Bernhard Havestadt

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Bernhard Havestadt Father Bernhard Havestadt SJ , Padre Bernardo Havestadt SJ (born February 27, 1714 in Cologne , † January 28, 1781 in Münster ) was a German Jesuit , missionary and linguist of the indigenous American language Mapudungun ( Araucanian languages ).

Live and act

Havestadt was in on February 27, 1714 St. Lawrence in the city center of Cologne baptized . His family probably came from the Westphalian region of the city of Dülmen . In Cologne he first attended the Jesuit college , where around 1729 he was awarded a second prize in the poetics class . After finishing school he studied philosophy in Trier , where he joined the Society of Jesus , Compañía de Jesús on October 20, 1731 .

Havestadt completed his novitiate . From 1735 to 1740 he was employed as a teacher in Hadamar and Neuss . He then studied theology again at the Jesuit college in Büren (Westphalia) . After fourteen years in the order between 1731 and 1745, he received his sacrament of ordination as a Roman Catholic priest on September 24, 1743 in Büren . Havestadt spent his tertiary in Haus Geist in the parish of Oelde .

Havestadt was polyglot ; In addition to German and Latin , he also spoke Spanish , English , Italian , Dutch and Portuguese and later Mapudungun.

After a year of people's missionary activity , which he began from Horstmar in Westphalia, he moved to the Araucanian Indian mission in Chile in 1746. In 1746 he was assigned his future missionary work there in South America . He was one of the 102 German Jesuits who worked in the General Capitanate of Chile . He traveled from Amsterdam ( Republic of the Seven United Provinces ) to Lisbon , where he arrived on August 22, 1746 and joined other Jesuits. In Lisbon, the procurator Count von Karl Haimhausen (1692–1767), a Jesuit from Bavaria, had gathered a group of missionaries around him. The onward journey to Brazil was only possible on May 14, 1747, the following year. Havestadt stayed first in Rio de Janeiro and in November 1747 in Buenos Aires , in order to finally achieve his goal of becoming the General Capitanate of Chile ( Viceroyalty of Peru ) with the Mapuche . In the spring of 1748 they broke with mules through the Argentine pampas towards the Cordilleras ( Cordillera de la Costa ). Finally they reached Santiago de Chile . His assigned mission area was between Concepción and Valdivia .

His center of life was Santa Fé southeast of Concepción on the Río Bío Bío . There he received language lessons in the local Indian language from the Jesuit priest Franz Xaver Wolfwisen (* 1679) in 1748 .

Between 1751 and 1767 he traveled to southern Chile, especially the island of Chiloé . From around 1756 Havestadt worked on a Spanish-language work on the Mapuche language . The Mapudungun is one of the larger isolated languages . There was obviously a scientific exchange with the Jesuit friar Andrés Febrès (1734–1790).

But the eviction came before going to press. He was only able to save one manuscript on his return to Europe. As a member of the order, he translated it into Latin in 1772, but only after its exclusion in 1775 could he have it printed in Cologne and in 1777 in Münster.

Father Havestadt wrote in 1777:

“As the Andes towers over other mountains, so it towers [the Mapudungun] over other languages. Anyone who knows the Chilean language sees other languages ​​as if from a watchtower far below. He can see clearly how much of them is superfluous, how much they lack, and so on, and he can rightly say to anyone who is not Chilean: If your language is good, Chilean is superior to it. "

During his travels through Chile he exposed himself to the most varied of dangers, up to his capture and expulsion with the other Jesuit missionaries in 1768. Havestadt and his confreres were due to the general expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese and Spanish territories (first in 1759, then in 1767 / 68, Expulsión de los jesuitas del Imperio Español de 1767 ), which eventually led to the abolition of the Society of Jesus (1773). Because on April 2, 1767, King Charles III signed. , Carlos III of Spain to adopt, the banishment of the Jesuits from the Spanish possessions in America initiated.

The representatives of the Spanish administration deported him to Valparaíso and he was taken by sea to Callao in July 1768 and finally to Panama , Ciudad de Panamá ( viceroyalty of New Granada ). Then it went overland to Portobelo in the Caribbean . From there he sailed by ship to Cartagena and Havana in Cuba ( Viceroyalty New Spain ), finally across the Atlantic to Cádiz in the Kingdom of Spain . In Spain he was interrogated on May 26, 1769, imprisoned and released on September 4, 1770. He was held in the Monasterio de la Victoria monastery in El Puerto de Santa María for a total of 16 months.

The Monasterio de la Victoria in El Puerto de Santa María here Havestadt was arrested for 16 months.

He finally reached Germany via Genoa , Serenissima Repubblica di Genova in Italy and Austria. He ended his adventurous homecoming in the years 1768 to 1771 in Haus Geist in Oelde in Westphalia, where he was accepted again by the Jesuits. When the Jesuit order was abolished in 1773 , he retired to relatives in Uedinck near Münster. He died almost blind in Münster, where he was buried in the parish of St. Martini on January 30, 1781.

Real history

Wilhelm von Humboldt owned the Chilidugu sive tractatus de lingua seu idiomate Indo-Chilensi , which he valued extremely. Humboldt uses Havestadt's work in his work on the American languages. Although he criticized Havestadt's one-sided lexical representation, he nevertheless saw the need to first grasp the "word mass" given in a language.

Works

Chilidúgú, sive Res chilenses vel descriptio etc.
  • Chilidugu sive tractatus de lingua seu idiomate Indo-Chilensi. Hispanice et Latine conscriptus, Cologne 1775
  • Chilidugu sive res Chilenses vel Descriptio Status tum naturalis, tum civilis, cum moralis Regni populique Chilensis, inserta suis locis perfeetae ad Chilensem Linguam Manuductioni. Münster 1777, reprint obtained from Julius Platzmann , 1883 [3]
  • Twelve mission sermons. Cologne 1778

literature

Web links

Wikisource: Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) / Bernhard Havestadt  - Sources and full texts (English)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ According to other information, the date of death remains unclear and has been assumed to be in 1778 , but this is rather unlikely. According to the St. Martini's Book of the Dead , he was buried on January 30, 1781.
  2. ^ Anton Huonder : German Jesuit missionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries. Freiburg im Breisgau 1899, p. 133
  3. ↑ Mariano Delgado, Hans Waldenfels (ed.): Gospel and culture. Encounters and breaks. Festschrift for Michael Sievernich. Studies on Christian religious and cultural history 12. Friborg (CH), Academic Press, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-7278-1665-9 , pp. 548-550
  4. ↑ The distance between Concepción and Valdivia is about 500 km as the crow flies .
  5. ^ Herbert E. Brekle: Bio-bibliographical handbook on linguistics of the 18th century: the grammarians, lexicographers and language theorists of the German-speaking area with descriptions of their works. Volume 4 by H - I. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-1109-3022-6 , p. 131
  6. ^ Artur HF Barcelos: Entre a cordilheira eo mar: exploraçãoe evangelização jesuítica no Chile. Between the cordillera and the sea: Jesuit exploration and evangelism in Chile. História Unisinos 11 (2): 230-239, Maio / Agosto 2007, p. 232 [1]
  7. ↑ Francisco Javier Wolfwisen, SJ.
  8. ↑ Andrés Febres: Arte de la Lengua General del Reyno de Chile. (1765)
  9. ^ Bernhard Havestadt: Chilidugu sive Tractatus Linguae Chilensis. Facsimile of the first edition 1777, Editionem novam immutatam curavit Dr. Julius Platzmann, BC Teubner, Leipzig 1883; Original in Latin
  10. ↑ On July 21, 1773 ordered Clement XIV. With the brief (and not in a Papal Bull , but "by letter" by a subordinate legal status) Dominus ac noster redemptor the Suppression of the Society of Jesus on. The breve begins with a reference by the Pope to his efforts for peaceful coexistence, followed by a list of allegations made against the order by Sixtus V to Benedict XIV . Keeping the welfare of all states in mind, he gave in to the demands of the rulers of France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily and deprived the order of all functions and administration.
  11. ↑ Johannes Meier: Mission - Conquest - Encounter: Franz Xaver, the Society of Jesus and the Catholic World Church in the Baroque Age. Vol. 8 Studies on the history of Christianity outside Europe (Asia, Africa, Latin America), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-4470-5098-5 , pp. 224–235
  12. ↑ Aníbal Echeverría y Reyes: La lengua araucana. Imprenta Nacional, Calle del Amoneda, N. ° 112, Santiago de Chile 1889, pp. 21–23 [2]
  13. ↑ Galaxis Borja Gonzalez: The Jesuit reporting on the New World: On the publication, distribution and reception history of Jesuit Americana on the German book market in the Age of Enlightenment. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 3-6471-0109-5 , p. 254
personal data
SURNAME Havestadt, Bernhard
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Father Bernhard Havestadt SJ; Padre Bernardo Havestadt SJ
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Jesuit, missionary and linguist of the indigenous American language of the Mapudungun (Araucanian languages)
DATE OF BIRTH February 27, 1714
PLACE OF BIRTH Cologne
DATE OF DEATH January 28, 1781
Place of death Muenster