Alfred Tetens

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Alfred Tetens (1889)

Alfred Tetens (born  July 1, 1835 in Wilster , †  January 13,  1903 in Altona ) was a German captain , explorer and later Wasserschout of the Senate of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg .

Life

Youth and early journeys (1849-1860)

Alfred Tetens was the seventh son of a judiciary and senator in the Danish service. After attending school in Lübeck and receiving confirmation, he received his father's approval for training as a seaman. Since the family had no connections to sea trade or nautical ancestors, Tetens began his first voyage as a cabin boy on the schooner Odin in 1850 . From Hamburg he came to New York via Brazil and the Cape Verde Islands . Three years later he drove to Australia on the Winterthur , where a large part of the team deserted in Melbourne because of the gold rush. Tetens was appointed an able seaman out of practical necessity.

Tetens received the patent for understeer on July 10, 1857. For his first trip to India, he hired the Lucy and Harriet . The following year he passed the helmsman exam in London. He went to India a second time with the Palmerston . He then sailed to New Zealand with the Norwood . After another return, Tetens passed the examination to become a captain on December 27, 1861 in London. At the beginning of the following year he set sail again with the Norwood , now for a trip to the Philippines.

Agent and governor of Andrew Cheyne (1861–1863)

After being taken to Manila in mid-1862, Tetens met the Scottish merchant captain Andrew Cheyne , who hired him as an agent for a copra and bêche-de-mar deal on the Palau Islands . As the first helmsman of the Black River Packet , Tetens reached the main port of Koror of the Palau group in October 1862 . Here it was introduced by Cheyne to the district colonel Abbathule (today: Ibedul). In the following weeks there was an encounter with the naturalist Karl Semper , from whom Tetens acquired more detailed knowledge of the island area.

After a three-month stay, Tetens was  transferred to Yap (Karolinen) together with the resident beach lover John Davies and two indigenous leaders . A shipload of bêche-de-mar was produced here for Cheyne. With the head of the village Krurr, Foneway, Tetens already made an arrangement to return later as an independent trade captain and then to enter into a direct business relationship with him.

In November 1863 Tetens returned to Koror, where he found Cheynes station besieged. Cheyne had sold firearms to the warring district of Artingal (today: Melekeok ) and had to flee shortly after Tetens' return. Before that he made him his governor. According to Tetens' biography, the Palau islanders soon stopped trading with him, ostensibly to isolate Tetens and eliminate him when the opportunity arose. In a more recent account, Jakob Anderhandt does not consider this plausible:

“Teten's claim [in the biography] that when Andrew Cheyne's return was delayed, the people of Koror tried to isolate and kill him on the initiative of Abbathule [...] because it was believed that Cheyne had failed with his ship, and with it Tetens 'function as general agent expired, is strongly called into question by Tetens' own expedition reports [...]. Possibly the entire episode is an invention of the editor of Tetens' [biography], Sammy Steinberg, who verifiably adorned and falsified it in other places [...] "

According to the biography, Tetens was tapped by Cheyne after his house was surrounded by a warband. Shortly before the merchant captain arrived, Abbathule and his subjects had approached Tetens again: “But since the approaching ship, as you correctly suspected, brought the hated man back near them, they wanted to reassure themselves of my friendship in order to protect themselves against the tough man to be protected. ”After inventory depleted in Koror and Yap, Cheyne and Tetens returned to Manila, where their relationship ended.

Discoverer on behalf of Joh. Ces. Godeffroy & Son (1865–1868)

Descriptions of different islands including the way of life and habits of the natives : Title page of A. Tetens' report on the first Vesta expedition (Hamburg State Archives)

Through Karl Semper (see above) Tetens had learned of a secret contract between Abbathule and Andrew Cheyne, in which the latter stipulated a trade monopoly in Koror against exclusive arms deliveries and a key political function as the “top mediator” for the entire Palau group. After returning to Hamburg, Tetens used the title of “governor” to present himself in the shadow of the agreement as “Vice-King of the Carolines”. The head of the trading company JC Godeffroy & Sohn , Johan Cesar Godeffroy, became aware of the captain through a newspaper report and appointed him to lead an expedition to the western Pacific. The purpose of the company should be to create a further mainstay in the South Seas in addition to the already established trade relations of the Godeffroys in Samoa , which could gradually grow into a "second Samoa". For this purpose, Tetens was assigned the supervision of the initially intended business on the Palau Islands and in the Carolines, so that he could "promote the expansion [...] accordingly [...] by appointing sub-agents". Commercial goods on which Tetens had to concentrate were Bêche-de-mar (“Biche la mar”), copra (“Copprah”), pearl shell (“mother-of-pearl bowl ”), as well as cotton, tobacco, indigo and “similar articles”. In contrast, ethnographic and zoological collections for the Godeffroy Museum were a "minor matter" - "... but we hope that you will find the time and leisure to work for our natural history company with great success ..." (from the directive for the expedition). For the tripartite voyage that began on August 1, 1865, the Godeffroy brig Vesta was additionally equipped with twelve guns. The steam pinasse Martha-Alfred was also built at the Reiherstieg shipyard , which enabled Tetens to make quick day trips during a stay on the island.

The first Vesta expedition: Cuxhaven - Hong Kong (August 1, 1865 - September 1, 1866)

First Vesta expedition, Aug. 1865 – Sept. 1866

The Vesta set sail from Cuxhaven, but already encountered bad weather in the North Sea and had to contend with opposing winds on the further voyage. The equator was only passed on September 25th. On November 29th, the Northwest Cape of Australia came into view. Instead of sailing south as planned, Tetens chose the northern route after “more mature considerations” and came through the Atlas Strait (between Sumbawa and Lombok ) into the Floresee . Before Ambleau (?) There was a rendezvous with a government ship, to which the first letter was sent to Hamburg. In Dampierstrasse , canoes were bartered for the first time with islanders. After a stopover on Botanta off the north-west coast of New Guinea and an unsuccessful search for Bêche-de-mar of adequate quality, Angaur , the southernmost island of the Palau group , was sighted on January 11, 1866 . On the 13th of the month the Vesta was in the roadstead in front of Koror and was piloted into port the following morning by the resident Englishman James Simpson. Tetens commented on the current prospects of establishing a central office for JC Godeffroy & Son in Koror :

“In the Horsburgh Sailing Directory the natives [Korors] are presented as ferocious savages , even in Findlays and Rapus [?] Editions the islanders are left with no good [n] qualities [;] but I feel compelled to refute this and can with certainty say that every ship, of whatever nation, finds a safe and safe reception in Corror [.] [L] the latter is the best and only safe harbor on the Pellew Islands, and no Europeans are ever harmed there. ] [A] uch this place is well suited to take firewood & beautiful spring water, as well as a good supply of pigs, chickens & taro. […] [D] on top of that, this group of islands lies in the way of all ships taking the eastern route to China, and [ Corror ] would therefore be very suitable as a port of emergency, one could also create a cole depot there for steamships. "

The port of Yap and the transportation of stone money. Drawing by Franz Hernsheim, ca.1875

After Abbathule's honorary visit on the Vesta , Tetens took three Palau islanders on board to reinforce the crew. If the voyage continued (January 24, 1866), ten Yap men were also given free passage to their home islands. Tetens also shipped about twenty pieces of the stone money made on Malakal and provided an early description of it:

“[…] It is a special kind of stone, which you work into the shape and size of a large Swiss cheese, with the only difference that there is a large hole in the middle through which a thick stick is stuck around to transport it. "

In Rul , the main port of Yap, Tetens visited the leader Foneway on February 7th and recruited fifty Yap men as fishermen for a Bêche-de-mar expedition to the east, referring to his earlier agreement (1862, see above) Island areas. Tetens discovered a passage through the reef on the Matelotas Islands (February 10/11), landed some of his workers and then negotiated on Asor (today: Yasor, Ulithi Atoll ) with the leaders Guerr (?) And Romumí ( ?) about the construction of camarines (temporary stations) for the extended fishing of trepang (February 16/17). The Vesta was moved off the main island of Mogmog (February 18), where it remained anchored for the remainder of the stay.

Due to strong winds that made fishing difficult, the yield was meager. Tetens therefore gave his machine master the supervision of the temporary stations (March 23) and continued the expedition after returning to Yap to the Exchequer Islands . At the stop in Rul (March 24th) another hundred local men were taken on board as fishermen, as well as 25 canoes, as Tetens had stationed the steam pinasse (see above) for use for intermediate trips in the Ulithi Atoll.

Tetens anchored in the Exchequers after a vain search for a passage off a small outer island (April 18, name not recorded) and only contacted the locals after a hurricane-like storm had subsided (April 20). After negotiations on land, several camarines were set up here too and the islanders were also employed to fish in exchange for “small gifts” (April 23 - June 1). Despite the abundant harvest, the stay had to be broken off prematurely due to a lack of provisions.

After the hired fishermen on Yap had been approved (June 14th), the Bêche-de-mar produced in the Exchequers was temporarily stored in Rul and the production of coconut oil started in the village. Due to disagreement about the pearl bowl captured in the Exchequers, which both Tetens and the deported fishermen claimed for themselves, Vesta was kept ready for defense until the end of their stay (June 16). Accompanied by Foneway, the trepang stocks were then removed from the Matelotas Islands and flotsam was recovered from the failed full-rigged ship Ebba Brahe (June 17-26 ). Back on Yap, other island products were traded and at the same time the fishermen deployed on the Matelotas landed (June 28-30).

The subsequent return of the Vesta to Mogmog (July 2) was no longer expected by the islanders there and, according to Tetens, prevented an attack on the provisional station. As for the background, the machinist who had been left behind explained that on April 2nd a Yap islander had come to Mogmog, the “leader of an expedition that had been sent to MacKenzie Island [then different name for Ulithi Atoll] to capture ships coming here. ”Regarding the low Bêche-de-mar yield, the leaders Guerr and Romumí said that the Yap men from the expedition had forbidden them to continue fishing. At the end of the stay (July 12th) the temporary ward was canceled because of these difficulties.

At the next stop in front of Yap (July 13th) the fishermen were signed off for Mogmog. Ten iron pots for the production of coconut oil were landed on Isle Isle. A Vesta crew member named "Boje" was posted as the first agent for JC Godeffroy & Son .

When he returned to Koror (July 16), Tetens thought he had discovered a "different behavior" in the behavior of the islanders, although canoes went alongside the Vesta :

"I asked […] if Capt Cheyne (my former principal and college trader) had been here during our absence, [they] confirmed, and [they] confirmed." further said that he had only been there for a short time, u. then sailed to another group of islands […]. In the afternoon I went ashore to a spring to wash and swim. looked at m. great astonishment that Capt Cheynes Schooner's 2 bootees & 2 large biche-de-mar cauldrons were left behind in an old Camarin , so that I was still thinking to myself why he left this here [?] [T] the whole secret but revealed himself only too soon, for savages can never keep a secret to themselves, and the like. betray one another. On the day of our arrival, I received an invitation to a feast from King Abba Thule, and the chiefs in Corror, which should take place on the same day […;] u. I asked the king [there] where [Cheyne] had sailed to, he couldn't answer me right away. Seemed to be confused, I looked at him steadily, but he avoided my look, u. only after some hesitation did he tell me that Capt Cheyne of the Artingal Natives had been murdered at night in his home on the island of Mallacal [...] "

The Koror residents buried Cheyne's body and erected a memorial on the site. According to Tetens' report, however, this only happened “to avert appearances and to make us believe that you were innocent of this murder, which I still assumed until now.” After returning to the Vesta , Tetens found out the actual course of events from his officers who, in turn, had been informed by visitors from the country:

“The plan originally came from Abba Thule , u. after he and all the chiefs […] had given their consent, had been executed. It was on the last night before Capt Cheyne’s departure that he slept, as usual, in his house, which he built on the island of Mallacal. [T] a it was a nice evening, he went up in the veranda u. when suddenly a savage came and he called [& then said] that it was the son of the King of Artingal here and had brought him some pigs that were still in his canoe . Capt Cheyne did not come down from the porch suspiciously to see if it really was the case when he was suddenly grabbed from behind by a native while the other gave him several blows on the head with a sharp chisel fell down, then a lot of other natives jumped out of the bushes and the like. fell on their unfortunate sacrifice, dismembered him and the like. finally, with a larger square tile stone, crush all his bones in the body [end]. Then they dragged him into the house, threw him on the floor, and the like. left him here in his blood. After the savages committed this cruel & deceitful murder, they blew [?] (A war signal) and the like on their couch. pretended to be chasing an artingale canoe to deceive the ship's crew, and To avert the appearance of yourself [;] Capt Cheyne’s schooner was at anchor close to Mallacal at the same time [...]. "

Tetens' printed biography mentions a conversation with Abbathule, in which the latter allegedly expresses reasons for the crime before Tetens:

“After your departure, Captain Cheyne visited our island again and, under the condition that he could only get trepang and tortoiseshell, he did us evil. On his advice, our old enemies [the inhabitants of Artingal] started the war again against us, and when this trick also failed, he coaxed a concession from us, under which England could take possession of our island. "

This admission is historically not proven; Instead, according to the naturalist Karl Semper and the historians Dorothy Shineberg and Jakob Anderhandt, Cheyne's continued sales of weapons to Artingal had caused so much hatred and guilt among the people of Koror that, according to local customs and traditions, an execution ultimately seemed inevitable. According to Anderhandt, the disguise of the crime occurred because the people of Koror were already aware that their action on the part of Cheynes' compatriots, should the outside world find out, would be judged by their own laws and not those of Koror. After closing deals (July 29) and arriving in Hong Kong (September 2), Tetens submitted a petition to the British consulate about the circumstances of Andrew Cheynes' death. It formed one of the foundations for the retaliation of HMS  Perseus in April 1867. As a result of Cheyne's violent demise, JC Godeffroy & Son's choice of location for their second central office in the South Seas was not Koror, but Yap.

The second Vesta expedition: Hong Kong - Hong Kong (October 4, 1866 - March 28, 1867)

Second Vesta Expedition, Oct. 1866 – Mar. 1867

After making a metal tank for the loss-free transport of coconut oil (September 1866), Tetens set sail again with the Vesta and reached Koror for the next time (October 31) through San Bernardino Street . After recruiting fifty workers for another Bêche-de-mar expedition, he made detailed arrangements with Abbathule about trepang fishing and coral gathering in his district. These were sealed at a friendship festival before the onward journey (November 6th). In Rul (November 12-17) the agent “Boje” was embarked again and instead of him the Dutchman “Tom Brown” was entrusted with the business of JC Godeffroy & Sohn (aka Thomas van der Plann, the Tetens mistakenly for an Englishman held). Tetens described the quality of the coconut oil produced on Yap as "excellent" - "... unfortunately not very much had been done because the natives did not have enough vessels to put the oil in." After recruiting another 50 fishermen, a new trip was made put to sea for the Exchequers, which was delayed due to unfavorable winds and currents. After the old, provisional station house on the archipelago was demolished and a new building was built at a more favorable location (December 5-8), fishing was reopened. For Teten, it is now a considerable quantity of around 1.3 tonnes of Bêche-de- mar came to an end (January 20, 1867). On the way back, the Hermit Islands were called on (January 22nd) and a few pieces of band iron were exchanged for fruit on a northwestern island. In contrast to the friendly contact here, Tetens encountered massive resistance when attempting to land in the eastern part, so that he temporarily gave up his plan to establish contact (January 24):

“When we came to a large village [on the island of Luf], the savages became more and more angry, ran to and fro with their spears and called Tabua-Tabua , which probably means something like [:] (It is contrary to custom - bad.) […] The costume of men is, as usual on these islands, only a tappar , that of women in the highest degree remarkable. Her suit consists of a short skirt made of grass and leaves at the front, while a long, narrow tail hangs at the back. The hair on the head is shorn short and the forehead is smeared with black paint. But the strangest and most hideous are the women in whom the outer edge of the hair [?] Is completely cut off and covered with small tortoiseshell rings; the ring thus formed is so large that it often hangs below the chin and is four inches in diameter; In addition, they carry pieces of tortoiseshell, 9-12 inches long, shaped like ox horns, as ornaments through their noses, which gives them a wild appearance. "

Regardless of the hostile situation, Tetens also had the eastern reefs of the Hermit Islands searched for trepang stocks and again a Camarin was built for boiling . After a second unsuccessful attempt to penetrate the main village on Luf, he dared a storm on the settlement (January 30th), during which his troops looted some weapons and food.

On the way back to Yap, the Vesta Uleai called (February 21/22), whose inhabitants described Tetens as "very friendly". After returning to Yap (February 26th) and an honorary festival in Rul (February 27th), Vesta set off for Palau (March 6th) with a total yield of 2000 gallons of coconut oil, from where, after further acceptance tests (March 8th - 16th) ) was sailed to Hong Kong (arrival March 28).

The third Vesta expedition: Hong Kong - Hong Kong (April 23, 1867 - March 11, 1868)

Third Vesta Expedition, Apr. 1867 – Mar. 1868

The main goal of Tetens' third expedition was to build a cotton and tobacco plantation on the Palau Islands for JC Godeffroy & Sohn . Koror was only reached after many winds and a crossing of 41 days (June 3rd). Chinese workers brought in from Hong Kong were left under the supervision of one of the understeer. On a piece of land leased by Tetens, the first seedlings were said to have sprouted while sailing (June 19). After arriving in Tomil (on Gagil-Tomil , Yap, July 1st) and landing barrels to buy the coconut oil produced under Tom Brown, Tetens visited all the larger settlements for the first time. Stays in Krurr (residence of the most important trading partner Foneway) are documented; Canif, Gelowith (friendly receptions); Ruana; Tory (repellent, sometimes hostile behavior by residents) and Isle Isle (festive reception with dance performance). Towards the end of the series of visits, Tetens recruited 80 Yap men as fishermen in order to visit islands in the border area between Micronesia and Melanesia that Europeans rarely used (July 27). First, a course was set for Truk , where Cheynes reportedly had rich trepang deposits.

Tetens found no natural resources at all on the atoll; Sea rollers were also absent on the reefs, as they were used by the locals for food due to the lack of fruit trees (23 August). The islanders put up armed resistance to an attempt to land to take firewood and drinking water. Tetens had the beach storming from boats in order to at least get fresh commissions.

In the Mortlock group the Vesta was anchored at Ta (September 4th). But here too the trepang deposits were sparse, which is why, after a one-week stay, they advanced to the islands in front of the outer reef. In the process, reefs occupied by sea rollers were found near Elarto (around September 12), but Tetens and his landing team only narrowly escaped an attack. Participating men from Ta were confronted by Tetens and, by changing their behavior, helped trepang fishing to a surprising success (conclusion on September 23). After an unsuccessful visit to Namoluck , fishing was briefly continued on the Losap Islands (September 25), while Tetens, at the request of some warriors, provided rifle aid in a campaign against Nimma (October 4).

When Tetens returned to Yap, he found all of Rul at war and all villages in turmoil (October 31). Nevertheless, the stations were driven to collect coconut oil, which had been produced in small quantities despite the unrest.

An unintentional discharge of his shotgun on one of these trips caused Tetens to crush his left leg (November 3rd). As a result of the injury, he had to stay sick for three months in a hut in Krurr and hovered between life and death several times. After the wound had healed temporarily (February 10, 1868), he was transferred to the Vesta . The following week the brig sailed back to Palau (February 18), where the understeer reported on the condition of the plantation:

"[...] the cotton is already thriving quite well, on 20,000 trees that were planted by the Chinese [,] there was already cotton , the perennials had already reached the thickness of an arm & were already forming a small forest & there where there used to be nothing but a large expanse of grass, now one could walk everywhere in the shade. The contracted buildings had become already finished and all messages denominated extent favorable with the exception of [jenigen on] the Chinese , relying on a scandaleuse not only the helmsman but also the natives had amounted to over way more time they had to work refused & continually exhibited the greatest reluctance to cultivate the cotton, the natives had impaired them, they had even planned murder attempts on the helmsman and a West Indian standing by his side . "

At the request of Abbathule and other high-ranking men, Tetens withdrew the Chinese foreign workers from Koror, "especially since the natives assured me that if I took away the Chinese , I would now like to cultivate the cotton myself with pleasure and love ." Tetens left behind a "West Indian" (West Indians, ie Caribbean islanders) and three " Manila people" (Filipinos) who should "pay particular attention to the cleaning and pressing of the cotton" (February 26). Later visitors to Koror do not report anything about the company, which is why it can be assumed that the planting was neglected and quickly became wild. After arriving in Hong Kong (March 11), the Vesta underwent repairs. Tetens received a doctor's certificate that it was not necessary to remove his injured leg, but had to give up the seaman profession due to a permanent disability.

Activity in Hamburg

After returning to Hamburg, Tetens was appointed Wasserschout, the highest official in the port of Hamburg. In 1891 he was a co-founder of the German Seamen's Mission in Hamburg rV

Impact history

The Tetens biography of S. Steinberg

Personal dedication from A. Tetens to his "long-time friend", professor and privy councilor Dr. Neumayer in a copy From the ship's boy to the Wasserschout (1888)

The Hamburg writer Sammy (?) Steinberg processed Alfred Tetens' travel notes into a biography, which was published in 1889 as a book by GW Niemeyer in Hamburg with the title Vom Schiffsjungen bis zum Wasserschout . Although Steinberg assured in the foreword that he had made it his duty "never" to deviate from Tetens' notes and to avoid "any strange ingredient", there are strong editorial interventions up to stylistic distortions and factual falsifications in comparison with the original writings. The ethnologist Hans Fischer describes the tone of the biography as "German-national over macho-arrogant and arrogant and colonialist-derogatory to romantic-kitschy". In the source texts, encounters with the South Sea islanders are described as "predominantly positive", while negative comments in the style of the biography are "rather rare". The published work represents a biography written by Steinberg for Fischer, but it remains unclear, "[w] why [...] Tetens needed a 'ghostwriter'". Jakob Anderhandt describes the book publication as an "autobiography", which, however, was "embellished and falsified" by Steinberg as the editor. Tetens distributed personal dedicatory copies of the biography.

Translated work

As the earliest English-language version of Tetens' texts, which deserves mention, Fischer cites a series of anonymous translations of the (edited) articles for the journal of the Godeffroy Museum , which can be found in "some ecclesiastical high schools" on the Micronesian islands. In the monograph: Alfred Tetens: Among the Savages of the South Seas , finally published in 1958 , published by Stanford and Oxford University Press, the translator Florence Mann Spoehr only summarizes the first part of Vom Schiffsjungen ... in the foreword and only the second transmitted verbatim, according introductory statement Spoehrs but also that of Tetens' " flowery adjectives - flowery adjectives" liberated. Fischer considers the translation to be “superficial and wrong” and proves this with examples.

Sailing and ethnographic achievements

For Jakob Anderhandt and Peter Sack, there is no question that Alfred Tetens' Vesta expeditions mapped out further trade trips by German captains in the western Pacific. According to Anderhandt, Tetens 'successor at JC Godeffroy & Sohn , the Eutin captain Georg Christoph Levison, had knowledge from Tetens' expedition reports and used them specifically for his own forays to the Western Islands (approx. 1872). According to Peter Sack, the merchant captain and later businessman Eduard Hernsheim also sailed in Tetens' footsteps (1874/75) during his voyages of discovery with the schooner Coeran , but this "unknowingly".

Parallel to a "rather bad reception" of the Tetens biography, according to Fischer, the captain's ethnographic records hardly met with a positive response. Especially J. D. E. Schmeltz , the director of the Godeffroy Museum, thought little of Tetens' "diligence and reliability". The ethnologist Augustin Krämer , who has been recognized for his research on Oceania, has judged more nuanced and admitted that Tetens "taught valuable things about Yap at least in his article for the Journal of the Museum Godeffroy and was in and of itself a good expert on native life." In contrast to this, Florence Mann Spoehr sees the trade captain as a “ keen and interested observer ” and even finds the biography “ infused with the color of a zestful and yet reflective person - imbued with the color of a cheerful and yet thoughtful personality ". What Tetens has to report about Palau and the Carolines is " authoritative and of his own experience - trend-setting and guaranteed by his own experience". On the other hand, Fischer believes that only Tetens' original records contained "useful early ethnographic information on Yap and Palau" as a whole, but would be obsolete in the light of later and more precise research reports.

In 2009, the Pacific Manuscripts Bureau Canberra (Australia) published Alfred Tetens 'expedition reports as a transcript in Latin script, thus making Tetens' original Kurrent script accessible to a wider public. Before that, large parts of Vom Schiffsjungen zum Wasserschout had been reissued in 2004 in the book Seemannsschicksale unter Segeln . A critical processing of the surviving legacy of Alfred Tetens is still pending.

literature

Own writings

Unpublished

  • Alfred Friedrich Tetens: Travel Diaries (approx. 1860–1869). Tetens family archive, Hamburg State Archive, 622-1.
  • Alfred Friedrich Tetens: Correspondences (1862-1865, undated). Tetens family archive, Hamburg State Archive, 622-1.
  • Alfred Friedrich Tetens: Documents on the Godeffroy Museum. Tetens family archive, Hamburg State Archive, 622-1.

Released

  • Johann Stanislaw Kubary and Alfred Tetens: “The Carolinen Island Yap or Guap together with the Matelotas, Makenzie, Fais and Wolea Islands: after A. Tetens and J. Kubary by Dr. E. Gräffe ”. In: Journal des Museum Godeffroy , Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 84–130.
  • Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg brig Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865–1868. Transcript in modern German script by Jakob Anderhandt of Captain Tetens' reports of his expeditions to the Caroline Islands and Palau, with annotations . ([German-language] transcript of Alfred Tetens' reports on his expeditions to the Carolines and Palau, 1865–1868, in Latin script, prepared, annotated [and a register] by Jakob Anderhandt.) Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau ), Canberra 2009. Microfilm, PMB 1319. Table of contents and index in PDF. (PDF; 63 kB) Accessed January 10, 2013 .
  • Alfred Tetens: From ship's boy to Wasserschout. Memories from the life of Captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889. online .
  • Alfred Tetens - * 1835: Under sail around the world around 1850-70: The seafaring of our great-grandfathers . Jürgen Ruszkowski [Amazon digital printing], Hamburg 2015. ISBN 978-1-5150-9606-1 , online . (Reprint of Vom Schiffsjungen zum Wasserschout .)
  • Alfred Tetens: Among the Savages of the South Seas: Memoirs of Micronesia, 1862–1868 […]. Translated from the German by Florence Mann Spoehr . Stanford University Press / Oxford University Press, Stanford / London 1958. (English, initiated and only partial transmission of From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout by Florence Mann Spoehr.)

Secondary works

  • Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 1, pp. 68–87. (Outline of Alfred Tetens' Vesta expeditions and their historical preconditions.)
  • Hans Fischer : marginal figures of ethnology: scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers. (=  Culture analysis . Volume 5 ). Reimer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-496-02748-7 , Chapter 3: The Captain, p. 38-57 . (Study on the history of Alfred Tetens' impact.)
  • Jürgen Rath: Rusks, salted meat and bunks . 1st edition. Köhler, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-7822-0892-7 .
  • Arthur Wichmann: “No. 163 Alfred Tetens (1866) “. In: Ders .: Nova Guinea: Vol. II. History of the discovery of New Guinea 1828–1885 , bookstore and printer EJ Brill, Leiden 1910, p. 127 f. (Outline of the course of the Vesta expeditions by Alfred Tetens.)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003. pp. 38–57, here: p. 40.
  2. ↑ Data on Tetens' seaman career up to here according to "Chronology of the Life of Alfred Tetens" in: Alfred Tetens: Among the Savages of the South Seas: Memoirs of Micronesia, 1862–1868 […]. Translated from the German by Florence Mann Spoehr . Stanford University Press / Oxford University Press, Stanford / London 1958, pp. Xxxv – xxxvi.
  3. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012. Volume 1, pp. 68-87, here: pp. 70 f. and 77.
  4. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012. Volume 2, p. 478, note 116.
  5. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, pp. 313-316.
  6. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, p. 315.
  7. ^ Hamburg State Archives, holdings 622-1 / 103 Tetens, No. IV 1, sheet 2.
  8. ↑ See the abstract in: Jakob Anderhandt: "Der Nimmersatt des Pazifik". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012. Volume 1, pp. 68-87, here: pp. 74 f.
  9. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, p. 188.
  10. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012. Volume 1, pp. 68–87, here: p. 69.
  11. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, p. 195 ff.
  12. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, p. 190.
  13. ↑ All dates and places of the first Vesta expedition, unless otherwise stated: Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg brig Vesta: The reports from Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865–1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, pp. 3-41.
  14. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 4 f.
  15. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 7 f.
  16. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 11.
  17. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 30 f.
  18. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 34.
  19. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 35 f.
  20. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 36.
  21. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 36 f.
  22. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, p. 237.
  23. ↑ Karl Semper: The Palau Islands in the Pacific . Brockhaus, Leipzig 1873, p. 349; Dorothy Shineberg (Ed.): The Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne 1841-1844 . Australian National University Press, Canberra 1971, pp. 23f .; Quotation from: Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 1, pp. 68–87, here: p. 79.
  24. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 1, pp. 68–87, here: p. 80.
  25. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 1, pp. 68–87, here: pp. 82 f.
  26. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: "The Glutton of the Pacific". In: Ders .: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 1, pp. 68–87, here: p. 85.
  27. ↑ All information on the place and date of the second Vesta expedition, unless otherwise stated: Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports from Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865–1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, pp. 42-64.
  28. ^ On the identity of "Tom Brown" see: Beachcombers, Traders & Castaways in Micronesia: Yap. Retrieved January 16, 2013 .
  29. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 47.
  30. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 51 f.
  31. ↑ All places and dates of the third Vesta expedition, unless otherwise stated: Alfred Tetens: Expeditions der Hamburger Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865–1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, pp. 65-82.
  32. ^ Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg Brigg Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865-1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 81 f.
  33. ^ A b Alfred Tetens: Expeditions of the Hamburg brig Vesta: The reports of Captain Alfred Tetens, 1865–1868. [...] . Australian National University (Pacific Manuscripts Bureau), Canberra 2009, p. 82.
  34. ↑ Cf. Jakob Anderhandt: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 2, p. 478, note 141.
  35. ↑ Alfred Tetens: From the cabin boy to the Wasserschout: memories from the life of the captain Alfred Tetens. Written by S. Steinberg from his notes. With portrait, and 10 illustrations by C. Schildt . 2nd Edition. Niemeyer, Hamburg 1889, p. VI.
  36. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: p. 44
  37. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: p. 55.
  38. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: p. 42.
  39. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, Volume 2, p. 478, note 116.
  40. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: pp. 50 f.
  41. ^ Alfred Tetens: Among the Savages of the South Seas: Memoirs of Micronesia, 1862-1868 [...]. Translated from the German by Florence Mann Spoehr . Stanford University Press / Oxford University Press, Stanford / London 1958, p. Xi.
  42. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: p. 52.
  43. ↑ Jakob Anderhandt: Eduard Hernsheim, the South Seas and a lot of money: biography in two volumes . MV-Wissenschaft, Münster 2012, volume 1, p. 87, passim.
  44. ^ Eduard Hernsheim: South Sea Merchant: Edited and translated by Peter Sack and Dymphna Clark . Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, Boroko 1983, p. V.
  45. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: p. 48.
  46. ↑ Quoted from Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: p. 49.
  47. ^ Alfred Tetens: Among the Savages of the South Seas: Memoirs of Micronesia, 1862-1868 [...]. Translated from the German by Florence Mann Spoehr . Stanford University Press / Oxford University Press, Stanford / London 1958, pp. Xi and v.
  48. ↑ Hans Fischer: "The Captain". In: Ders., Randfiguren der Ethnologie: Scholars and amateurs, swindlers and dreamers . Reimer, Berlin 2003, pp. 38–57, here: pp. 56 and 47.
personal data
SURNAME Tetens, Alfred
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German captain, explorer and later Wasserschout of the Senate of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
DATE OF BIRTH July 1, 1835
PLACE OF BIRTH Wilster
DATE OF DEATH January 13, 1903
Place of death Altona