Calberlasche sugar boiling plant

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Calberlasche sugar boiling plant, around 1825
Calberlasche Zuckersiederei on an English-language map of Dresden, around 1833
Hotel Bellevue, in the vicinity of the Royal Court Theater (first Semperoper) , 1865
View from the tower of the Catholic Court Church over the Theaterplatz with the Semperoper , the Hotel Bellevue (right) and the chimney of the state district heating and electricity company (center), 1906
In World War I captured guns on King Johann monument in front of the Hotel Bellevue, right the Italian Village , 1915
View from the Hausmannsturm over the Theaterplatz with the Semperoper, the now elevated Hotel Bellevue (right) and the chimney of the state district heating and electricity company (center), around 1930
View from the Marienbrücke on the Dresden old town silhouette with the building complex of the Hotel Bellevue in front of the Catholic Court Church and the Hausmannsturm, around 1940
View from the roof of the Catholic Court Church over the Theaterplatz with the Semperoper, the ruins of the Italian village and the Basteischlösschen (right) as well as the location of the Hotel Bellevue, which was cleared of ruins in 1950, but is still easy to understand, 1956
View from the Italian village of the former location of the Hotel Bellevue, on the right the Basteischlösschen, on the left in the background the Hotel Bellevue , built in the 1980s on the Neustadt side of the Elbe
Grave site of the Calberla family, into which the sculptor Robert Diez had married, in the Inner Neustädter Friedhof in Dresden, 2009

The Calberlasche sugar boiling plant was the first sugar boiling plant in Saxony and one of the first industrial companies in Dresden . The entrepreneur Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla (1774–1836) had the building complex built from 1817 to 1820 on the Elbe in the far north of the inner old town . After his death, the houses that served as a benchmark for the monumental buildings on Theaterplatz were sold and converted.

The Hotel Bellevue , which opened in 1853, developed into the leading hotel in the city towards the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Destroyed in the air raids on Dresden in 1945, its ruins were torn down in 1951. The hotel Bellevue on the opposite side of the Elbe has continued the traditional name in Dresden since 1985 .

Location

The former location of the building complex is on the terrace bank in the section between Bernhard-von-Lindenau-Platz (forecourt of the state parliament building ) and the driveway to Theaterplatz . The buildings stood between the quay on the Elbe and the then Grosse Packhofstrasse, which connected Devrientstrasse directly with Theaterplatz. Neighboring structures are or were the Basteischlösschen in the east, the Italian village in the southeast, the Semper Opera in the southwest and the state district heating and electricity plant (demolished in the 1970s) in the northwest.

The Calberlasche Zuckersiederei marked the south-eastern end of the industrial Packhof district, from which the Neue Terrasse building ensemble emerged . In their neighborhood stood next to the district heating plant, the Packhof with the former port of Dresden (forerunner of the Alberthafen ) and connection to the Elbezweigbahn , the Holzhof, a brickyard, the main tax office and, from the early 20th century, the Erlweinspeicher, which today serves as a hotel .

The location on the northern edge of the inner old town was close to and within sight of famous buildings in the historic Dresden city center, including the Semperoper, the Zwinger , the Catholic Court Church and the Dresden Residenzschloss .

Structural matters

Industrial building from 1820

The Calberlasche sugar boiling plant, which was probably designed by Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer and was built between 1817 and 1820, was structurally a novelty in Dresden. The assembly no longer consisted of parts that had grown together, as was customary in the Dresden Baroque , but of individual buildings joined together - "the first solution of its kind" in the Saxon capital. Originally the three individual buildings, which were not yet completely autonomous but were clearly related to one another in terms of design, were only loosely connected with a ground floor corridor.

The “characteristic group of buildings”, an essential building of late classicism in Dresden, contained a central main house and two side houses on the right and left diagonally - approximately at a 120-degree angle - which enclosed a green courtyard that widened towards the Elbe. These were two-and-a-half-story plastered buildings with flat hipped roofs and a basement, an upper floor and a mezzanine above it , which were visually separated from each other by cornices. The three buildings had five window axes on their transverse sides. On the long sides, the auxiliary buildings were nine-axis with a three-axis central projection and the central building was 15-axis with a five-axis central projection emphasized by a triangular gable . A square roof terrace crowned the main building in the middle as a belvedere . The narrow connecting wings on the ground floor each had four windows.

The façades were characterized by an economical plaster structure with plaster grooves on the ground floor and arched panels on the upper floor. The building had a positive impact on urban planning, as it gave the monumental buildings on Theaterplatz, including the Royal Court Theater , the Semper Opera House and the Italian Village, the scale that made the size visible. The building is an early example of industrial architecture , which, however, in its monumental claim, due to the proximity of the palace and court church, did not reveal its purpose. Nearby were buildings that were architecturally related to the Kaufhallen on Antonsplatz and were only a few years younger and also served commercial purposes.

Modifications around 1850 and 1910

When it was converted into a hotel in the early 1850s, the ground-floor intermediate wings were converted into separate corner buildings. They each had five axes on the outside, had three full storeys and protruded only slightly from the two-and-a-half-story outbuildings, but around an entire window axis from the main house. Hipped dormers supplemented the roofs that were now connected. The main building, now lengthened at the corners, was 77.5 meters long with a built-up area of ​​2300 square meters, the two obtuse-angled wings each 46 meters with a built-up area of ​​279 square meters. The kitchen, utility and storage rooms were located in the basement of the southeast wing. The 16.5 meter long, 6.5 meter wide dining room of the house was described as "unfortunately very low".

Another far-reaching renovation based on plans by Martin Dülfer happened in 1910/11 when the capacity increased to 150 guest rooms. The main building was raised by two floors and the top floors expanded. This made the view from a new platform on the roof and new balconies of the sights of the old town and the Neustadt bank of the Elbe even more attractive. The main entrance with a large revolving door and a magnificent portal was relocated to a point exactly opposite the Semper Opera House, and the newly laid out reception hall was given a marble floor. The once open garden terrace was converted into a heated winter garden and the entire house was technically modernized. Since then, the hotel has had central heating and an elevator, the annoying bell system has given way to a light signal system and fire alarms and fire extinguishers have been installed. The kitchen as well as the connected refrigeration, storage and utility rooms were hygienically state-of-the-art. There were individual garages for particularly wealthy guests. The apartments and single rooms were equipped with their own bathroom and toilet - quite a special feature at the beginning of the 20th century. There was also a telephone connection in each room.

history

Sugar boiling

In the 1810s and 1820s, the Dresden fortifications were razed. The art turner and versatile entrepreneur Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla, who came from Braunschweig and had been a citizen of Dresden since 1800, was a member of a citizens' committee during this time that accompanied the removal. It was led by a "demolition commission" chaired by the royal court architect Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer, who was also responsible for the new buildings and a. also for this reason is often named as the architect of the new building.

The right building site for the planned factory was found on the substructure of the demolished Sol bastion. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Catholic clergy's house, in which the Catholic court clergy lived, and who finally found accommodation in Schloßstraße in 1821, was still located there . Calberla acquired the property near the old fireworks site and had the foundation stone laid for the sugar boiler there in 1817. Court mason Hofmann built the industrial building north of what was then the Morettian Opera House by 1820. In the immediate vicinity, the disembarkation area for freight with the Packhof was built from 1822 to 1826.

Right from the start, Calberla rented a wing of his new building to Dresden's oldest Masonic lodge, Zu den Three Swords , of which Thormeyer was a member. Later, the Asträa zum greening diamond lodge was also located there. Both lodges merged in 1831 and moved to their new building on Ostra-Allee at the end of the 1830s .

Saxony's rulers granted privileges for boiling sugar, an important part of sugar production , in Dresden since the 16th century - especially for pharmacists. Calberla had now founded the first larger company of its kind in Saxony. It was conceived as a family business "Calberla and Sons". After the death of the eldest son, Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla was only able to manage the company together with his younger son Gustav Moritz (1809–1906), after whom Calberlastrasse in Loschwitz is named.

The phase in which the company was founded and established was characterized by disputes with the Dresden merchants, the merger of local merchants. They saw their own income and trade rights threatened by the factory. Therefore, the privilege granted on March 26, 1821, allowed the company to sell refined sugar, rock candy and syrup, but only from a quantity of a quarter of a cent and therefore not in retail. This monopoly lasted until 1830. More than 30 workers produced sugar loafs from 8,000 quintals of raw sugar per year, which Calberla obtained from Hamburg and from auctions of the East India Company in the Netherlands and England. The company also sold farin and aniseed sugar, and later also jams.

In order to make overseas trade easier for Saxon traders, Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla founded the "Elb-Westindische Seehandlungs-Compagnie" in 1822. In 1830, the citizens of Dresden elected Calberla as their local representative. He liked to boast of the charitable nature of his activities, which is why the vernacular joked that the letters "WSON" on the weather vane of the sugar boiling plant would mean "We boil without use". Saxony's affiliation to the German Customs Union , founded in 1834, promoted its business and led to a doubling of production, but also brought new competition in the enlarged domestic market. In addition, further refineries were founded: With the Actien-Zuckersiederei based on Ostra-Allee, a second such large-scale operation was established in May 1836, which was the oldest commercial enterprise in Dresden based on shares even before the mechanical engineering company Übigau .

With his company, Calberla had created a basis for the confectionery industry in Dresden , which gained importance throughout Germany. In addition, he initiated the start of steam shipping on the Upper Elbe. After the king and city council had rejected several requests from other Dresden citizens to operate the steamboat since 1815, Calberla's request from 1833 was successful. In this way, he wanted to take over the transport of the raw sugar for his factory himself, making it cheaper and faster. In 1833 he had a wooden boat built in cribs according to his own ideas and then, after a transfer trip in Hamburg in 1834, equipped it with an English steam engine. The stern-bucket-powered ship arrived in Torgau on February 4, 1835 and on February 20, 1835 - more than two years before the completion of the better-known side- paddle steamer Queen Maria  - for the first time with two barges loaded with goods in tow in Dresden. Calberla finally put it out of service in 1837 because of the pressure of competition and the associated inefficiency and instead became a shareholder in the Elbe Steamship Company .

After Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla's death in 1836, his son Gustav Moritz continued to run the sugar factory - but only until 1840, because in the meantime, prices had also fallen as a result of the production of domestic beet sugar. Then apartments and a gallery were set up in the factory buildings for the Saxon Art Association , which was founded in 1828 . As a result of this use, the sculptor Ernst Rietschel suggested the Calberlasche Zuckersiederei as a new exhibition location for the picture gallery and criticized the new building plans favored by Gottfried Semper , which were ultimately implemented from 1847 to 1854 in the form of the Semper Gallery , also located on Theaterplatz .

hotel

The waiter Emil Bernhard Kayser, who came from a royal Saxon family of bakers, rented a building in 1850 "in the style of a squatter" in the then largely empty building complex. He bought it in 1852 and, together with his business partner Hugo Francke, set up a particularly elegant hotel for wealthy guests. In doing so, he closed a gap in the market, as such a house had previously been lacking in Dresden. Nevertheless, numerous objections were received from the existing hotel and catering industry, which denied a need for such a hotel. One of the reasons for choosing the location was the good location on the banks of the Elbe in the old town. When it came to furnishing, the investors oriented themselves towards the comfort of top hotels in other major European cities. After completing the renovation and receiving official permits to operate, the hotel opened in 1853. In 1872, the company was converted into a public limited company. The name Bellevue comes from the French and means 'beautiful view' and referred to the view from the hotel windows of the Elbe and the old and new towns.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bellevue was described as "the focal point of international hotel traffic in Dresden", which "has housed the top of the aristocratic, financial, artistic and scholarly circles within its walls for six decades". The elegant, luxuriously furnished house with a large garden was “of great importance for Dresden's cultural history in the 19th and 20th centuries from Richard Wagner to Richard Strauss and Gerhart Hauptmann .” They were all guests of the hotel Was trained internationally. During his conductors in the neighboring opera house, for example, Strauss was a permanent guest at the Bellevue several times, which is why the city's residents called it the “premiere hotel”.

Particularly high-ranking guests were the then Prussian King and later German Emperor Wilhelm I in 1866 and the Brazilian Emperor Peter II in 1871. During a stopover on the way to Vienna on June 18, 1892, the former German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck paid homage from the hotel balcony the Dresden citizenship in the form of a torch and lantern parade ”. The guests also included many other noblemen as well as Ludwig Ganghofer , Sven Hedin and Emil Jannings . The hotel's Golden Book also contained entries by Chief of Staff Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke , inventor Thomas Alva Edison , Kapellmeister Johann Strauss and actor Josef Kainz .

In 1898 Richard Ronnefeld took over the hotel, which should not be confused with the Bellevue concert and balletablissement in nearby Friedrichstadt , which was flourishing at the same time . As a result of the good business situation under Ronnefeld at the end of 1910, the building began to be expanded significantly, making it the second largest hotel in Dresden; At the same time, however, the Weber Palace Hotel on the nearby Postplatz was also a major competitor on the Dresden hotel market. In the immediate vicinity of the Hotel Bellevue, the Italian village and the Basteischlösschen were built in 1911/12 .

In May 1911, at the beginning of the 1st International Hygiene Exhibition in Dresden, the renovated hotel received its first guests again. With 150 rooms and 200 beds, it has since been one of the first grand hotels in the city. An overnight stay was possible at prices from five marks . Full board cost 12.50 marks in winter and 16 to 18 marks per day in summer. At the beginning of 1912, Ronnefeld introduced an "afternoon tea" with music, which developed into a popular event among the people of Dresden. In the early summer of 1914, the hotel organized city tours as well as balloon rides for its guests for the first time.

With the beginning of World War I , many international guests left quickly in the summer of 1914. Nevertheless, the hotel maintained reduced operations during the war years. The overnight guests now mainly included high officials and representatives of friendly warring parties in the German Reich. Some rooms were used permanently for the recovery of wounded officers. After economically difficult years, the hotel flourished again in the Roaring Twenties . Ronnefeld, which, unlike other Dresden hotels, welcomed citizens of once hostile nations such as France and England soon after the war, printed multilingual advertising brochures and once again welcomed an international audience. There was an American bar in the house. From 1928 to 1945 the hotel was owned by Richard Bretschneider. He rented out private salons or entire halls for celebrations. During the National Socialist era , the Bellevue was one of the city's most cosmopolitan houses. By 1945 there had been a total of around 70 hotels in Dresden and the surrounding area.

During the air raids on Dresden , the building complex, like all neighboring buildings, was largely destroyed. What was left was a rebuildable ruin, which was removed in June 1951. This demolition took place after the unsuccessful intervention of the monument protector Hans Nadler in a “night and fog action”, as the socialist rulers had classified the building as “the upper class hotel of the class opponent”. The street Terrassenufer , which had ended at Theaterplatz between the Italian village and Bellevue since 1910/11, was later extended right through its former location. The art historian Fritz Löffler , in his major work “Das alten Dresden”, which appeared for the first time in the GDR era and has been reprinted several times, called for the Hotel Bellevue to be replaced by an equivalent building at this location due to its function as a scale for the Theaterplatz. This has not happened to the present (as of 2017), as the Terrassenufer street would have to be relocated for this. In addition to the traffic facilities, there are now green spaces at the former location.

In the meantime, the good and traditional name was taken over by a building erected between 1977 and 1985 on the exact opposite bank of the Elbe during the GDR era. This new Hotel Bellevue (part of the Westin Group since 2000 ) was one of the most renowned hotels in the Interhotel Group and was the best hotel address in Dresden until the opening of the Kempinski Hotel in the Taschenbergpalais .

literature

  • Manfred Wille, Matthias Geisler: Dresden hospitality, from the beginning to the present. A brief cultural history of the hospitality industry in Dresden. Dresden 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-024523-7 .
  • Folke Stimmel among others: City Lexicon Dresden A – Z. 2nd, revised edition. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1998, ISBN 3-364-00304-1 .

Web links

Commons : Hotel Bellevue, Theaterplatz Dresden  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: The New Town with the Japanese Palace (Canaletto folder), 1895.  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Fritz Löffler: The old Dresden - history of its buildings. EA Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 , p. 362 f.
  2. ^ OV : New terrace. In: Entwicklungsforum-dresden.de. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  3. ^ Fritz Löffler: The old Dresden - history of its buildings. EA Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 , p. 346 ff.
  4. ↑ a b c d Fritz Löffler: The old Dresden - history of its buildings. EA Seemann, Leipzig 1981, ISBN 3-363-00007-3 , p. 384.
  5. ^ Heinrich Magirius: History of the preservation of monuments. Verlag für Bauwesen, 1989, p. 213.
  6. ↑ a b Volker Helas: Architecture in Dresden 1800–1900. 2nd Edition. Wiesbaden 1986, ISBN 3-528-18696-8 , p. 190.
  7. ^ OV : Hotel Bellevue. In: verschundene-bauwerke.de, Dresden, accessed on August 31, 2017. Quoted from: The buildings of Dresden. CC Meinhold and Sons , Dresden 1878.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h O. V .: Luxury stay for the emperor at the Kayser. In: Saxon newspaper . Dresden, April 20, 2009.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Hans-Peter Koch: Burned out and blown up - the "Bellevue". In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresden, July 9, 2001.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Christine Stade: Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla - founder of the first Saxon sugar factory. In: Stadtarchiv Dresden (Ed.): Archive materials of the month. Dresden 2017. Accessed August 31, 2017.
  11. ^ A b Lars Kühl: Turning away from the baroque. In: sz-online.de . Dresden, February 18, 2017.
  12. ^ Walter May: The architecture and urban development of Dresden in the 19th century. In: Council of the District of Dresden, Department of Culture, Cultural Academy of the District of Dresden (Ed.): Dresdner Hefte. Issue 3/83, Dresden 1983.
  13. ↑ Uwe Fiedler: In the footsteps of the court architect Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer. (= Contributions to local research in Saxony. Volume 3). Bischofswerda 2015, ISBN 978-3-7386-5489-9 , p. 11.
  14. ↑ a b c d Gudrun Eigenwill: Calberla, Heinrich Wilhelm Conrad. In: Saxon Biography. ed. from the Institute for Saxon History and Folklore e. V., arr. by Martina Schattkowsky.
  15. ^ Siegfried Thiele : Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla - steam ship with sugar. In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresden, June 30, 1997.
  16. ^ Martin Bernhard Lindau: History of the capital and residence city of Dresden from the earliest to the present time. Volume 2, Dresden 1862, p. 789.
  17. ↑ Uwe Hessel: The sweet heart of Germany. In: Förderverein Industriemuseum Chemnitz e. V. and Industriemuseum Chemnitz: Museum courier of the Chemnitz Industrial Museum and its support association. Issue 28, Chemnitz 2011.
  18. ^ Heinz Wicher: First steamer 170 years ago in Torgau. In: Oschatzer Allgemeine . Oschatz, February 8, 2005.
  19. ↑ Frank Fiedler, Uwe Fiedler: Pictures of Life from Upper Lusatia. 60 biographies from Bautzen, Bischofswerda and the surrounding area. Bischofswerda 2014, ISBN 978-3-8423-5177-6 , p. 215.
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g Siegfried Thiele : Nice view at the Theaterplatz. In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresden, January 28, 2013.
  21. ^ OV : Heinrich Wilhelm Calberla. In: Entomological Association Iris Dresden (ed.): German Entomological Journal Iris. No. 31, Dresden 1916.
  22. ^ Karl-Heinz Wiggert: Memories of the "premiere hotel". In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresden, December 22, 1997.
  23. ↑ Manfred Wille, Matthias Geisler: Dresden hospitality, from the beginning to the present. A brief cultural history of the hospitality industry in Dresden. Dresden 2008, p. 70.
  24. ↑ a b John Roethlin: The Westin Bellevue Dresden. Lucerne. Retrieved August 31, 2017.

Coordinates: 51 ° 3 ′ 17.7 ″  N , 13 ° 44 ′ 10.3 ″  E