ovoid with a length of 7 to 15 (rarely up to 19) centimeters and a width of 5 to 12 (rarely up to 18) centimeters wide with a pointed upper end. The two lateral leaflets are obliquely egg-shaped and smaller than the terminal leaflet. On the upper side of the leaf there are pressed yellowish hairs and the underside of the leaf is more densely hairy. The dorsifix stipules are ovate-elongated with a pointed upper end, they are gray to yellowish hairy and striped. The minor leaflets of the pinnate leaves are linear-lanceolate and at least as long as the stalks of the pinnate leaves with a length of 7 to 15, rarely up to 19 centimeters and a width of 5 to 12, rarely up to 18 centimeters.

Generative characteristics

In China, the flowering period extends from July to October. In the 15 to 30 cm long racemose inflorescences there are two or three flowers in each node. The oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate bracts are shorter or longer than the egg-shaped, less than 2 mm long bracts. The 2 to 2.5 cm large flowers are zygomorphic , five-fold and hermaphroditic. The five shaggy yellow-haired sepals are 7 to 20 millimeters long and the five lanceolate, pointed calyx lobes are slightly longer than the fused part. The five petals are purple to purple. The corolla has the typical shape of the butterfly flowers . The short-nailed flag is 8 to 18 millimeters long and oval-shaped and eyed. The wings are crescent-shaped and narrower than the shuttle and have linear ears at their base. The shuttle is crescent-shaped and elongated with very small, pointed ears. Of the ten stamens, nine are long fused, but with clearly recognizable free upper ends. The only carpel is hairy and elongated.

The brown, rough-haired, flat legume is long-elliptical with a length of 4 to 14 centimeters and a width of 6 to 13 millimeters. In China, the fruits ripen from October to December.

The invasive plant has very good climbing and growth properties

distribution

The natural range of Pueraria montana is in eastern India, in Myanmar , Indochina , China, Korea and Japan, up to Thailand, Malaysia , the Pacific islands and the north of Australia.

In 1876, at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pueraria montana was first introduced to the USA. From 1935 through the mid-1950s, farmers in the southern United States were encouraged to cultivate. Today, Pueraria montana is common in all states in the southeast and in Oregon, Washington and Hawaii in the western United States.

Also in Panama , the Caribbean and Sierra Leone in Africa from occurring is Pueraria montana described in Mexico occurs Pueraria montana var. Lobata on.

In Europe, kudzu can be found in several growing locations in warm locations on Lake Maggiore and Lake Lugano (Switzerland and Italy).

Site conditions

Kudzu thrives in regions with mild winters (winter temperatures of 4 to 16 ° C) and warm summers (more than 27 ° C) with high annual rainfall of over 1000 millimeters. It thrives best on deep, loamy soils that are not waterlogged. Kudzu is a light plant , but also grows in the penumbra of exposed forests. Since, like many legumes, it can fix atmospheric nitrogen, it grows well even on nutrient-poor soils. The leaves are very sensitive to frost .

Natural enemies

The bug species Megacopta cribraria feeds on kudzu in particular, along with numerous other plants. In its fields, although it hinders its growth, as the animals especially in all adjacent non-kudzu fields, such as. B. on soybeans , outside of their natural habitat without the use of pesticides strongly impair plant growth, there is a high risk that kudzu will again spread there. The kudzu itself protects itself primarily through its large regeneration area and its nutrient-storing root system. Megacopta cribraria played no special role in the US until 2009, but after that there was a real invasion that spread to more and more states in the southeastern US. The bedbugs became famous for their mass occurrence, during which black swarms often cover entire house walls.

Systematics

Pueraria montana belongs to the genus Pueraria in the subtribe Glycininae from the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily of the Faboideae within the family of the Fabaceae .

It was first published in 1790 under the name ( Basionym ) Dolichos montanus by João de Loureiro in Flora Cochinchinensis , 2, pp. 440-441. It was given the name Pueraria montana in 1935 by Elmer Drew Merrill in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , new series, 24 (2), p. 210. There are a large number of other synonyms . In European publications it is often listed under the synonyms Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi var. Montana (Lour.) Van der Maesen. These go back to an error in the generic revision by LJG van der Maesen.

From Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. three varieties are often given, for example in the Flora of China 2010:

  • Pueraria montana var. Lobata (Willd.) Maesen & SMAlmeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (Syn .: Dolichos hirsutus Thunb. , Dolichos lobatus Willd. , Neustanthus chinensis Benth. , Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Sieb. & Zucc. , Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) Matsum . , Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi , Pueraria lobata var. Chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi , Pueraria pseudohirsuta Tang & FTWang , Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth. , Pueraria triloba (Houtt.) Makino ): She has medium-sized flowers, corolla 12 to 20 millimeters with protruding, brown hairs, and medium-sized to large fruits (5 to 13 centimeters), the leaves are mostly three-part, but occasionally some are undivided.
  • Pueraria montana var. Montana (Syn .: Dolichos montanus Lour. , Glycine javanica L. , Pueraria lobata var. Montana (Lour.) Maesen , Pueraria omeiensis F.T.Wang & Tang , Pueraria tonkinensis Gagnep. ): The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.
  • Pueraria montana var. Thomsonii (Benth.) MRAlmeida (Syn .: Pueraria lobata var. Thomsonii . (Benth) Maesen , Pueraria montana var. Chinensis auct. Pueraria thomsonii Benth. ): It has large flowers (Corolla least 18, mostly more than 20 millimeters) the calyx with adjacent gray hairs, fruits 8 to 13 centimeters in length and always three-part leaves. The var. Montana has small flowers (corolla 12 to 15 millimeters), the calyx with short, woolly brown hairs or bare, fruits 4 to 10 centimeters and mostly undivided leaves.

The justification of the variety Pueraria montana var. Lobata has been doubted by a few taxonomists; they consider it to be a synonym of the type variety. The variety Pueraria montana var. Thomsonii , on the other hand, is raised to the species rank by a few, mainly pharmacological, workers. Both were differentiated in 2005 based on the ingredients.

Japanese kudzu noodles
Cake from kudzu

use

On Pacific islands, especially New Guinea and New Caledonia , Pueraria montana was introduced "a long time ago" and cultivated as a food crop. Today it is only consumed here as emergency food or on special occasions.

A special feature of Pueraria montana is its high calorie content , more than potatoes, for example. Their leaves are also edible, which makes them an important staple food. The leaves are very suitable as pasture for sheep and goats.

A future use for bioethanol production is also under discussion . It is estimated that 1–9 tons of fermentable carbohydrates in the form of glucose, sucrose and starch can be obtained from one hectare, depending on the climatic conditions .

The starchy root tubers of Pueraria montana var. Lobata are eaten cooked. The tubers can be up to 1.8 meters long and 35 kg or heavier. The tubers contain up to 10% starch, which can be extracted and used, for example, as a binder for thickening z. B. Soups is used. The ability to gel is very high, it is often confused with arrowroot flour , which also serves as a tasteless binding agent. It is used like agar-agar and gelatin , and noodles are also made from it. These tubers are a popular food and thickener in Japan. The flowers are also eaten cooked or pickled. Stems and leaves are used raw or cooked and the fresh flowers smell of vanilla . The fresh young shoots, which taste like a mixture of beans and peas, are very nutritious.

The fresh tuber contains:

  • 473 kJ per 100 g
  • 68.6% water
  • 2.1 g per 100 g protein
  • 0.1 g per 100 g of fat
  • 27.8 g per 100 g of carbohydrates
  • 15 mg per 100 g calcium
  • 18 mg per 100 g of phosphorus
  • 0.6 mg per 100 g of magnesium
  • Fibers and ash: 2.1 g per 100 g

The medicinal effects of Pueraria montana var. Lobata have been studied. The daidzin contained in parts of plants deactivates the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH-2) in the human body, which means that less acetaldehyde is broken down during alcohol consumption . Therefore, kudzu is considered effective against alcohol addiction .

The 2 to 3 mm long, solid fibers from the stem are processed into textiles and greenish, cream-colored paper, for example. Like many of the legumes with their nodule bacteria, Pueraria montana var. Lobata is planted as a green manure and mulch plant; their roots reach very deep with up to 1.8 meters.

Use as a dietary supplement

Kudzu root and extracts are also offered as dietary supplements in German-speaking countries, especially on the Internet . The plant is then occasionally referred to as "world green" or "Kopou bean". The basis is the usage tradition in East Asia and the research results obtained there in recent times. A study by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment from 2012 came among other things. a. to the following conclusions: “ There are no reports of harmful effects of P. lobata root powder or the extracts made from it .... ... In the absence of data, the root drug of P. lobata and the extracts made from it should not be taken as a precaution during pregnancy and breastfeeding, nor should they be consumed by children or women in the postmenopausal phase until further data are available. ... On the basis of the available scientific data, health risks cannot be ruled out, especially with long-term consumption of P. lobata roots and their preparations. "A marketing of products from kudzu root is to the novel food regulation EU approval expected to be issued only upon request. This is not yet available. In a ruling dated January 30, 2014, the Higher Regional Court of Celle therefore prohibited a supplier from offering kudzu capsules. This legal situation also applies to all other providers.

Usage history

In China, kudzu has been used since the Neolithic . In an archaeological dig in the Caoxie Mountains, Jiangsu Province , remains of kudzu fiber textiles, estimated to be 6,000 years old, were unearthed. Together with ramie ( Boehmeria nivea ) and silk , kudzu was one of the most important sources of fiber in China until the 20th century. The use of the starchy tubers has been documented by written sources since the early Middle Ages; special varieties were bred for this purpose. In Shennong ben cao jing (between about 200 BC and 300 AD), the use as a medicinal plant is also mentioned.

Invasiveness and Control

According to the IUCN, Kudzu is one of the 100 most aggressive invasive neophytes worldwide . In a few years, under favorable site conditions, the plant species can completely cover and destroy existing vegetation. Originally planted as erosion protection in the USA, the economic damage is now estimated at over half a billion dollars per year.

To get rid of Pueraria montana , the root system must be destroyed. Careful cleaning of the vehicles and work equipment is necessary, as otherwise adhering parts of the plant can be spread out again and sprout again. Excavation is difficult because of the large tubers and is best for limited areas. The grazing by cattle, goats or pigs for several years or repeated mowing , by the loss of the leaves and the subsequent depletion cause the root system to eliminate stocks. Control by herbicides is also possible. Biological crop protection is being investigated, but some insects that can be used for control also eat crops .

In 2016, Kudzu was included in the “List of Unwanted Species” for the European Union .

literature

  • LJG van der Maesen: Pueraria, the kudzu and its relatives: an update of the taxonomy. In: Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Tuberous legumes. Guadeloupe, FWI. 1992, pp. 55-86. - Pueraria montana on p. 65.
  • Delin Wu, Mats Thulin: Pueraria. : Pueraria montana , p. 246 - online with the same text as the printed work In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 10: Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Pueraria montana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Delin Wu, Mats Thulin: Pueraria. : Pueraria montana , p. 246 - online with the same text as the printed work In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 10: Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .
  3. a b Swiss Commission for the Conservation of Wild Plants : Info sheet Pueraria , Kudzu, Kopoubohne (accessed on June 14, 2010; PDF; 168 kB)
  4. US Forest Service Species: Pueraria montana var. Lobata (English, accessed June 14, 2010)
  5. Pueraria montana. In: AgroForestryTree Database. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012 ; accessed on February 16, 2016 .
  6. Kudzu, Pueraria montana. In: Invasive Plant Watch Network. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012 ; accessed on February 16, 2016 .
  7. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas : Kudzu at National Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas of the Park Service US Fish and Wildlife Service . (English, accessed April 12, 2014).
  8. Pueraria montana var. Lobata in Invasive and Exotic Species of North America .
  9. Global Invasive Species Database of the Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG of the IUCN Species Survival Commission : 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species .
  10. Pueraria montana at www.ildis.org International Legume Database & Information Service = ILDIS . (English, accessed April 12, 2014).
  11. Pueraria montana var. Lobata at Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry - Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). (accessed June 16, 2010).
  12. EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (editor) (2007): Data sheets on quarantine pests: Pueraria lobata. In: EPPO Bulletin , 37, pp. 230-235. PDF. ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eppo.int
  13. a b Zhenyu Li, Quan Dong, Thomas P. Albright, Qinfeng Guo: Natural and human dimensions of a quasi-wild species: the case of kudzu. Biological Invasions , 13, 2011, pp. 2167–2179, doi : 10.1007 / s10530-011-0042-7 .
  14. cals.ncsu.edu
  15. João de Loureiro: Flora Cochinchinensis , 2, pp. 440–441 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  16. Ma Jin-Shuang: Nomenclatural Notes on Alien Vascular Plants in North America Originated from East Asia. In: Acta Botanica Yunnanica , Volume 32, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 14-24. doi : 10.3724 / SP.J.1143.2010.09078 (currently unavailable)
  17. a b c d L. JG van der Maesen: Revision of the genus Pueraria DC with some notes on Teyleria Backer . In: Agricultural University Wageningen Papers . No. 85-1 , 1985 ( PDF ; 9 MB [accessed February 16, 2016]).
  18. Puerario lobata var. Montana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  19. Ren-Wang Jiang, Kit-Man Lau, Hung-Ming Lam, Wing-Sze Yam, Lai-Kin Leung, Kam-Lin Choi, Mary MY Waye, Thomas CW Mak, Kam-Sang Woo, Kwok-Pui Fung: A comparative study on aqueous root extracts of Pueraria thomsonii and Pueraria lobata by antioxidant assay and HPLC fingerprint analysis. In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Volume 96, Issues 1–2, 2005, pp. 133–138, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2004.08.029 .
  20. Rowan F. Sage, Heather A. Coiner, Danielle A. Way, G. Brett Runion, Stephen A. Prior, H. Allen Torbert, Richard Safe, Lewis Ziska: Kudzu [Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. Variety lobata]: A new source of carbohydrate for bioethanol production. In: BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY , Volume 33, 2009, pp. 57-61. Full text PDF.
  21. a b c d Pueraria montana lobata in Plants For A Future Pueraria montana var. Lobata .
  22. chemicalland21.com Daidzin - chemical structure and effect (Eng.)
  23. MP Arolfo, DH Overstreet, L. Yao, P. Fan, AJ Lawrence, G. Tao, WM Keung, BL Vallee, MF Olive, JT Gass, E. Rubin, H. Anni, CW Hodge, J. Besheer, J Zablocki, K. Leung, BK Blackburn, LG Lange, I. Diamond: Suppression of heavy drinking and alcohol seeking by a selective ALDH-2 inhibitor. In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. Volume 33, Number 11, November 2009, pp. 1935-1944, ISSN  1530-0277 . doi : 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2009.01031.x . PMID 19673742 .
  24. S. Klenow, KP Latté, U. Wegewitz, B. Dusemund, A. Pöting, KE Appel, R. Großklaus, R. Schumann, A. Lampen: Risk assessment of plants and herbal preparations. BfR Science; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-938163-76-4 therein Chapter 5 Pueraria lobata (Willdenow) Ohwi (Kudzuwurzel) , p. 101 ff.
  25. ↑ Ban on advertising for food supplements with extract of kudzu root
  26. OLG Celle · Judgment of January 30, 2014 · Az. 13 U 183/12
  27. Kudzu: Invasive and Fast! at www.vbio.de (accessed December 18, 2015).
  28. Kudzu: What makes the "green plague" dangerous on scienceticker.info, August 14, 2007, accessed on July 17, 2017.
  29. ^ Sylvan Ramsey Kaufman, Wallace Kaufman, Invasive Plants: Guide to Identification and the Impacts and Control of Common North American Species. Stackpole, 2013, ISBN 978-0-8117-0284-3 , p. 233.
  30. Susan L. Woodward, Joyce A. Quinn: Encyclopedia of Invasive Species: From Africanized Honey Bees to Zebra Mussels. Greenwood, 2011, ISBN 978-0-313-38220-8 , p. 625.
  31. List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (PDF) accessed on July 15, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Kudzu ( Pueraria montana )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files