Timeline Switzerland in World War II

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The time table Switzerland in World War II has been removed from the article “ Switzerland in World War II ”. The table does not separate political and military events.

Key data from the Second World War and important political events in Switzerland's direct neighbors in italics.

Prewar years

1922

  • October 28, “ March on Rome ”, seizure of power by the Italian fascists

1932

1933

  • January 30th, seizure of power by the NSDAP , appointment of Adolf Hitler as Reich Chancellor
  • March 14th, the swastika flag on the Badischer Bahnhof in Basel is taken down by Swiss trade unionists, which causes official controversy with Nazi German authorities.
  • March 15, “ Parliament's self-elimination ” in Austria, beginning of “Austrofascism” ; apart from France and Liechtenstein, all neighboring countries are now ruled by authoritarian regimes.
  • November 16, beginning of the Bern trial against Swiss frontists . The charge is a violation of the Bernese “Law on the cinema and measures against junk literature” by spreading anti-Semitic propaganda (especially the “ Protocols of the Elders of Zion ”) on the occasion of a propaganda event by the frontists.
  • The fascist National Front won 26% of the vote in the Council of States elections in the canton of Schaffhausen. In the elections for the Zurich city parliament she received 10 out of 120 seats.

1934

1935

  • March 16, the German Reich reintroduces compulsory military service, contrary to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty.
  • May 14, judgment in the Bern trial. The "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" are plagiarism and junk literature, the distribution of which is punishable in the Canton of Bern.
  • September 8th, the frontist popular initiative for a total revision of the Federal Constitution (it strives, among other things, for a “Führer democracy” and contains anti-Semitic demands) achieved a yes-vote of 27.7% with a participation of 60.9%. In four cantons (Friborg, Wallis, Obwalden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden) a majority agrees.
  • The frontists win a seat in the National Council in Zurich and the Union Nationale in Geneva.
  • Establishment of the “ Office for Fortification Buildings”, start of construction of new fortifications, initially primarily at the state border. The first newly built facility is the blocking point at the Koblenz Aare Bridge that was built in the same year.
  • With their fourth party program, the Social Democrats support democracy and national defense against the Nazi threat. The goal of establishing a «dictatorship of the proletariat» is deleted.

1936

  • The defense bill (arming the army) is accepted by the people.
  • Beginning of private secret negotiations between officers of the Swiss and French armed forces, which in 1939 lead to « Plan H ».
  • February 4th, successful assassination attempt on Wilhelm Gustloff in Davos, country group leader Switzerland of the NSDAP foreign organization, by the Jew David Frankfurter .
  • March 7th, the German Reich occupied the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland , contrary to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty .
  • May 23, “March on Bern” by the frontists followed by a demonstration by around 1,000 frontists in front of the Federal Palace.
  • July 17th, beginning of the Spanish Civil War . Over 800 Swiss fight on the Republican side, around 200 are killed.

1937

  • February 23, Hitler guarantees the neutrality of Switzerland because he positively evaluates the defended Alps as a flank protection against France.
  • During the Spanish Civil War, the Federal Council took the side of the fascist insurgents, primarily due to the participation of Stalinist units on the part of the Republicans. This not only arouses left-wing criticism, but also raises concerns in terms of neutrality policy.
  • With the consent of the Vaud State Council, Benito Mussolini is made an honorary doctorate from the University of Lausanne .
  • July 19, peace agreement between workers 'and employers' organizations in the metal industry.
  • November 1, Bern trial, judgment on appeal. The Bernese Higher Court overturned the judgment against the distributors of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" for formal legal reasons. The defendants, however, with the reasoning, "Whoever puts such inflammatory articles of the meanest sort on the market, has to bear the resulting costs himself." to bear the process costs yourself.

1938

  • The federal government begins to promote spiritual national defense .
  • March 13, " Anschluss ", invasion of Austria by the Wehrmacht .
  • May 27, Federal Council resolution on measures against propaganda material dangerous to the state (“communist, anarchist and other”).
  • 6-15 July, International Refugee Conference in Evian . No agreement can be reached. As a result, many countries make it more difficult for refugees to enter / take in.
  • June 9, World Cup in France, the Swiss national soccer team beats the German 4-2; the German Reich is eliminated in the first round.
  • August 18, agreement with the German Reich on the Jewish stamp for Jewish border crossings.
  • September 30, Munich Agreement , followed by the invasion of parts of Czechoslovakia ( Sudetenland ) by the Wehrmacht
  • November 9th, failed assassination attempt on Hitler by Maurice Bavaud from Neuchâtel .
  • November 30th, Mussolini lays claim to the canton of Ticino ( Irredenta )

War years

1939

The Swiss Army was on standby before the mobilization in 1939
  • March 15th, breach of the Munich Agreement and invasion of the Wehrmacht in the “rest of Czechia” (Bohemia and Moravia).
  • April 28th, unilateral termination of the German-Polish non-aggression pact by the German Reich.
  • May 6 , the Landi opened in Zurich. It continues to have an identity-forming effect over the following years.
  • August 24th, signing of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact (also known as the "Hitler-Stalin Pact").
  • August 25th, covert general mobilization of the German Wehrmacht.
  • August 29th, general mobilization of the Polish army.
  • August 29th, mobilization of the border troops.
  • August 30, election of the Colonel Corps Commander Henri Guisan as General by the United Federal Assembly.
  • August 30, the federal decree on measures to protect the country and to maintain neutrality simultaneously grants the Federal Council extraordinary legislative powers - normally only available to parliament - known as the power of attorney regime .
  • September 1st, start of the war in Europe (invasion of the Wehrmacht in Poland).
  • September 2, general mobilization of the Swiss Army, operational order No. 1
  • October 4th, Operation Order No. 2, "Deployment North". The army deviates from the "all-round defense" and prepares for an attack by the Wehrmacht. Parts of the troops on the border with France are being moved. Preparations for «Plan H» ( French troops occupy the gap between the Gempen plateau and the Maginot line within a few hours after the Wehrmacht invaded Switzerland). The Limmat position will be massively expanded over the winter of 39/40.

1940

  • January 22nd, Operation Order No. 4, "Aufmarsch Nord", regrouping of units and reinforced defense of the Alpine region.
  • February, introduction of the wage and earnings replacement regulations . From now on, the soldiers receive compensation for their earnings in addition to their wages.
  • April, the French 7th Army Corps is ready to implement Plan H on the Swiss border. The positions for the French artillery on the Gempen plateau have been prepared by the Swiss Army (Renfer construction department).
  • May 10th, start of the Wehrmacht's French campaign .
  • May 11th, second general mobilization.
  • May 14/15, parts of the Swiss civilian population flee from the metropolitan areas to the Alps.
  • May 17th, the Federal Council renounces the 40% gold coverage of the Swiss franc in a secret resolution. The National Bank then moves gold worth CHF 50 million to the USA.
  • At the end of May, in La Charité-sur-Loire (France), files relating to Plan H were found and confiscated by German troops.
  • May 28, tightening of the military criminal law, the death penalty for the offense of treason is no longer pronounced only when there is an imminent threat of war.
  • June 4th and 8th, aerial battles between aircraft of the Swiss and German Air Force over the Ajoie . Three Swiss and eleven German aircraft are shot down. As a result, massive diplomatic pressure from the German Reich.
  • June 14th, German troops conquer Paris.
  • June 17th, German tanks reach the border at Pontarlier .
  • June 19, German diplomatic drone note because of the Swiss attacks on air violating German airmen ("... we will use other means ...")
  • June 20, Federal Councilor Hermann Obrecht resigns on July 31, 1940.
  • June 20, Guisan bans dogfights in the event of airspace violations.
  • June 22nd, minutes of a General Staff meeting: "The general is convinced that the Germans now primarily exert political and economic pressure."
  • June 22nd to 25th, around 850 tanks of the Heinz Guderian corps are moving near the Swiss border.
  • June 23, Guisan's directive: dismantling of barricades in the cities.
  • By June 25, Switzerland interned around 29,000 French Army members and 12,000 Poles of the 45th French Army corps crossing the border along the Jura.
  • June 25th, armistice between the German Reich and France in force.
  • June 25th, «The time for inner rebirth has come. Each of us has to put the old man off »: Radio address by Federal President Marcel Pilet-Golaz , in which he announces a partial and gradual demobilization of the army. The population considers the address to be conformist and defeatist .
  • June 26th, German pilots interned in Switzerland are allowed to leave the country (if they are able to travel).
  • June 27th, the free-spirited “Solothurner Zeitung” (as an example) advocates that the parties “reach out to each other across party lines to form a powerful unity party”. But this did not happen; Switzerland remained politically pluralistic.
  • July, the "Charité files" for Plan H are known in the German Führer headquarters. Although they would be ideally suited as casus belli and would also be of great propagandistic value, they remain secret.
  • From July 6th, demobilization of the army by around two thirds of the previous population.
  • July 17, Operation Order 12, Reduit Strategy.
  • July 25th, Rütli report from the general.
  • August 1st, radio address by the general on the national holiday. "Pensez en Suisses et agissez en Suisses", "Think and act as Swiss".
  • August 9th, Switzerland assures the German Reich in a trade agreement of an "absolute ban on the export of war equipment to enemy states"; Switzerland now only exports for the Axis powers .
  • September, Federal President Pilet-Golaz officially receives representatives of the fascist frontists.
  • September, establishment of the "Aktion National Resistance", an association of democratically minded personalities, e.g. B. Karl Barth , Walther Bringolf , Walter Allgöwer
  • November 7th, the blackout from 10:00 p.m. - 6:00 a.m. is ordered. As a result, the Swiss national border is no longer recognizable for the Allied aircraft.
  • November 8, Federal Councilor Minger , Head of the Military Department, submits his resignation for the end of 1940.
  • November 15, The entry of the two hundred demands "... the tightening of press controls, the elimination of editors of German-language newspapers critical of the Reich and the eradication of press organs."
  • November 15, plan elections , start of the so-called cultivation battle.
  • November 19, ban on the frontist organization National Movement of Switzerland .
  • November 26th, Communist Party banned .
  • 16./17. December, attack by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on Basel ( Basel-Gundeldingen and Binningen), one dead in Basel and three in Binningen.
  • December 23rd, RAF attack on Zurich (industrial district, Höngg and Oerlikon), one dead.
  • December 31st, the resigned Federal Councilors Rudolf Minger (Military Department ) and Johannes Baumann (Justice and Police Department) are replaced by Eduard von Steiger (Justice and Police Department) and Karl Kobelt (Military Department) .

1941

  • January, the Swiss ambassador in Berlin, Hans Frölicher , to the German diplomat von Weizsäcker: The Swiss arms exports to the Reich are "an investment in the German victory"
  • January, repatriation of French soldiers interned in 1940. At the same time, the war material removed during internment is handed over. The Poles remained interned until 1945. Guisan conducts negotiations about their possible participation in the defensive battle against an attacker.
  • May 18, Maurice Bavaud is executed in the German Reich for his failed assassination attempt in 1938.
  • May 22nd, Michel Hollard from the French network of agents «Agir» contacts the British embassy in Bern for the first time.
  • Mai, the magazine “Neue Ways” by the theologian Leonhard Ragaz is censored by the federal government because it is “not neutral between democracy and dictatorship”.
  • June 22nd, attack by the Wehrmacht on the Soviet Union .
  • October 15th, beginning of the first “ Swiss Medical Mission ” to the German Eastern Front under Colonel Division Eugen Bircher . The mission takes place under German command. Quotation from the regulations for participation: «Any criticism or discussion of a political nature is strictly forbidden. Tactful behavior towards the superior German authorities and the population is a matter of honor. " The Swiss were forbidden to treat Russian wounded and (although part of a mission of the Swiss Red Cross) they were subject to German military criminal law.
  • November 15, Guisan's speech: "We want to adapt to the new Europe, but the Swiss way."

1942

  • January 1, the death penalty provided for in civil criminal law is abolished (military criminal law continues to provide it until March 20, 1992).
  • January 20, Wannsee Conference , resolution on the “final solution to the Jewish question”.
  • August 13, “The boat is full”, Federal Councilor Eduard von Steiger orders the border to be closed to Jewish refugees; the entire Federal Council confirmed this later. According to estimates, around 25,000 Jewish refugees are killed as a result. a. in German concentration camps.
  • November 8th, Allen Dulles arrives in Switzerland and begins his intelligence work for the OSS .
  • November 8th, Operation Torch . Allied landing in North Africa.
  • November 11th, Company Anton , the Wehrmacht occupies southern France. Switzerland is now completely surrounded by the Axis powers. However, in fact there had been complete fascist enclosure since 1940, as the French government of Henri Philippe Pétain depended on Hitler's grace.
  • November, "Instructions to the population in the event of war" (signed by the Federal Council and the General):
"1. Switzerland defends itself to the last »;
«2. News that cast doubt on the will of the Federal Council or the army command is false »; etc.
  • November 26th, internal German note: “… no one is currently thinking of solving the Swiss problem militarily,… and this would paralyze the Swiss industry working for us for a long time” (because of the explosions prepared by Switzerland at the arms factories).

1943

  • March, Wilhelm Canaris reports via an intelligence channel that Hitler wants to attack. Today's interpretation of this “March Alarm”: Switzerland's preparedness for defense should be strengthened, as a protective wall against Allied troops advancing from the south.
  • May 18, the RAF bombs Zurich-Oerlikon again. Federal Councilor Pilet-Golaz says that the Swiss government does not consider the bombing to be deliberate. Deliberately dropped bombs would of course mean a declaration of war for Switzerland.
  • July 10th, Operation Husky , beginning of the Allied campaign in Italy with the invasion of Sicily.
  • July 25th, Mussolini is deposed as head of state by the Grand Fascist Council . Vittorio Emanuele III. will fill this position with Marshal Pietro Badoglio .
  • From July, internment of around 20,000 Italian military personnel who crossed the border into Ticino.
  • August 6 Hans Sulzer , president of the industry "suburb", wants a German war victory as a victory for the democratic-communist coalition which Stalinism paving the way
  • August 19, Fritz Kolbe meets Allan Dulles for the first time in Bern.
  • September 7th, the ship Maloja of the Swiss merchant fleet is accidentally sunk by British fighter planes off Corsica .
  • September 8th, armistice between Italy and the Allies. German troops occupy the part of Italy not yet occupied by the Allies and disarm the Italian troops (fall axis).
  • September 9th, establishment of the Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò) in Northern Italy.
  • October 13th, Italy declares war on the German Reich.
  • October, end of the prohibition of aerial battles.
  • December, the Swiss National Bank knows for sure that the German Reich also has Jewish sacrificial gold in circulation. However, there is no restriction on the gold trade with the Nazi regime.

1944

  • 1 April bombing of Schaffhausen by the USAAF (40 dead).
  • April 22nd, bombing of Stein am Rhein (9 dead).
  • May 21st, the Communist Party, which was banned in 1940, is re-established as the Swiss Labor Party .
  • June 6th, Allied landing in Normandy.
  • June 15th, renewed mobilization of larger units.
  • August 15th, Allied landing in southern France.
  • September, Allied troops reach Switzerland's western border.
  • September 12th, the blackout is lifted.
  • October 18, battle with the Bagni di Craveggia in Ticino.
  • November 7th, Federal Councilor Pilet-Golaz declares his resignation on December 31, 1944.
  • December 3, Winston Churchill's letter to his Foreign Minister Eden: "Switzerland gave the Germans far too many advantages, but it was for their self-preservation."
  • December 7th, executions of two traitors by shooting on the "Hitlerplatz" in Eggwald , Bachs .

1945

  • January 11th, the Gotthard line is bombed by the Allies near Chiasso. An SBB train driver dies.
  • February 9, the Federal Council forbids coal transit from the German Reich to northern Italy.
  • February 27, all transit between the German Reich and Italy is prohibited.
  • Two Swiss railway officials work with Italian partisans to prevent the Simplon Tunnel from being blown up .
  • March, Currie Agreement with the Allies. Switzerland stops all exports to the German Reich, some of which are extradited to German assets.
  • April 24th, Marshal Pétain , who fled Sigmaringen to Switzerland a few days earlier , is deported to France near Vallorbe and handed over to the French General Kœnig .
  • April 26th, internment of ten German Lake Constance ships in Romanshorn, Rorschach, Arbon and Staad SG.
  • April 27th, Dogno, Mussolini is captured by Italian partisans while trying to flee to Switzerland via Valtellina and shot the following day.
  • From April 29th, surrender of individual German units in Italy.
  • April 30th, Berlin, Hitler commits suicide.
  • May 1st, Operation Sunrise , Swiss authorities (including Max Waibel ) mediate in the armistice negotiations between the German Reich ( Karl Wolff ) and the Allies ( Allen Dulles ).
  • May 2nd, surrender of all German units in Italy.
  • May 7th, dissolution of the National Group Switzerland of the NSDAP («fifth column»).
  • May 8th, unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht . End of the war in Europe.
  • May 9th, nationwide peace celebrations, closure of German institutions (e.g. consulates).
  • May 17th, the Swiss border guard hands over the interned German Lake Constance ships to a French naval command.
  • June 1st, the Gustloff assassin David Frankfurter is released on a pardon and expelled from Switzerland.
  • June 25th, extraordinary conference of police directors in Bern for the expulsion of German and Italian citizens. Membership of the Nazi party is a sufficient requirement for expulsion. Lists of people are compiled who are to be identified.
  • August 20th, end of active service and demobilization of the army. Farewell to the general
  • September 2nd, unconditional surrender of Japan after atom bombs were dropped. End of the war in Asia.

Post-war years

1946

  • Washington Agreement , Switzerland pays 250 million Swiss francs to the USA.
  • November 19, a US military plane with high-ranking officers of the European occupation forces crashes on the Gauli Glacier , with all occupants surviving. A large-scale rescue operation and cooperation between various troops takes place.

1948

  • June 24th, end of the last rationing measures (including petrol).
  • December 12th, plans of attack against Switzerland: attack study by the German OKW

1949

1957

  • The film May 10th deals with the events in Switzerland (especially the flight of townspeople to the mountains) during the Wehrmacht's French campaign.

1961

  • The files on “ Maneuver H ”, also known as “Plan H”, are made public.

1962

  • On behalf of the Federal Council, Edgar Bonjour begins his report on Switzerland's neutrality policy, which by 1970 grows into a nine-volume work.

1969

  • Bührle sells a remnant of weapons that were produced for the German Reich before 1945 but no longer delivered to Africa. They are used in the Biafra conflict. Dieter Bührle was subsequently sentenced to a fine of 20,000 francs for violating the arms embargo.
  • The Grand Council of the Canton of Graubünden withdraws the expulsion from the country for the Gustloff assassin David Frankfurter, which was pronounced in connection with the 1936 judgment.

1976

1980

1987

  • The University of Lausanne does not want to revoke Mussolini's honorary doctorate.

1989

  • Veterans of border occupation 39–45 are invited to the “Diamond Celebration” on the 50th anniversary of the mobilization of war. The occasion is criticized as a "celebration of the outbreak of war".
  • The Federal Council admits that the Swiss authorities did not do enough for the Hitler bomber Maurice Bavaud from 1938 to 1941 .

1994

  • Chronology: Switzerland in the Second World War with a list of dormant assets.

1995

  • Rehabilitation of Paul Grüninger by the Parliament of the Canton of St. Gallen . As a result, a further 50 escape helpers were rehabilitated by federal decree.
  • In the course of the army reform 95, many of the fortifications built between 1937 and 1945 are declassified and dismantled or converted into museums. With the end of confidentiality, publications about the works are now also possible.
  • May 7th, Federal Councilor Villiger apologizes for rejecting refugees at the border.

1996

  • Beginning of the public debate about the « dormant assets ».
  • December 19, the Bergier Commission on this complex is brought into being by the Federal Assembly.

2002

2003

Weltwoche - contributions by Hanspeter Born :

  • Twenty days in June 1940.
  • " Operation Tannenbaum "
  • Hitler and Switzerland, historical research.
  • «His irrationality was a danger»

2007

  • The University of Lausanne does not want to revoke Mussolini's honorary doctorate.

2008

  • November, the National Council and Council of States debate the rehabilitation of the Spanish fighters convicted in 1938 for “foreign military service” .

2009

  • July / August: As a “Living History Project” in the Fürigen Fortress and on a farm in the canton of Nidwalden, Swiss television has volunteers re-enact “Everyday life in the Reduit” and the cultivation battle.
  • September: Federal Councilor Ueli Maurer gives a speech to veterans of border occupation 39–45 on the 70th anniversary of the mobilization of war.

2013

  • The dispute over dormant assets in retrospect, an article in the NZZ by Max Frenkel .

2016

  • Switzerland as “Hitler's money launderer”: Who would rob their own bank vault?
    • March 2nd: Documentary film from NDR , whereby the documentary film can no longer be found in the NDR's media archive.
    • July 13th: New documentary shows Switzerland as «Hitler's money launderer», a report by Peter Blunschi in the Swiss online magazine watson.ch .

2017

  • Dormant assets - Nazi victims or their heirs can view the Federal Archives online.
  • On the trail of a Nazi stealer, a documentary film from the SRF .

2018

  • Swiss Nazis - «I wanted to be part of this war».
  • Endangered and blackmailed: Switzerland targeted by Hitler, a Weltwoche article by Klaus Urner .
  • Nazi Dictatorship - Another story would have been possible.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christian Koller: "Order has been restored." - The Geneva massacre 75 years ago. In: Rote Revue , Heft 4, 2007, pp. 32–37. doi : 10.5169 / seals-342029
  2. ^ A b K. Humbel: National Socialist Propaganda in Switzerland , 1976.
  3. ↑ See wording Art. 14–16 .
  4. ↑ Adrian Sulc: When Hitler the "Bund" prohibit left. Der Bund , September 30, 2010, accessed on September 14, 2016 .
  5. ^ Military monuments in the canton of Aargau. Inventory of the combat and command structures. Armasuisse brochure .
  6. ↑ Heiner Spiess (ed.): "... that peace and happiness in Europe depend on the victory of the Spanish republic." Swiss in the Spanish Civil War. Limmat Verlag, Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-85791-107-7 .
  7. ↑ Heiner Wember: Hitler guarantees the neutrality of Switzerland. In: NDR Info - ZeitZeichen. NDR, February 23, 2012, accessed on July 26, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Urs P. Engeler: Big Brother Switzerland , 1990.
  9. ↑ Mauro Cerutti: Fascism. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  10. ↑ http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/friedensabkommen.html
  11. ↑ Handbook of Swiss History , Volume 2, 1977.
  12. ↑ [1] NZZ of July 18, 2014
  13. ↑ Anne-Claire de Gayffier-Bonneville, Sécurité et coopération militaire en Europe, 1919-1955, L'Harmattan, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-7475-7436-9 .
  14. ↑ a b c d Hans Senn: Page no longer available , search in web archives: Das Schicksalsjahr 1940 , article in the NZZ from September 12, 2000.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mhsz.ch
  15. ^ Willi Gautschi: General Henri Guisan , 1989.
  16. ↑ a b Jakob Tanner: Reduit national and foreign trade. In: Philipp Sarasin et al .: Raubgold - Reduit - Refugees. 1998.
  17. ^ A b Edgar Bonjour: History of Swiss Neutrality , 1970.
  18. ↑ M. Pilet-Golazs speech of June 25, 1940 ( Memento of 14 February 2008 at the Internet Archive ) text of the speech in French and German.
  19. ↑ a b c Jürg Fink: Switzerland from the perspective of the Third Reich , 1985.
  20. ↑ a b Jakob Tanner: "Events are marching quickly". In: Andreas Suter et al .: Structure and Event , 2001.
  21. ↑ Robert Urs Vogler: The economic negotiations between Germany and Switzerland, 1940/41 , 1983.
  22. ↑ a b Hervé de Weck: Internments. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . May 12, 2008 , accessed July 8, 2019 .
  23. ^ Occident , September 2010.
  24. ↑ Markus Heiniger : Thirteen reasons why Switzerland was not conquered. 1989.
  25. ↑ http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/1134/pdf/Die_Kriegschirurgie_von_1939-1945.pdf p. 179 ff.
  26. ↑ Federal Archives (Ed.): Switzerland and the refugees 1933–45 , 1996.
  27. ↑ Markus Heiniger: Thirteen reasons why Switzerland was not conquered , 1989.
  28. ↑ Barbara Bonhage et al. (Zürcher Lehrmittel-Verlag): Look and ask. 2006.
  29. ^ Walther Hofer: Powers and forces in the 20th century .
  30. ^ Walter Schaufelberger: The "Hitlerplatz" in Eggwald | NZZ . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . February 22, 2012, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed July 26, 2018]).
  31. ↑ Horrible memorial | NZZ . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . February 6, 2012, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed July 25, 2018]).
  32. ↑ Peter Noll: Landesverräter: 17 résumés and death sentences, 1942-1944 . Huber, Frauenfeld, ISBN 978-3-7193-0681-6 .
  33. ^ Rolf Löffler: Shot on Hitlerplatz. In: Bieler Tagblatt. September 11, 2012, accessed July 26, 2018 .
  34. ↑ swissbib: Hitlerplatz on Egg / Walter Schaufelberger (book). Retrieved July 26, 2018 .
  35. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Austrian Society for Secret Service, Propaganda and Security Studies, Sabine Kaspar.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.acipss.org
  36. ^ Ernst Uhlmann, Georg Züblin: Attack plans against Switzerland: attack study of the German OKW. In: ASMZ: Sicherheit Schweiz: Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift, Volume 115 (1949), Issue 12. Swiss Officers' Society, accessed on July 26, 2018 .
  37. ^ Georg Kreis : Commemorations. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  38. ↑ Chronology: Switzerland in the Second World War. 1. Brief overview 1934-1994, detailed overview 1994-22.03.2002. Swiss Parliament, accessed on July 26, 2018 .
  39. ↑ Hanspeter Born: Second World War | Twenty days in June. The Germans wanted to conquer Bern, Lucerne and Zurich overnight. Why did Hitler put his elaborate attack plan in a box? A historical research. In: Weltwoche. February 5, 2003. Retrieved July 26, 2018 .
  40. ^ Hanspeter Born: Die Weltwoche | Weltwoche Online - www.weltwoche.ch: Second World War: "Operation Tannenbaum" | Die Weltwoche, edition 15/2018. Swiss military historians agree that in 1940 Hitler seriously intended to invade Switzerland. In reality, the danger was far less dramatic. In: Weltwoche. April 11, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2018 .
  41. ↑ Hanspeter Born: Hitler and Switzerland (I). Why didn't Germany attack our country during World War II? A key to understanding lies in the person of Hitler and in how he saw Switzerland. A historical research in two parts. In: Weltwoche. January 29, 2003. Retrieved July 26, 2018 .
  42. ↑ Hanspeter Born: «His irrationality was a danger». The historian Jakob Tanner on Hitler's relationship to Switzerland and his attack plans in June 1940. In: Weltwoche. February 5, 2003. Retrieved July 26, 2018 .
  43. ↑ Max Frenkel: The dispute over dormant assets in retrospect | NZZ . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . July 18, 2013, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed July 26, 2018]).
  44. ↑ DokuGermany (youtube): (Documentary) Hitler's Money Launderer - How Swiss Banks Financed the War (HD). NDR, March 2, 2017, accessed July 26, 2018 .
  45. ↑ Peter Blunschi: New documentary film shows Switzerland as «Hitler's money launderer» . The controversy over Swiss accounts of Holocaust victims caused a lot of dust 20 years ago. Now a documentary is rolling out Switzerland's dealings with the Nazis one more time. In: watson.ch . July 13, 2016 ( watson.ch [accessed July 26, 2018]).
  46. ↑ Dormant assets - Nazi victims or their heirs can view the Federal Archives online . In: Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) . April 24, 2017 ( srf.ch [accessed July 26, 2018]).
  47. ↑ Ingolf Gritschneder: On the trail of a Nazi henchman. Film author Ingolf Gritschneder has been researching the Nazis' foreign exchange deals for years. While working on his first documentary over ten years ago, he came across Friedrich Kadgien, one of Hitler's most important financial experts. In: Swiss Radio and Television (SRF). January 12, 2016, accessed July 26, 2018 .
  48. ↑ Swiss Nazis - «I wanted to be part of this war» . Around 2,000 Swiss fought voluntarily in the Waffen SS. What made the young men turn to Hitler's side? In: Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) . January 21, 2018 ( srf.ch [accessed July 26, 2018]).
  49. ↑ The World Week | Weltwoche Online - www.weltwoche.ch: History: Endangered and blackmailed: Hitler's sights on Switzerland | Die Weltwoche, edition 16/2018. Were the German plans of attack directed against Switzerland in World War II irrelevant, as Hanspeter Born wrote at this point last week? Research shows the opposite. The threat was real. The extortion policy pursued by Hitler continued until 1944. In: Weltwoche. April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2018 .
  50. ^ Nazi Dictatorship - Another story would have been possible . In: Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) . June 4, 2018 ( srf.ch [accessed July 26, 2018]).