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== Culture ==
== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Burundi}}
[[Image:BurundiDrummers.jpg|thumb|right|The drummers of Burundi perform around the world.]]
The culture of Burundi is based on local tradition and the influence of its neighbors, though its prominence has been hindered by the [[civil unrest]]. Most Burundians live in rural areas as extended families in hilltop compounds called ''rugos''. [[Arranged marriage]]s are not uncommon, with the groom’s family sometimes paying a [[bride price]]. City residents often take a [[siesta]], and most businesses will be closed in the early afternoon.
The culture of Burundi is based on local tradition and the influence of its neighbors, though its prominence has been hindered by the [[civil unrest]]. Most Burundians live in rural areas as extended families in hilltop compounds called ''rugos''. [[Arranged marriage]]s are not uncommon, with the groom’s family sometimes paying a [[bride price]]. City residents often take a [[siesta]], and most businesses will be closed in the early afternoon.


Revision as of 21:40, 6 April 2008

Republic of Burundi
Republika y'u Burundi
République du Burundi
Motto: "Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Iterambere"  (Kirundi)
"Unité, Travail, Progrès"  (French)
"Unity, Work, Progress" 1
Anthem: Burundi bwacu
Location of Burundi
Capital
and largest city
Bujumbura
Official languagesKirundi, French
Demonym(s)Burundian
GovernmentRepublic
• President
Pierre Nkurunziza
Independence 
from Belgium
• Date
July 1 1962
Area
• Total
27,830 km2 (10,750 sq mi) (145th)
• Water (%)
7.8%
Population
• 2005 estimate
7,548,000 (94th)
• 1978 census
3,589,434
• Density
271/km2 (701.9/sq mi) (43rd)
GDP (PPP)2003 estimate
• Total
$4.517 billion² (142nd)
• Per capita
$739 (163rd)
GDP (nominal)2005 estimate
• Total
$799 million[1] (162nd)
• Per capita
$90 (182nd)
Gini (1998)42.4
medium
HDI (2007)Increase 0.413
Error: Invalid HDI value (167th)
CurrencyBurundi franc (FBu) (BIF)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CAT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (not observed)
Calling code257
ISO 3166 codeBI
Internet TLD.bi
  1. Before 1966, "Ganza Sabwa".
  2. Estimate is based on regression; other PPP figures are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison Programme benchmark estimates.

Burundi (IPA: [buˈɾundi]), officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Africa. It is bordered by Rwanda on the north, Tanzania on the south and east, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the west. Although the country is landlocked, much of its western border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika. The country's modern name is derived from its Bantu language, Kirundi.

Geographically isolated, facing population pressures and having sparse resources, Burundi has the lowest GDP per capita in the world, arguably making it the poorest country on the planet. One scientific study of 178 nations rated Burundi's population as having the lowest satisfaction with life of all.[2]

History

Main article: History of Burundi

The earliest inhabitants of the area were the pygmoid Twa. They were largely replaced and absorbed by Bantu (Hutu) tribes during Bantu migrations.

Burundi existed as an independent kingdom from the sixteenth century. In 1903, it became a German colony and passed to Belgium in World War I. It was part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate of Ruanda-Urundi in 1923, later a United Nations Trust Territory under Belgian administrative authority following World War II.

The origins of Burundi monarchy are veiled in myth. According to some legends, Ntare Rushatsi, founder of the original dynasty, came to Burundi from Rwanda in seventeenth century; other, more reliable sources, suggest that Ntare came from Buha, in the south-east, and laid the foundation for his kingdom in the Nkoma region.

Until the downfall of the monarchy in 1966, kingship remained one of the last links that bound Burundi with its past.

From independence in 1962, until the elections of 1993, Burundi was controlled by a series of military dictators. These years saw extensive ethnic violence. In 1965 Hutu extremists attempted to wipe out ethnic Tutsi at Busangana in the central province of Muramvya. In 1972, 1988, and 1993, the Tutsi minority was victim of a genocide at the hands of Hutu extremist organisations such as UBU (Umugambwe w'Abakozi b'Uburundi or Burundi Workers Party), PALIPEHUTU, FRODEBU, and more recently the now ruling CNDD-FDD. In 1993 Burundi held democratic presidential elections which were won by the Hutu-dominated Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU). FRODEBU leader Melchior Ndadaye became Burundi's first Hutu President, but a few months later he was assassinated by a group of Tutsi army officers. The killing was a pretense for the ruling party FRODEBU to start a new genocide against the Tutsi minority. Hutu extremists massacred thousands of Tutsi civilians. Years of instability followed until 1996, when former president Pierre Buyoya took power in a coup. In August 2000, a peace deal was agreed by most of Burundi's political groups. Unfortunately, it made no distinction between political parties and genocidal forces, as both were allowed to play a role in the national institutions. The deal laid out a timetable for the restoration of democracy. After several more years of genocide against the Tutsi minority, a cease-fire was signed in 2003 between the government and the largest Hutu rebel group, CNDD-FDD. In April of that year, FRODEBU leader Domitien Ndayizeye had replaced Buyoya as President. Yet the most extreme Hutu group, PALIPEHUTU-FNL (commonly known as "FNL"), continued to refuse negotiations. In August 2004, the group massacred 152 Congolese Tutsi refugees at the Gatumba refugee camp in western Burundi. In response to the attack, the Burundian government issued arrest warrants for the FNL leaders Agathon Rwasa and Pasteur Habimana, and declared the group a terrorist organisation. However, the arrest warrants were never effected. On the contrary, a few months later, the UN representative to Burundi went to meet the two men in Nairobi, Kenya.

In May 2005, a cease-fire was finally agreed between the FNL and the Burundian government, but fighting continued. Renewed negotiations are now under way, amid fears that the FNL will demand a blanket amnesty in exchange for laying down their arms. A series of elections, held in mid-2005 were won by the former Hutu rebel National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD). On September 7, 2006, a second ceasefire agreement was signed but as of November 2007 the British government were still advising against travel to Burundi due to "increased tension" as the "implementation of the agreement" has stalled.

Politics

Pierre Nkurunziza, president of Burundi.
Main article: Politics of Burundi

The politics of Burundi take place in a framework of a transitional presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Burundi is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Senate and the National Assembly. The President has officially called a cease-fire between the two warring parties in the civil war.

Decades of ethnic violence makes the achievement of political and social harmony difficult, as is evident in the reports of seminars of ministers of religion and teachers on the prospects for a 'nonkilling society' conducted in 2005-2006 by Fondation chirezi.


Provinces, communes, and collines

Main articles: Provinces of Burundi, Communes of Burundi, and Collines of Burundi

Burundi is divided into 17 provinces, 117 communes, and 2,638 collines.

The provinces are:

Geography

Map of Burundi
NASA photo of the Bujumbura region.
Satellite image of Burundi and the surrounding region.
Satellite image of Burundi
Main article: Geography of Burundi

Burundi is a landlocked country with an equatorial climate. Called "The heart of Africa" it lies on a rolling plateau, with Lake Tanganyika in its south west corner. The average elevation of the central plateau is 5,600 feet (1,700 m), with lower elevations at the borders. The highest peak, Mount Karonje, at 9,055 feet (2,760 m) [3], lies to the southeast of the capital, Bujumbura. The southeastern and southern borders are at roughly 4,500 feet (1,370 m). A strip of land along the Ruzizi River, north of Lake Tanganyika, is the only area below 3,000 feet (915 m): this area forms part of the Albertine Rift, the western extension of the Great Rift Valley.

The land is mostly agricultural or pasture, the creation of which has led to deforestation, soil erosion and habitat loss. Deforestation of the entire country is almost complete due to overpopulation, with a mere 230 square miles (600 km2) remaining and an ongoing loss of about nine percent per annum.[4] There are two national parks, Kibira National Park to the northwest (a small region of montane rainforest, adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda), Rurubu National Park to the north east (along the Rurubu River, also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu).

The farthest headstream of the Nile is in Burundi. Although Lake Victoria is commonly considered to be the source of the Nile, the Kagera River flows for 429 miles (690 km) before reaching Lake Victoria. The source of the Ruvyironza River, an upper branch of the Kagera River, is at Mount Kikizi in Burundi.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Burundi

Burundi's largest industry is agriculture, which accounted for 58% of GDP in 1997. Coffee is the nation's biggest revenue earner with 78% of all exported goods. Other agriculture products include cotton, tea, maize, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas (of which Burundi is one of the world's ten largest producers), manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, and hides. Besides agriculture, other industries include light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing. The currency is the Burundian franc (BIF).

Burundi is the poorest country in the world, in terms of GDP per capita: US$90 as of 2007. The economy is supported by foreign aid from Western Europe and other parts of the world. In 2000 this amount reached US$92.7 million. 68% of the population lived below the poverty line in 2002. The country's estimated gross domestic product (GDP) was US$700 million in 2001. According to the World Food Programme, the majority of children aged under 5 (56.8%) suffer from chronic malnutrition. [1]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Burundi

As of July 2006, Burundi was projected to have an estimated population of 8,090,068, approximately half of whom are aged 14 or less[citation needed]. This estimate explicitly takes into account the effects of AIDS, which has a significant effect on the demographics of the country. Roughly 85% of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin; most of the remaining population are Tutsi, with a minority of Twa (Pygmy), and a few thousand Europeans and South Asians. The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre (753/sq mi) is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, behind only Rwanda. The Twa are thought to be the original inhabitants of the area, with Hutu and then Tutsi settlers arriving in the 1300s and 1400s respectively.

The largest religion is Roman Catholicism (62%), followed by indigenous beliefs (23%) and a minority of Protestants (5%) and Muslims (10%). However, The Anglican Church of Burundi [2] claims over 10% of the population as members and recent reports indicate the Christian population may be as high as 90% with most of the remainder being Muslim. [3]. Care should therefore be taken with these statistics.

The official languages are Kirundi and French, although Swahili is spoken along the eastern border.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Burundi

The culture of Burundi is based on local tradition and the influence of its neighbors, though its prominence has been hindered by the civil unrest. Most Burundians live in rural areas as extended families in hilltop compounds called rugos. Arranged marriages are not uncommon, with the groom’s family sometimes paying a bride price. City residents often take a siesta, and most businesses will be closed in the early afternoon.

Traditional drumming is an important part of Burundian cultural heritage, as indicated by the world-famous Royal Drummers of Burundi. Traditional dance often accompanies the drumming, which is frequently seen in celebrations and family gatherings. Burundians also adhere to a strong oral tradition which relays history and life lessons through storytelling, poetry, and song. Cattle herders engage in kivivuga amazina, an improvisational poetry contest in which they boast their abilities or accomplishments.

Football is a popular pastime throughout the country, as are mancala games. Cricket is becoming increasingly popular at grassroots level and is the most popular youth sport. Many Burundians celebrate Christian holidays and Burundian Independence Day, though the largest celebration occurs on New Year’s Day with feasting and traditional drumming and dancing.

See also

References

  1. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Brazil
  2. ^ http://www.le.ac.uk/users/aw57/world/sample.html
  3. ^ Land and Resources - Burundi - Africa
  4. ^ Worldwide Deforestation Rates

Further reading

  • Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide René Lemarchand and Lee H. Hamilton
  • This Voice in My Heart: A Genocide Survivor's Story of Escape, Faith and Forgiveness Gilbert Tuhabonye and Gary Brozek

External links

Government
News
Overviews
  • Rural poverty in Burundi (IFAD)
  • BBC News - Country Profile: Burundi
  • "Burundi". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica's Burundi Country Page
  • Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Burundi
Directories
Tourism
Other
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