Aldobrandeschi

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The Aldobrandeschi were a family of feudal lords in Tuscany in the early Middle Ages and were among the oldest documented Italian aristocratic families . In the conflict between the Ghibellines and Guelphs , they were on the papal side.

Origin and development

Headquarters of the Aldobrandeschi in Sovana

The Aldobrandeschi are first proven in the 8th century. The first, Ilprando, son of Alperto, who died before January 24, 800, came from Lucca . A Longobard origin is ascribed to the ancestors . The early Aldobrandeschi were clerics, bishops, abbots and imperial vassals in various parts of Tuscany .

As a "powerful count" with extensive feudal ownership in the Maremma , Ildebrando II is documented for the first time around 862 in the old Etruscan town of Roselle (today a district ( frazione ) of Grosseto ). After the ancestral castle was attacked by pirates in 935, the Aldobrandeschi moved their headquarters to Sovana , where they joined Ildebrando III in 940 . are documented. Over the centuries, the family expanded their sphere of influence far beyond southern Tuscany and founded fortified country estates, the ruins of which are now preserved in some communities in the provinces of Grosseto and Siena. They maintained close relations with the clergy of the Abbey of Sant'Antimo and the monastery of San Salvatore di Monte Amiata . Under Ildebrando VII., Also called Ildebrandino Novello (son of Uguccione), alliances with Pisa came about in the 1160s . As of 1221, the Aldobrandeschi family had 22 vassals under them.

The family's sphere of influence was divided for the first time in 1216, when the four (male) children of Ildebrandino VIII (son of Ildebrando Novello ) received parts. He died in Sovana in 1208. The division into two branches of the family originated in Montecucco in December 1274, when the red Count ( Ildebrandino il Rosso ) took over the areas around Sovana ( Soana-Pitigliano line with headquarters in Pitigliano) and Ildebrandino X took over the areas around Santa Fiora .

The now divided family came under increasing pressure in the 13th century when the Free City Republics of Orvieto , Pisa and Siena expanded their territories. Gradually, after stubborn fighting, the Aldobrandeschi lost control of their possessions. The Aldobrandeschi experienced their first major military defeat in 1224 when Siena forcibly captured Grosseto. The Aldobrandeschi under Guglielmo (whom Dante calls Il Gran Tosco in his Divina Commedia ( Purgatorio XI, 58) and who was under the protection of Gregory IX until 1241 , died in the autumn of 1254) from 1241 with Frederick II up to his death in 1250, when the Aldobrandeschi lost several areas such as Sorano and Semproniano to him and only got back through the intervention of Orvieto in 1251. Guglielmo's son Umberto , killed in fighting in Campagnatico in 1259 or, according to another version, murdered, is also mentioned in Dante. In this personality, Dante denounces arrogance and misanthropy from misunderstood family pride ( Purgatorio , XI, 61–64).

The marriage of Guglielmo's granddaughter and daughter of Rosso , Margherita (* around 1255, † around 1313), with Count Orso Orsini in 1293 - this is their third of a total of five marriages - explains that some of the southern estates of the Aldobrandeschi passed into the legacy of this Roman family of counts (e.g. Porto Ercole ). Margarita's second - invalid - marriage to Nello Pannochieschi (or Paganello ) also plays a role for Dante and leads into the story of Gavorrano . With Margarita, this line of Soana-Pitigliano of the Aldobrandeschi, which had come to literary fame, died out.

Aldobrandeschi relics in Tuscany

Palazzo of the Aldobrandeschi in Grosseto (today seat of the provincial administration)
Castle of the Aldobrandeschi in Arcidosso
Rocca Silvana (Selvena)
Castle of the Aldobrandeschi in Scarlino
Castle of the Aldobrandeschi in Talamone

The castles are high on the hills above the medieval borghi . More or less relics of defensive walls, palas and towers have been preserved.

Grosseto Province

  • Arcidosso :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , fort in the town center.
  • Campagnatico :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca in the town center.
    • Castello di Stertignano , southwest of the main town.
  • Capalbio :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , fort in the town center.
    • Castello di Tricosto , today's ruin, is about 6 km southeast of the main town.
  • Castell'Azzara :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , fort in the town center.
    • Rocca Silvana , fort near Selvena .
    • Castello di Penna , today's ruins.
  • Castiglione della Pescaia :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca in the district of Buriano.
  • Grosseto :
    • Palazzo Aldobrandeschi , palace in the historic center, today the seat of the provincial administration.
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , now defunct castle near the Cassero del Sale.
    • Castel Marino
    • Castello di Montepescali , now called Cassero Senese , was built in the 9th century.
    • Castle of Istia d'Ombrone in the district of Istia d'Ombrone.
  • Isola del Giglio :
    • Castello di Giglio , also called Rocca aldobrandesca and Rocca pisana , in the district of Giglio Castello .
  • Magliano in Toscana :
    • Castello di Magliano , castle in the center of the village.
    • Castello di Montiano
  • Manciano :
    • Rocca di Manciano , castle in the town center.
    • Castello di Montemerano in the district of Montemerano .
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , also called Castello Ciacci , in the district of Saturnia .
    • Roccaccia di Montauto , also called Rocca , is about 6 km southeast of the main town.
  • Massa Marittima :
    • Castello di Tatti , owned by the Aldobrandeschi in the 13th century.
  • Monte Argentario :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca
  • Monterotondo Marittimo :
    • Castello di Cugnano , owned by the Aldobrandeschi until the beginning of the 13th century.
  • Orbetello :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca in the district of Talamone .
  • Pitigliano :
    • Palazzo Orsini , a former convent that was converted into a palace by the Aldobrandeschi in the 13th century. Was the headquarters of the Soana family line under Ildebrandino il Rosso .
  • Roccalbegna :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , also called Il Sasso .
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , also called Rocca al Cane , in the district of Cana.
  • Roccastrada :
    • Fort in the town center
    • Borgo di Sticciano in the district of Sticciano .
    • Castello di Lattaia , mentioned as early as 973 as a property of the Aldobrandeschi.
    • Castello di Montemassi in the Montemassi district .
    • Castello di Sassoforte near Sassofortino .
    • Castello di Torniella in the Torniella district .
  • Santa Fiora :
    • Rocca in the center, today Palazzo Sforza Cesarini , built in 1575
  • Scarlino :
    • Rocca di Scarlino , castle in the center of the village.
  • Semproniano :
    • Rocca aldobrandesca , fort in the town center.
    • Castello aldobrandesco , castle in the district of Rocchette di Fazio .
  • Sorano :
    • Castello di Montebuono , today's ruins.
    • Castello di Montorio in the district of Montorio.
    • Castello di Vitozza , today's ruins.
    • Rocca di Castell'Ottieri in the district of Castell'Ottieri.
    • Rocca aldobrandesca di Sovana , the former headquarters of the Dinastie in Sovana .

More places

Rocca Tintinnano (Rocca d'Orcia)

literature

Web links

Commons : House of Aldobrandeschi  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Collavini 1992.
  2. ↑ Collavini 1998, pp. 27-29, 38-40.
  3. ↑ a b Giorgio Varanini: Aldobrandeschi
  4. ↑ a b c d Nicoletta Maioli in: Bruno Santi: Guida Storico-Artistica alla Maremma. , Pp. 313-319.
  5. ↑ Luciana Marchetti:  Aldobrandeschi, Ildebrandino (Ildebrandino Novello). In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 2:  Albicante – Ammannati. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1960.
  6. ↑ Luciana Marchetti:  Aldobrandeschi, Ildebrandino (VIII). In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 2:  Albicante – Ammannati. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1960.
  7. ↑ Luciana Marchetti:  Aldobrandeschi, Ildebrandino (X). In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 2:  Albicante – Ammannati. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1960.
  8. ↑ a b Luciana Marchetti:  Aldobrandeschi, Guglielmo. In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 2:  Albicante – Ammannati. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1960.
  9. ↑ a b Luciana Marchetti:  Aldobrandeschi, Margherita. In: Alberto M. Ghisalberti (Ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 2:  Albicante – Ammannati. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1960.
  10. ↑ Maria Luisa Ceccarelli Lemut:  Pannocchieschi, Paganello. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 80:  Ottone I-Pansa. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2014.