Economy of Sudan

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sudan
SudanSudan
World economic rank 76. (nominal)
68. (PPP)
currency Sudanese pound (SDG)
Key figures
Gross domestic
product (GDP) 		$ 58.2 billion (nominal) (2017)
$ 187.0 billion ( PPP ) (2017)
GDP per capita $ 1,428 (nominal) (2017)
$ 4,586 (PPP) (2017)
GDP by economic sector Agriculture : 37.5%
Industry : 20.7%
Services : 51.8% (2017)
growth   3.2% (2017)
inflation rate 32.4% (2017)
Employed 11.92 million (2007)
Employed persons by economic sector Agriculture : 80%
Industry : 7%
Services : 13% (1998)
Unemployment rate 19.6% (2017)
Foreign trade
export 3.81 billion (2017)
Export goods Petroleum and gas, cotton, sesame seeds, farm animals
import 8.65 billion (2017)
Import goods Machinery, electronics, food
Foreign trade balance -3.20 billion (2017)
public finances
Public debt 126% of GDP (2017)
Government revenue $ 8.2 billion (2017)
Government spending $ 13.4 billion (2017)
Budget balance −4.4% of GDP (2017)

The economy of Sudan is characterized by agriculture. Through the oil production that began at the end of the 1980s and has been continuously expanded since the peace agreement between the government in Khartoum and the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA), funds are flowing into Sudan for the development of other sectors. The extent to which economic development can be driven also depends on the security situation in Darfur and East Sudan . At the moment the country is suffering from high inflation and national debt.

history

In Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , the production of agricultural products for export was developed. For this purpose, among other things, the Jazirah project was founded in the Jazirah plain . An irrigation system was set up , which was supplied with water by the Sannar Dam, completed in 1925 , and a railway network , the Jazira Railway , was built to transport products and means of production . Due to the economic success, the irrigation area has been steadily expanded and today almost completely covers the Jazira plain. However, a processing industry was neglected in the projects.

structure

Agriculture

In the dry Sudan there is cattle breeding with goats , sheep and cattle . Agriculture is only possible on the fertile banks of the Nile and in irrigation projects. Cotton and sugar cane are grown for export. In the water-richer south, in addition to cattle breeding, rain-fed agriculture is possible, especially with millet (sorghum). Droughts represent a deficit for agriculture .

Forestry and timber industry

Cutting of railway sleepers with a circular saw in the sawmill ad-Damazin

After the secession of South Sudan , the Republic of Sudan only has around 22 million hectares of forest, almost exclusively in the dry savannah zone . 80% of these areas consist of natural forests, which are officially designated as reserves. However, the pressure to use it from the local, often poor, population led to a severe degradation of these forests. The main problems are the illegal use of firewood and unregulated forest pasture . A number of forests near the river are managed by the Forest National Corporation (FNC), the main tree species here is Acacia nilotica .

The country's sawing industry focuses on processing Acacia nilotica into railway sleepers . In the six existing sawmills (mostly owned by the FNC), around 50,000 sleepers are manufactured annually and sold to the state railway company. This relies on domestic goods, as the import of hardwood into Sudan is prohibited. Native hardwood species play a certain role in the furniture joinery sector . In addition, European softwood is imported.

Mining and energy

Oil and gas concessions in Sudan

The geology of Sudan suggests great mineral resources. So far, iron , chromium , manganese , gold and silicon have been found in the country, as well as marble , gypsum and uranium in the Nuba mountains ; With a proven 84,950,000,000 m³, Sudan is one of the 60 countries with the largest natural gas reserves .

mineral oil and natural gas

There are extensive oil reserves in South Sudan . The dispute over the distribution of the profits from oil production contributed significantly to the civil war in South Sudan . A pipeline runs from the oil fields in the south through the Nuba Mountains and through Khartoum to Port Sudan , from where the oil is shipped. Chinese , Malay and Indian corporations are active in the promotion. The main buyer of Sudanese oil is China. Sudan accounts for an estimated 6 to 8% of Beijing's total oil imports. Sudan has been producing 350,000 barrels a day since April 2006, although capacities have already been expanded to 500,000 barrels a day - due to technical problems with the oil pipeline built by Malaysia , this potential cannot yet be fully exploited. One expects an increase to 800,000 barrels a day in the foreseeable future.

With the independence of South Sudan, Sudan lost 75% of its oil revenues. As of May 2012, no agreement had been reached on the distribution of the income from oil.

gold

In Eastern Sudan, gold is mined with the help of French companies. The annual production is around six tons (as of 2003).

Industry

In the oil sector, the oil refinery in Khartoum with a processing capacity of 100,000 barrels of oil, half of which is owned by the state company Sudapet and half by the Chinese company CNPC , should be mentioned. A second oil refinery with this capacity is planned for Port Sudan and is to be built by the Malaysian company Petronas .

In the building materials sector, the state-owned Nile Cement Company has a cement factory in the city of Rabak .

In the agricultural product processing industry, there are the sugar factories in the state of an-Nil al-Azraq (Blue Nile), which have been built since the 1960s.

Banking

Due to the US economic embargo, only domestic banks, banks from East Africa and the Middle East can be found in Sudan .

tourism

Aerial view of the pyramids of Meroe

Because of the war of secession in South Sudan until 2005 and the ongoing conflict in Darfur , the security situation in the crisis regions mentioned is not acceptable for tourism . Despite a peace agreement in 2006 in East Sudan, the political situation remains tense in some areas along the Eritrean border.

The tourist destinations are mostly north of the capital. The centers of Meroitic culture deserve special mention : Mount Barkal , Meroe and Napata , which were granted World Heritage status by UNESCO in 2003 . At the Red Sea , there are diving areas - the southern Red Sea in Sudan in 2007 by Forbes Traveler chosen to fifth of the world's best diving sites. The Dinder National Park is difficult to reach and offers no infrastructure.

Relations with foreign countries

Foreign trade

The member states of COMESA under which there is no duty

As a member of the South and East African trade organization COMESA, Sudan grants duty-free trade with other members. In addition, Sudan is trying to set up an Arab free trade area to promote its exports to neighboring regions.

Sudan enjoys observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO). After submitting documentation on economic issues, individual bilateral problems are now being discussed. Sudan's accession to the WTO is generally not expected because it does not meet many institutional and legal requirements and is under considerable pressure to adapt.

The largest trading partner of Sudan is China , which imports a third of the oil produced in Sudan and in return exports many Chinese goods.

Foreign investment

According to Sudanese data, foreign investments totaled US $ 1.038 billion in 2005.

China is the largest investor in the Sudanese economy. China is playing a key role in the exploitation of the oil deposits by the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company , in the construction of new pipelines and in the construction of an oil refinery near Khartoum. In addition, China is involved in the expansion of Sudan's infrastructure by renewing roads and dams, deepening the seaport of Sawakin by mid-2006 and of Port Sudan by the end of 2008 and delivering trucks and, in the future, 25 locomotives.

In the spring of 2012, China stopped financing eleven development projects because the loans can no longer be secured through oil exports.

Foreign debt

Sudan has international debts of US $ 24 billion, which it cannot repay even with the additional income from oil exports. For this reason, Sudan has a debt moratorium and requirements of the International Monetary Fund for borrowing. Sudan meets the first stage of the requirement for heavily indebted developing countries .

Economic data

All GDP values ​​are given in US dollars ( purchasing power parity ). Figures for GDP per capita are valid for the whole of Sudan until 2011 and from then on only for Northern Sudan.

year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
GDP
(purchasing power parity) 		21.82 billion 28.78 billion 40.89 billion 54.33 billion 81.44 billion 126.87 billion 139.29 billion 151.20 billion 160.10 billion 157.07 billion 167.22 billion 164.30 billion 149.54 billion 155.23 billion 163.09 billion 169.80 billion 178.03 billion 187.03 billion
GDP per capita
(purchasing power parity) 		1,168 1.314 1,588 1,944 2,619 3,594 3,846 4,068 4,199 4.015 4.167 5,030 4,265 4,292 4,374 4,418 4,496 4,586
GDP growth
(real) 		2.5% 13.8% −1.7% 3.0% 8.4% 5.6% 6.5% 5.7% 3.8% −2.6% 5.2% −3.7% −10.6% 2.2% 3.2% 3.0% 3.5% 3.1%
Inflation
(in percent) 		26.5% 45.6% −0.8% 68.4% 8.0% 8.5% 7.2% 8.0% 14.3% 11.3% 13.0% 18.3% 35.4% 36.5% 36.9% 16.9% 17.8% 32.4%
Public debt
(as a percentage of GDP) 		... ... ... 220% 143% 72% 59% 55% 58% 64% 64% 63% 87% 85% 56% 117% 91% 126%

Sudanese company

Airlines

Petroleum and energy

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gross domestic product 2016 (PPP) (PDF; 14 kB) In: The World Bank: World Development Indicators database . World Bank. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k CIA: The World Factbook , accessed January 29, 2018
  3. ↑ Sudan inflation up by 21% in Q1 2012. Sudan Tribune, May 3, 2012.
  4. ↑ M. Rosenthal, C.-T. Bues (2011): Wood use contributes to poverty reduction. Tharandt scientists lay the foundation stone for a research project on forest management in Sudan. Holz-Zentralblatt 137 (33), p. 795.
  5. ↑ March 6, 2007 - Sudan Tribune: Sudan Sees 520,000 Bpd Oil Output in 2007.
  6. ^ Oil In Sudan. Facts and Impacts on Sudanese Domestic and International Relations (PDF) Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 2006. Overview of the history of oil production in Sudan.
  7. ↑ Markus M. Haefliger: Sudan quantifies war costs. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 8, 2012.
  8. ↑ October 9, 2003 - Sudan Tribune: Sudanese Energy Minister Denies Western Firms Unwilling to Invest in Oil Sector. ( Memento from January 5, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ July 10, 2006 - Sudan Tribune: Sudan's Khartoum Refinery Expanded, Sees Gasoline Exports. ( Memento from July 18, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Anna Vander Broek: World's 10 Best Scuba Spots. In: Forbes Traveler , August 2007.
  11. ↑ June 8, 2006 - Sudan Tribune: Foreign Investments in Sudan Amounts to $ 1,038 Trillion. ( Memento from July 24, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ June 10, 2006 - Sudan Tribune: China, Sudan Sign $ 79 Mln Contract to Deepen Port Sudan Harbor. ( Memento from June 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ June 19, 2006 - Sudan Tribune: Chinese Arms in Darfur: The Twisted trail of weapons. ( Memento from July 3, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ↑ Markus M. Haefliger: Sudan quantifies war costs. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 8, 2012.
  15. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. Retrieved September 3, 2018 (American English).

literature

  • Barbara Farkas: China's strategic partnership with Sudan . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-61207-1 .
  • Alfred Kaiser : The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in its economic importance . Buchdr. W. Wälchli, Bern 1908.
  • Rudolf Stucken (Ed.): Development conditions and development opportunities of the Republic of Sudan . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1963, ISBN 3-428-00369-1 .

Web links