Ambient music

Ambient / Space music
Stylistic origins	20th century classical music, Electronic art music, Krautrock
Cultural origins	1970s, Europe
Typical instruments	Electronic musical instruments, some ambient artists use traditional instrumentation of almost any variety
Derivative forms	Ambient house - Ambient techno - Drum and bass - New Age
Subgenres
Dark ambient - Drone music - Lowercase (complete list)
Fusion genres
Ambient house - Illbient - Psybient - Ambient industrial
Other topics
Ambient music artists

Ambient music is a musical genre that incorporates elements of a number of different styles - including jazz, electronic music, new age, modern classical music, traditional, world, and noise.

It is sometimes characterised as possessing a sense of resonant sonic space, and of being designed to function equally effectively for both passive (background music) and active listening.

'Ambient Music must be able to accommodate many levels of listening attention without enforcing one in particular; it must be as ignorable as it is interesting.' — Brian Eno (Music for Airports liner notes [1], September 1978)

Overview

The term "ambient music" was first coined by Brian Eno in the mid-1970s to refer to music that would envelop the listener without drawing attention to itself, that can be either "actively listened to with attention or as easily ignored, depending on the choice of the listener" (Eno, who describes himself as a "non-musician" termed his experiments in sound as "treatments" rather than as traditional performances). Hence, Brian Eno is considered the father of ambient music: his 1978 release Ambient 1: Music for Airports includes a manifesto describing this music. Although having coined the word "ambient", he is also quick to reference the works and influence of Erik Satie. Eno coined the term in an essay to distance his work from elevator music and Muzak, it is more often similar to mood music or an ambient background in movie and radio sound effects.

Many of the works of turn of the century French composer Erik Satie are regarded as predecessors to ambient music. He referred to some of his music as "Musique d'ameublement" ('furniture music', or more literally, 'music for the furniture' and 'music to mingle with knives and forks', referring to something that could be played during dinner and would simply create an atmosphere for that activity rather than be the focus of attention. Similarly some of the works of the French composer Edgard Varèse, who used the theremin extensively in his compositions as well as atonal techniques and non-standard time signatures, can also be viewed as predecessors of ambient music.

The earliest electronic soundscape music and theories come from the work of Pierre Schaeffer who followed the futurists in classifying music into categories such as man made, natural, short and long. He made some of the first electronic music using record players and natural sounds, and cutting up tape, making the first experimental music use of recording and magnetic tape (Musique Concrete). Even his work can be seen as preempted by Schopenhauer's ideas of 'soundworlds', literally worlds made up entirely of sounds. Karlheinz Stockhausen created pioneering electronic musical experiments later in 1955, and these two (amongst others) lay the groundwork for ambient music to appear decades later when music technology had developed.

John Cage created the ultimate ambient work with his 4'33", three periods of silence first played on the piano, which make the audience listen to the ambient sound surrounding them. Cage inspired minimalist composers such as La Monte Young, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, Steve Reich and Philip Glass also influenced Eno's groundbreaking style, and ambient music can be seen as a kind of minimalism.

Early albums by Pink Floyd (such as Ummagumma and Meddle) and by the "kosmische Musik"-oriented krautrock artists, like Tangerine Dream, Popol Vuh, and Cluster have greatly influenced the genre. Among the first electronic ambient albums were Affenstunde (1970) and In Den Garten Pharaos (1971) by Popol Vuh. Another important album was Sonic Seasonings (1972) by Wendy Carlos. Other early artists such as Klaus Schulze (a former member of Tangerine Dream and Ash Ra Tempel), Jean Michel Jarre, and Kraftwerk in the 1970s and 1980s were influential. In the 1970s, some ambient, krautrock, and other musicians who were influenced by new age spirituality created the eclectic genre known as New Age music, selling millions independent from the mainstream music industry by direct order or new age shops. By the 1980s, New Age music had become so much better known than ambient music, that ambient was taken as a synonym for "New Age", and many ambient musicians deliberately took on new age themes to market themselves to this audience.

Beginning in the 1980s, Ambient music influenced some pop bands (examples can be found among instrumentals by New Order, Depeche Mode, Simple Minds and U2). Later, electronic dance music and synth pop merged in many artists' works with the dreamy, meandering sound of Eno-style ambient music. Under the guise of various styles, this new genre sometimes referred to as ambient house, ambient techno, ambient dub, IDM, ambience, or simply "ambient" in common use, saw the birth of a new wave of artists like The Orb, Aphex Twin, the Irresistible Force, and Geir Jenssen's Biosphere.

Early Warp records artists, (as well as later ones such as Aphex Twin), FSOL Future Sound of London (Lifeforms, ISDN) Autechre, (Incunabula, Amber), Boards of Canada, Massive Attack, Portishead, and The KLF all took a part in popularising and diversifying ambient music.

Ambient music has been used in many television shows and motion pictures and is notable for contributing to their atmosphere. Being an alternative to canned incidental music or stock music cues, it also gives the musician artistic freedom. The traditional practice of composing for film or television usually involves the composer creating recognizable theme songs or jingles for the setting, hero or villain, and for plot elements such as love interest, action, and death scenes. However, ambient music is noted for taking a less formulaic approach in its use in film and TV shows. David Lynch's 1984 film Dune, for example, forgoes the epic sci-fi adventure style theme music popularized by Star Wars in favor of a more atmospheric music score by Toto and Brian Eno.

Derivative forms and sub-genres

Organic ambient music

Organic ambient music is characterised by integration of electronic, electric, and acoustic musical instruments. Aside from the usual electronic music influences, organic ambient tends to incorporate influences from world music, especially drone instruments and hand percussion. Organic ambient is intended to be more harmonious with nature than with the disco. Some of the artists in this sub-genre include Giles Reaves, Robert Rich, Steve Roach, Vidna Obmana, O Yuki Conjugate, James Johnson, Neal Merrick, Loren Nerell, Numina, and Tuu.

Some works by ambient pioneers such as Brian Eno, which use a combination of traditional (such as piano) and electronic instruments, would be considered organic ambient music in this sense. In the 70's and 80's Klaus Schulze often recorded string ensembles and performances by solo cellists to go along with his extended Moog synthesizer workouts.

Nature inspired ambient music

The music is composed from samples and recordings of naturally occurring sounds. Sometimes these samples can be treated to make them more instrument-like. The samples may be arranged in repetitive ways to form a conventional musical structure or may be random and unfocused. Sometimes the sound is mixed with urban or "found" sounds. Examples include much of Biosphere's Substrata, Alio Die's Meiyju, Mira Calix's insect music and Chris Watson's Weather Report. Some overlap occurs between organic ambient and nature inspired ambient. One of the first albums in the genre, Wendy Carlos' Sonic Seasonings, combines sampled and synthesized nature sounds with ambient melodies and drones for a particularly relaxing effect.

Dark ambient

Main article: Dark ambient

Dark ambient is a general term for any kind of ambient music with a "dark" or dissonant feel, but often involves extensive use of digital reverb to create vast sonic spaces for frightening, bottom-heavy sounds such as deep drones, gloomy male chorus, echoing thunder, and distant artillery. It has a gothic feel. Robert Rich's collaboration with Lustmord on Stalker epitomizes this sub-genre. Related styles include ambient industrial and isolationist ambient. (See also List of dark ambient artists)

There are also a few black metal bands, such as Burzum, who produce ambient music.

Ambient industrial

Main article: Ambient industrial

Ambient industrial is a hybrid genre of ambient and industrial music; the term industrial being used in the original experimental sense, rather than in the sense of industrial metal or EBM. A "typical" ambient industrial work (if there is a such thing) might consist of evolving dissonant harmonies of metallic drones and resonances, extreme low frequency rumbles and machine noises, perhaps supplemented by gongs, percussive rhythms, bullroarers, distorted voices and/or anything else the artist might care to sample (often processed to the point where the original sample is no longer recognizable). Entire works may be based on radio telescope recordings, the babbling of newborn babies, or sounds recorded through contact microphones on telegraph wires.

Among the many artists who work in this area are Coil, CTI, Lustmord, Susumu Yokota , Hafler Trio, Nocturnal Emissions, Zoviet France, PGR, Thomas Koner, Controlled Bleeding, and Deutsch Nepal. It is important to note, however, that many of these artists are very eclectic in their output, with much of it falling outside of ambient industrial per se.

Space music

Main article: Space music

Space music is a type of ambient music that can be broadly characterised as comprising complex sonic textures whilst lacking conventional melodic, rhythmic, or vocal components, thereby facilitating for the listener a sense of "spatial consciousness", or sensations of floating or flying.

Hearts of Space is a well-known radio show and affiliated record label, specialiizing in space ambient music since 1984, having released over 150 albums devoted to the music style. Notable artists who have delved into the genre include Brian Eno, Michael Hedges, Michael Stearns, Tangerine Dream, Jonn Serrie, David Arkenstone, and Vangelis.

Space music has often been used as soundtracks for science documentaries, especially those dealing with astronomy and other space related themes, including productions by PBS, Nova, the Discovery Channel and others. An early example is Carl Sagan's Cosmos: A Personal Voyage featuring music by Vangelis.

Isolationist ambient music

Also known as isolationism. The term was popularized in the mid-1990s by the British magazine The Wire and the Ambient 4: Isolationism compilation from Virgin, this began as more or less a synonym for ambient industrial, but also inclusive of certain post-techno streams of ambient, such as Autechre and Aphex Twin.[2] The Sombient label is now the primary purveyor of isolationist ambient, in particular with the "drones" compilation series. Some of the artists known for this style of ambient music include Robert Fripp.

Political ambient music

This particular style stands in direct contrast to the apolitical, or acontextual, "disconnected" sound which is argued that other forms of ambient music represent, in that these other forms either reinforce or stand commentless on existing social, sexual and political structures and the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. Terre Thaemlitz's Soil and Tranquilizer releases in the early and mid-1990s served to introduce this form of ambient music, continued in later releases such as Couture Cosmetique and Means from an End, which aim to recast the usually passive artist-listener-environment equation.

Other "less ambient" ambient styles

There are many other styles which identify themselves as ambient music. There is information on these styles on other pages, but many artists who are not in the new age world of music making produce albums which mix beatless ambient music with downtempo electronica, so the categories have blured edges. Chill out (music) is generally linked to club culture and is sometimes used as a term which includes ambient music as a subset of itself. UK techno developed in particular at Warp Records in Sheffield, where previous electronic pioneers such as Cabaret Voltaire and Autechre laid the groundwork for ambient techno to develop, and for Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada to develop later. From this scene developed ambient dub and ambient techno. Intelligent Dance Music is another term synonymous with this scene. Electroacoustic and acousmatic music are 'classical' art music forms that use electronic sound creation instead of or alongside acoustic instruments. Glitch music is a subset of this work. Some club groups have made live ambient music, mixing dub techniques and styles with ambient textures and dance grooves, for example artists such as Sonic State, Junkielover, The Orb, Chillage People, H.U.V.A. Network, Solar Fields, The Starsound Orchestra, Eastern Sun, and the Kuma Mela Project.

Notable musicians and works in chronological order

Main article: List of ambient artists

Notable films incorporating ambient music or sound design

Artist name	Influential works
Erik Satie	1917 - Furniture music (1) 1920 - Furniture music (2) 1923 - Furniture music (3)
Edgard Varèse	1934 - Ecuatorial
Pierre Schaeffer	1948 - Etude aux Chemins de Fer
Terry Riley	1964 - In C 1968 - A Rainbow in Curved Air
Miles Davis	1969 - In A Silent Way 1974 - Big Fun for "Orange Lady" 1974 - Get Up With It for "He Loved Him Madly"
Popol Vuh	1970 - Affenstunde 1971 - In den Gärten Pharaos
Pink Floyd	1971 - Meddle
Tangerine Dream	1971 - Alpha Centauri 1972 - Zeit 1974 - Phaedra 1975 - Rubycon 1975 - Ricochet 1976 - Stratosfear — 2000 - The Seven Letters from Tibet
Wendy Carlos	1972 - Sonic Seasonings
Klaus Schulze	1972 - Irrlicht 1973 - Cyborg 1975 - Timewind 1976 - Moondawn 1977 - Mirage 1977 - Body Love Vol. 2 1978 - X 1979 - Dune 1995 - In Blue — With Pete Namlook: 1994 - Dark Side of the Moog I - Wish you were there 1994 - Dark Side of the Moog II - A saucerful of ambience 2002 - Dark Side of the Moog IX - Set the controls for the heart of the mother 2005 - Dark Side of the Moog X - Astro know me domina
Can	1973 - Future Days 1974 - Soon Over Babaluma
Gong	1973 - Flying Teapot for "The Octave Doctors and the Crystal Machine" 1974 - You for "A Sprinkling of Clouds"
Fripp & Brian Eno	1973 - No Pussyfooting 1975 - Evening Star 2005 - The Equatorial Stars
Kraftwerk	1975 - Radio-Activity
Neu!	1975 - Neu! '75
Robert Fripp	1981 - Let The Power Fall 1998 - The Gates Of Paradise
Brian Eno	1975 - Another Green World 1975 - Discreet Music 1978 - Ambient 1 / Music For Airports 1980 - Fourth World 1 / Possible Musics (with Jon Hassell) 1982 - Ambient 4 / On Land 1983 - Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks
Steve Reich	1976-1978 - Music for 18 Musicians
Jean Michel Jarre	1976 - Oxygene 1978 - Equinoxe
Michael Stearns	1978 - Ancient Leaves 1979 - Morning Jewel 1981 - Planetary Unfolding 1984 - M'ocean 1988 - Encounter 2000 - Within
Steve Roach	1984 - Structures from Silence 1988 - Quiet Music 1988 - Dreamtime Return 1993 - Origins 1994 - Artifacts 1996 - The Magnificent Void 2000 - Early Man 2003 - Mystic Chords & Sacred Spaces
Coil	1984 - How to Destroy Angels 1998 - Time Machines
The KLF	1990 - Chill Out
Enigma	1990 - MCMXC A.D.
The Orb	1991 - The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld 1992 - U.F.Orb
Biosphere	1991 - 1994 - Patashnik 1995 - Substrata
Aphex Twin	1992 - Selected Ambient Works 85-92 1994 - Selected Ambient Works Volume II
Pete Namlook	1992 - Silence I 1993 - Air I 1994 - Air II 1996 - Outland 2 (with Bill Laswell) 1996 - The Fires of Ork (with Geir Jensen of Biosphere)
Moby aka Voodoo Child	1993 - Ambient 1996 - The End of Everything (as Voodoo Child)
Global Communication	1994 - 76:14
Alpha Wave Movement	1995 - Transcendence 2000 - Drifted Into Deeper Lands
Future Sound of London	1994 - Lifeforms 1994 - ISDN
Richard Bone	1998 - The Spectral Ships 1999 - Ether Dome
Stars of the Lid	1999 - Avec Laudenum 2001 - The Tired Sounds Of Stars Of The Lid
Marvin Ayres	1999 - Cellosphere 2002 - Neptune
Ishq	2001 - Ishq 2001 - Orchid
Rados	2001 - The Transparent Man 2001 - My soul is at the end of the universe
William Basinski	2002 - The River 2002-2003 - Disintegration Loops I, II, III and IV
Deepspace	2007 - The Barometric Sea 2005 - DeepspaceOrbiter1
Voyager; Audio Log	2007 - Voyager; Audio Log

Film	Director	Composer or Sound Designer	Comments
1956 - Forbidden Planet	Fred Wilcox	Louis and Bebe Barron (electronic tonalities)	This soundtrack definitely was ahead of its time with its spacey ambient sounds
1968 - 2001: A Space Odyssey	Stanley Kubrick	György Ligeti (composer "Monolith" and "Beyond Saturn" themes) Winston Ryder (sound editor)	"A cutting edge ambient, multimedia accomplishment...the ambient revolution, now and for the past couple of decades, owes much of its impetus to the achievement of 2001." -- D.B. Spalding [3]
1971 - THX 1138	George Lucas	Lalo Schifrin (composer) Walter Murch (sound design)	Murch's "Theater of Noise" offered as alternate soundtrack on Director's Cut DVD
1972 - Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes	Werner Herzog	Popol Vuh (composer)
1976 - Sebastiane	Derek Jarman	Brian Eno (composer)
1977 - Eraserhead	David Lynch	Alan Splet (sound design)	Features innovative ambient noise sound design in place of musical score.
1977 - Sorcerer	William Friedkin	Tangerine Dream (Composer)
1980 - The Elephant Man	David Lynch	Alan Splet (sound design)
1989 - For All Mankind	Al Reinert	Brian Eno (composer)	Score released as Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks.
2001 - Traffic (2000 film)	Steven Soderbergh	Cliff Martinez (composer) Brian Eno (composer- end theme)
2002 - Solaris	Steven Soderbergh	Cliff Martinez (composer)
2005 - Me and You and Everyone We Know	Miranda July	Michael Andrews (composer)
2006 - The Prestige (film)	Christopher Nolan	David Julyan (composer)

Major FM, satellite and internet radio shows

• Hearts of Space, an ambient music programme broadcast on NPR in the US since the late 1970s. Hosted by Stephen Hill.
• Musical Starstreams, a US-based commercial radio program produced and hosted by "Forest" since 1981.
• Ultima Thule Ambient Music, a programme broadcast on Australian community radio since 1989.
• Lounging Sound radio, online radio stations playing ambient music since 2002 featuring dj Genfish & ambient soundscape designer Jourdan Laik (of Paradasaic & Daevine (with ambient musician Michael Allison (of Darshan Ambient)).
• Digitally Imported, a multi-channel Internet radio service founded in 1999 that specializes in electronic dance music, including ambient/chill-out stations.
• [[4]] Ambient Zone, playing all forms of ambient music on RTRFM in Perth, Western Australia (www.rtrfm.com.au). Can be listened to via live streaming on the internet.
• [[5]] An ambient/space album stream, "The Barometric Sea" available free courtesy of Deepspace, an Australian Ambient act.

See also

• List of ambient artists
• List of dark ambient artists
• List of electronic music genres
• Drone music
• Intelligent dance music (IDM)
• Glitch

External links

• Ambient Techno in Sound on Sound
• Ambient Music Guide to ambient music style, including reviews of important ambient works.
• Ambient Music Guide Comprehensive ambient music resource site.
• Sound Borb Ambient Music and Sound Generator

Software

• fLOW: ambient soundscape generator
• SEELEWASCHEN: ambient sound environment