Hauenstein Castle (Styria)

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Hauenstein Castle
View from the lower courtyard of the upper courtyard with the residential tower

View from the lower courtyard of the upper courtyard with the residential tower

Alternative name (s): Hanstein, nursing home
Creation time : Late 12th century or early 13th century
Castle type : Hilltop castle
Conservation status: ruin
Standing position : Sovereigns
Construction: Quarry stone masonry in stock
Place: Kainach near Voitsberg
Geographical location 47 ° 11 '27 "  N , 15 ° 4' 32"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 11 '27 "  N , 15 ° 4' 32"  E
Height: 952  m above sea level A.
Hauenstein Castle (Styria)
Hauenstein Castle

The Hauenstein castle ruin , also known as Hanstein and also popularly known as the Pflegeerschloß , is the ruin of a hilltop castle on a foothill of the Gleinalpe in the northeast of the Austrian municipality of Kainach near Voitsberg in western Styria . The history of the castle goes back to the end of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th century, when it was built by the sovereigns to protect the trade route from the Kainachtal over the Gleinalpe to the upper Murtal . From the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century, the people from Hanau, who probably gave it its name, sat at the castle before there were frequent changes of ownership in the following centuries. The castle complex, along with the trade route on which it was located, increasingly lost importance in the 15th and 16th centuries and there were no associated subjects or income. A fire at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century probably led to the castle being abandoned. Maintenance and security measures have been taking place since 1982, which have also been accompanied by archaeological excavations.

The castle itself was built in two or three phases and retained its Gothic character.

Origin of name

There are several attempts to explain the origin of the names Hauenstein and Hanstein . According to Ernst Reinhold Lasnik , the name is probably derived from the original builders or owners, i.e. the aristocratic Hanau family. The name can also be interpreted as a castle on the hewn stone . A derivation from the Old High German personal name Hûn or Hûni or the Middle High German hanen for Hahn is rather unlikely .

Location

The castle is located in the north-eastern part of the municipality of Kainach bei Voitsberg , in the north of the cadastral municipality of Gallmannsegg on a narrow, rocky and wooded throwback knoll that slopes steeply to the west, east and south . This is the last branch of a ridge extending south from the Brendlstall on the Gleinalpe and rises about 200 meters above the valley of the Kainach . The castle plateau itself is at an altitude of about 952  m above sea level. A. In the west and south the plateau is bounded by the Kainach and in the east by the Siebbrunnenbach . The castle was accessed from the north via a narrow connection to the hinterland, which was also protected by an artificially created neck ditch with a suspected drawbridge . After the moat, the access to the castle runs west past this and the Siebbrunnenbach. The castle was on the old trade route from the Kainachtal over the Gleinalmsattel to the upper Mur Valley and to Knittelfeld .

To the north of the castle is the Pfleger house, which consists of a hunter's house, a stable building as well as a fountain and a wooden chapel and presumably goes back to a meierhof of the castle. A mule track leads from the property to the castle ruins and there is also an old path, partly carved into the rock.

history

Floor plan of Hauenstein Castle by Josef von Scheiger in communications from the Historisches Verein für Steiermark , 1868

Construction and early history of the castle, ownership structure

The sources of Hauenstein Castle are sparse, especially for early history. The area in which the later castle was built probably originally belonged to the Eppensteiners and came from them to the Babenbergs , who provided the Styrian sovereigns. The first documentary evidence of a lord of the castle dates back to 1222 and names a Wulfing von Hanau or von Hannŏwe as the princely fief of Hauenstein. This mention suggests that the princes built the castle to protect the trade route leading from the Kainachtal over the Gleinalmsattel into the upper Mur Valley at the end of the 12th century or at the beginning of the 13th century.

The Hanau family itself probably came from what is now Germany. Wulfing was followed in 1243 by his sons Konrad and Walter and Wulfing, who were named in 1245, as lords of the castle, who presumably had joint ownership. In 1292 Duke Albrecht I appointed Wulfing castle captain on the Graz Schloßberg . After Wulfing's death, Hauenstein came to his widow Alhaidis and his sons Friedrich, Weygant and Otto. As a reward for Wulfing's loyalty, his sons also received the rule of Obervoitsberg . Otto von Hanau finally united the entire Hanau property in his hand and left Hauenstein to his son Wolfhart in 1334. Wolfhart's sons Otto and Walter and his two nephews Friedrich and Jörg renounced on December 17, 1376 to Duke Albrecht III. to the Feste Hannstain , as it seemed peculiar to them. The Duke gave them back on September 17, 1378, however, as a fiefdom, so that the Hanau residents no longer sat there themselves, but instead had Hauenstein administered by a small family of knights as burgraves. After Walter von Hanau, the property went to his son Friedrich and his nephew Jörg, who founded the Carmelite monastery in Voitsberg in 1401 . Friedrich fought in the Walsee feud against Duke Ernst the Iron , was therefore captured in 1409 and died as a result of the two-year hard imprisonment in 1413.

After Frederick's death in 1413, he was succeeded by his son-in-law Hans von Laun as lord of the castle of Hauenstein, who was in 1414 in the entourage of Prince Duke Ernst the Iron on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land and Jerusalem. Hans and his wife Grüna are considered to be the other founders and builders of the Voitsberg Carmelite Monastery. On November 16, 1443, Hans von Laun was enfeoffed with the Haunstein fortress and the associated alpine areas and fishing rights in the Kainach. Hans Laun, who was married to Dorothea Lembacher for the second time, was also among the knights in the contingent against Hungary in 1446. Laun's daughter or niece Margarethe passed the castle to his son-in-law Andreas von Greißenegg on July 20, 1458 . Since 1463 at the latest, it has been proven that Hauenstein had its own truce . In 1469 Andreas von Greißenegg and the St. Lambrecht Abbey fought a dispute over the ownership rights to an alpine pasture belonging to Hauenstein as well as the fishing rights in the Kainach, which, however, was likely to have gone in favor of the Greißenegger, as the Hansteiner Urbar of 1468 mentions these areas. Because Greißenegger at the Baumkircher feud against Emperor Friedrich III. involved, he was executed in Graz in 1471 and all his possessions, including Hauenstein, were confiscated by the emperor. This gave it to William of Saurau , who was then acting head was Styria and began in the imperial order in 1478 Hans Gutensteiner as a nurse. In 1479 the fiefdom belonged to Jörg or Georg von Hollenegg and after he was slain by Kainach farmers in 1480, it went to Andrä Peuerl in 1480 or 1482. After Peuerl, Emperor Friedrich III pledged. Hauenstein on June 26, 1483 to the St. Lambrecht monastery, which Ekhart Muttmann appointed as administrator. In 1515 the castle was already described as dilapidated and it was mentioned that it had neither subjects nor a valid , i.e. income from the property.

Loss of importance in the 15th and 16th centuries

Although Hauenstein in the 15th and 16th centuries by the expansion of the fortifications of Voitsberg and the castles Krems and New Leon Roth lost its strategic importance, it was due to its associated therewith alpine areas like the 1,574-mentioned Pister or Pistor and ALBM in scrap yet always some importance to it. An attempted transfer of the castle to the Kainach family failed in 1522. After Ferdinand I made two rulers' requests in 1548 and 1549, St. Lambrecht Abbey could not prove that it owned the complex, which is why it was commissioned in 1551 , To hand over Hauenstein to Christof Resch, representing the sovereign. From Resch the estate was handed over to Helferich von Kainach. After delivery to the Resch St. Lambrecht's Abbey demanded the refund of previously paid by them Burghut and Sigmund Kogler, the abbot of the monastery, turned with a request to the Emperor Ferdinand I , the castle not to be awarded to the Kainacher, with the pen was in dispute. It also waived the required repayment and paid an amount for the loan from Hauenstein to St. Lambrecht. However, the dispute between the Kainachers and St. Lambrecht was settled and in 1552 the monastery agreed to cede the castle to Helferich von Kainach for a fee. However, there was never a handover because Helferich was unable to pay the fee. Ferdinand I made an unsuccessful attempt to move in the castle in 1557. The administrator of the Piber estate , Hans Stübich, leased the Geslos Haustein complex, which was described as desolate and abandoned, from 1575 . At least in 1586 the citizens of Judenburg also appeared as tenants, who paid a lease schilling of eleven guilders and maintained a castle garrison to protect the traders on the trade route . After the citizens of Judenburg, the lease went back to Hans Stübich. Fridrich Sigmund von Herberstein followed Stübich as tenant around 1598 and around 1610 Hauenstein was again placed under the administration of the St. Lambrecht Monastery. In the period from 1623 to 1625 or up to around 1628, Georg Stürgkh , the owner of the Storchenschlössel , leased Hauenstein and the associated alpine pastures before it was withdrawn from St. Lambrecht Abbey and administered by the Piber rulership. Christof Freiherr zu Kainach owned the castle around 1639 and refused the subjects of the lordship of Obervoitsberg and Piber to use the alpine pastures and fish pastures as they were used to.

Abandonment of the castle and modern excavations

It is not known when exactly the castle was abandoned and left to decay. Although it was described as desolate and abandoned as early as 1575, archaeological finds suggest that the castle was abandoned at the end of the 16th or beginning of the 17th century after a fire in the residential tower. A first detailed description of the ruined castle was published by Josef von Scheiger in 1868 . From 1982 archaeological excavation and securing work took place in cooperation with the Federal Monuments Office and under the direction of Ernst Reinhold Lasnik , during which numerous finds, mainly from the late Middle Ages , were made. Since then, renovation and building research measures have also taken place on the ruins. From June 1999 to 2008, excavations were carried out under the supervision of Bernhard Hebert in the interior of the residential tower, which was filled with a one to two meter thick layer of rubble. The finds made in the process suggest a fire in which the wooden false ceilings collapsed and the entire inventory in the tower, such as ceramics and tools, was buried under them. The find situation suggested that the castle had at least inventory until the fire and that there was no clearing up after the fire. Some of the larger holes that made the walls unstable were from treasure hunters. The numerous finds from the 15th and 16th centuries also seem to contradict the archival sources, which described the castle as desolate and dilapidated in the 16th century. In the course of the security work, all four partially collapsed outer walls of the tower house as well as the central wall inside the tower were restored, and several openings in the ring and retaining wall were closed again. The lavatory on the west side of the tower was also restored. The ruin has been owned by the Austrian Federal Forests since the 20th century .

description

View from the north of the entrance to the kennel
View from the upper to the lower courtyard with the remains of the foundation
View from the south of the residential tower

Castle complex

Hauenstein Castle was built and expanded in at least two clearly distinguishable phases, but a third construction phase is possible. The castle is an exemplary Gothic tower castle , which, due to its early abandonment, has largely retained its original appearance. The castle area has a size of about 55 by 40 meters. Access to the actual castle area is from the north and is protected by a mighty neck ditch carved into the rock, which may originally have been spanned by a drawbridge. Today a modern wooden bridge leads over it. Josef von Scheiger mentioned in 1868 that there were no recognizable traces of a gatehouse and that the distance between the moat and the actual castle area would speak against a drawbridge. The alignment of one of the two loopholes in the castle suggests that the old castle path had the same route as the modern access. After the neck ditch, the access runs west past the castle so that it could be monitored from the curtain wall , which, adapted to the terrain, surrounds the entire complex. The curtain wall consists of stock-like quarry stone masonry , which can be dated to the 13th century, and forms an acute angle at the northern corner of the upper castle courtyard with a loopholes from which one can see the castle entrance. Originally a wooden battlement walked along the wall . The entrance leads through a flat arched gate with shell limestone walls into the crescent-shaped kennel of the castle, whose former wall in the south is now only recognizable as a stepped terrain. To the east of the kennel with a leading manufactured stone succinct round-arched gate in the lower court. In this courtyard you can see the remains of the foundations of an installation carried out in the 15th century or later. From an embrasure in the eastern part of the lower courtyard one could see the path leading past below the castle. The lower courtyard is separated in the north by a two-tier lining wall from the upper courtyard with the residential tower . A round arched gate and an adjoining rock staircase lead through the lining wall from the lower to the upper courtyard. After the gate in the lining wall is the cistern of the castle carved into the rock on the left .

Residential tower

The three- or four-storey late Romanesque- early Gothic residential tower standing free in the upper courtyard overlooks the lower courtyard by around seven meters and has an almost square floor plan with sides of 9.9 and 10.5 meters each. It consists of the same rubble stone masonry as the curtain wall, which also suggests that it was built in the 13th century. The tower was accessed from the south. On the western outer wall there is a bay window that served as a toilet . The inside of the tower was probably divided into two rooms in the 15th century by a central wall running from west to east, with the southern room being divided again by another partition wall. This separating wall is connected to the central wall by a construction joint and interlocked with the entrance to the residential tower. The western of the two smaller rooms is vaulted. All inserted partition walls are not connected to the outer walls of the residential tower. Two open chimneys, one of which is surrounded by sandstone , lead up the central wall , and remains of late Gothic tiled stoves have been found during excavations . The central wall is broken through on the ground floor and first floor by ogival connecting gates with a stone reveal . On the ground floor, on the dividing wall of the southern room, you can still find remains of the late Gothic drapery of a connecting door made of stone.

The southern room on the ground floor was probably built with a cellar, as excavation work allowed digging well below the ground level of the adjoining northern room without hitting the ground. Furthermore, the finds of cake utensils and animal bones suggest that they were used as storage rooms. A two-part Gothic opening with a flat pointed arch and central column was walled up at a later date. Remains of the Gothic castle chapel were still visible on the first floor and the corbels on the eastern outer wall probably supported the protruding apse . The gothic rectangular windows of the residential tower, framed with ashlar, sit in flat and pointed arch niches with side seats. To the south of the tower, an annex that was not connected to it was built later, probably at the same time as the arch openings in the interior of the tower were walled up. In the extension, a flat arch niche with side seats and a late Gothic rectangular window has been preserved.

reception

literature

Like the surrounding area, Hauenstein Castle is also mentioned in the 1967 novel Disturbance by the Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard . In the novel, a diabetic industrialist lives on it, who is visited by the narrator together with his father, a country doctor, on a consultation trip. It is unclear whether Bernhard himself visited the area and the ruins or relied on stories, but he lived in Graz for a longer period of time .

Sagas and stories

There are several legends about Hauenstein Castle. According to one of the legends, all farmers in the area were invited to help with their carts when the castle was built . After the completion of the castle, a celebration took place from which not a single farmer returned. In addition, a great man is said to have lived in the castle, who defended himself with a large sword and was therefore invincible. He was invited to a celebration at Krems Castle , where he appeared unarmed and without a sword, so that he was captured and beheaded in Graz. The vernacular could have connected the person of Andreas Baumkircher , who is said to have been of great stature, with Hauenstein Castle.

Hauenstein is said to be connected to Klingenstein Castle near Salla by a secret underground passage . But that seems to be impossible due to the fact that the two systems are more than 12 kilometers away. Another secret passage is said to lead under the old cemetery, which was located below the castle on a meadow by Schlögelgraben and where bones were found during construction work, to the so-called Stiedlkreuz. Another legend tells of a peasant girl who let her sheep graze in front of the ruin, when suddenly an old-fashioned woman came out through the castle gate. The woman offered the girl nuts, which she wore in her apron. The girl, out of sheer fear, did not accept the gift and hid, whereupon the woman began to moan. She complained that if the girl had accepted the nuts, she would have been saved and that they would have turned into gold. Then the woman disappeared crying and complaining that she would have to wait hundreds of years again until a brave girl would redeem her in the ruin. According to another legend, at the Hankersäge, a sawmill on the Oswaldbach , a shiny silver fish is said to live in the clear water. In the body of the fish there is a silver ring, which should enable the wearer to find a treasure in the Hauenstein ruins. Another legend also tells of a treasure in the castle. This is said to have been buried there by Voitsberg knights during an emergency. The castle fell into disrepair and trees and bushes began to grow in the ruin, including a beech. According to the legend, the first child to be placed in the cradle, which was made from the wood of that beech tree, should be able to lift the knight's treasure.

There are also haunted stories about the ruins. So one should meet a black dog and a little man with a red cap in the ruined walls at night.

coat of arms

The coat of arms of the former municipality of Gallmannsegg. The green battlements point to Hauenstein Castle

The municipal coat of arms of the municipality of Gallmannsegg , which was independent until 2014 and was awarded on November 8, 1999 and designed by Heinrich Purkarthofer , refers, among other things, to Hauenstein Castle. The blazon reads: “In a red shield with a green border lined with a silver battlement strip on the flanks and in the base of the shield, a silver fountain stone covered with a red flaming heart with water flowing off to the side, overlaid by a baroque silver crown.” The silver battlement strip and that green borders refer to the castle in the forest.

literature

  • Ernst Reinhold Lasnik : The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 320-327 .
  • Walter Brunner (Ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 2 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 87-88 .
  • Werner Murgg: Castle ruins in Styria . Ed .: Federal Monuments Office (=  B . Band 2 ). Ferdinand Berger & Sons, 2009, ISSN  1993-1263 , p. 146-147 .

Web links

Commons : Burg Hauenstein (Steiermark)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Hauenstein. www.burgseite.com, accessed on November 10, 2014 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Ernst Lasnik: Von Teufelsspuk, Trud and Wilder Jagd . Stories and legends from western Styria. Verlag für Collectors, Graz 2007, ISBN 978-3-85365-227-5 , p. 132-135 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Ernst Reinhold Lasnik: The Hauenstein castle ruins . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 320 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 2 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 87 .
  4. ↑ Bernhard Herbert, Johanna Kraschitzer: Archaeological finds of the late Middle Ages and early modern times from the castle Hauenstein, community Gallmannsegg . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 596 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Werner Murgg: Castle ruins of Styria . Ed .: Federal Monuments Office (=  B . Band 2 ). Ferdinand Berger & Sons Ges.mbH, 2009, ISSN  1993-1263 , p. 146 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Robert Baravalle: Castles and palaces of Styria . Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft mbH, Graz 1961, ISBN 3-7011-7323-0 , p. 547 .
  7. ↑ Bernhard Herbert, Johanna Kraschitzer: Archaeological finds of the late Middle Ages and early modern times from the castle Hauenstein, community Gallmannsegg . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 598 .
  8. ↑ a b Werner Murgg: Castle ruins of Styria . Ed .: Federal Monuments Office (=  B . Band 2 ). Ferdinand Berger & Sons Ges.mbH, 2009, ISSN  1993-1263 , p. 147 .
  9. ↑ Ernst Lasnik: Around the Holy Mountain . Verlag Styria, Graz 1982, ISBN 3-222-11303-3 , p. 427 .
  10. ↑ a b Ernst Lasnik: Around the Holy Mountain . Verlag Styria, Graz 1982, ISBN 3-222-11303-3 , p. 428 .
  11. ↑ a b c Ernst Lasnik: Around the Holy Mountain . Verlag Styria, Graz 1982, ISBN 3-222-11303-3 , p. 429 .
  12. ↑ a b c Ernst Reinhold Lasnik: The Hauenstein castle ruins . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 321 .
  13. ^ A b Walter Brunner (Ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 497 .
  14. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 115 .
  15. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 228 .
  16. ↑ a b Robert Baravalle: Castles and palaces of Styria . Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft mbH, Graz 1961, ISBN 3-7011-7323-0 , p. 548 .
  17. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 351 .
  18. ↑ Hauenstein castle ruins. www.wehrbauten.at, accessed on September 9, 2019 .
  19. ↑ a b Ernst Reinhold Lasnik: The Hauenstein castle ruins . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 323 .
  20. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 498 .
  21. ↑ a b Ernst Reinhold Lasnik: The Hauenstein castle ruins . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 324 .
  22. ↑ Ernst Lasnik: Around the Holy Mountain . Verlag Styria, Graz 1982, ISBN 3-222-11303-3 , p. 430 .
  23. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 81 .
  24. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 82 .
  25. ^ A b c Walter Brunner (Ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 2 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 88 .
  26. ↑ a b c Federal Monuments Office (Ed.): Dehio Steiermark (excluding Graz) . 2nd Edition. Berger, Horn / Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-85028-439-5 , p. 169 .
  27. ^ Walter Brunner (ed.): History and topography of the Voitsberg district . tape 1 . Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz 2011, p. 681 .
  28. ↑ Ernst Reinhold Lasnik: The Hauenstein castle ruins . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 322 .
  29. ↑ Bernhard Herbert, Johanna Kraschitzer: Archaeological finds of the late Middle Ages and early modern times from the castle Hauenstein, community Gallmannsegg . In: Ernst Reinhold Lasnik (ed.): The upper Kainachtal. From the history of the communities of Kainach, Gallmannsegg and Kohlschwarz . Kainach municipality, Gallmannsegg municipality, Kohlschwarz municipality, Kainach / Gallmannsegg / Kohlschwarz 2006, p. 597 .
  30. ↑ Karl Mayer: West Styrian Riddle - Thomas Bernhard and the mysterious "Murderer's Mill". In: Small newspaper. February 12, 2019, accessed September 9, 2019 .
  31. ↑ Ernst Lasnik: Von Teufelsspuk, Trud and Wilder Jagd . Stories and legends from western Styria. Verlag für Collectors, Graz 2007, ISBN 978-3-85365-227-5 , p. 22 .
  32. ↑ Ernst Lasnik: Von Teufelsspuk, Trud and Wilder Jagd . Stories and legends from western Styria. Verlag für Collectors, Graz 2007, ISBN 978-3-85365-227-5 , p. 26 .
  33. ↑ Hauenstein ruins. www.sagen.at, accessed on September 9, 2019 .
  34. ^ Ernst Lasnik: Voitsberg - portrait of a city and its surroundings . tape 2 . Municipality of Voitsberg, Voitsberg 2012, p. 306-307 .
  35. ↑ Ernst Lasnik: Von Teufelsspuk, Trud and Wilder Jagd . Stories and legends from western Styria. Verlag für Collectors, Graz 2007, ISBN 978-3-85365-227-5 , p. 119 .
  36. ↑ Gernot Peter Obersteiner: The Styrian municipal coats of arms awarded in 1999 and 2000. (PDF) In: Messages from the Styrian State Archives. Retrieved September 9, 2019 .
This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 29, 2019 in this version .