Carl Kaufmann (athlete)

Carl Kaufmann (athlete)
Carl Kaufmann, 1960
nation	Germany
birthday	March 25, 1936
place of birth	Brooklyn ,  USA
size	184 cm
Weight	73 kg
job	Subject teacher
date of death	September 1, 2008
Place of death	Karlsruhe ,  Germany
Career
discipline	200-meter run 400-meter run
Best performance	21.4 s (200 meter run) 44.9 s (400 meter run)
society	Karlsruhe SC SSC Karlsruhe
Medal table
Olympic games 0 × 2 × 0 × European championships 0 × 1 × 0 × German championships 4 × 1 × 1 ×
Olympic Summer Games  Olympic games silver Rome 1960 400 meter run silver Rome 1960 4 × 400 m  European championships silver Stockholm 1958 4 × 400 m  German championships gold Frankfurt 1955 21.4 s bronze Berlin 1956 21.7 s silver Düsseldorf 1957 21.5 s gold Hanover 1958 46.9 s gold Stuttgart 1959 46.9 s gold Berlin 1960 45.6 s
last change: January 10, 2020

Carl "Charly" Kaufmann (born March 25, 1936 in Brooklyn ; † September 1, 2008 in Karlsruhe ) was a German athlete who competed for the Federal Republic of Germany .

In his discipline, the 400-meter run , he was three times West German champion in a row from 1958 to 1960 and won the silver medal in a spectacular manner at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome , as well as silver with the 4-time 400 meter relay .

The trained tenor , the "Bel Ami of the ash track", had with And Amor runs with relative success as a pop singer. After his athletic career he most recently worked as a teacher for sports, religion, nature and technology in his hometown at a junior high school and headed in the Forest City until recently also founded by him in October 1967 Kellertheater The owls . The Carl-Kaufmann-Stadion behind the Europahalle has been commemorating the athlete since April 2015 .

Life

Parents, school, music, theater, beginnings in sports

Carl Kaufmann was the son of Wilhelm (1895–1990) and Margarete Kaufmann, b. Brno was born in Brooklyn, New York . Carl Kaufmann's father, born in Buchen in the Odenwald , a trained master upholsterer and upholsterer, worked there as a foreign trade merchant . At the beginning of the Second World War the family was visiting Germany and when a return to America became impossible, they settled in Karlsruhe.

Kaufmann's mother Margarete was born in Gernsbach , Baden, in 1910 . Her father Joseph Brünner was a senior government councilor and head of the land surveying office in Karlsruhe. Carl Kaufmann's great-uncle, Egon Eiermann , was one of the most important architects in Germany after the Second World War, who, among other things, planned the reconstruction of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church and designed the German pavilion at the World Exhibition in Brussels in 1958 .

From 1947 Carl Kaufmann attended the Bismarck Grammar School in Karlsruhe . Carl loved soccer and played in the Bismarck High School team. He was a fast left winger and moved well, was also skilled with the ball and made long assists with ease. When he was 14 years old, VfB Mühlburg tried to persuade him to switch to their youth department. But Carl wanted to continue to design his sporting activities freely and continued as before. Until September 13, 1953. The Karlsruhe Turnverein (KTV) organized a sports festival, where Carl's classmates also took part and encouraged him to visit. When the 100-meter race was held, they persuaded their fast football teammate to take part. Carl runs and wins in 11.9 seconds. From that moment he was fascinated by competitive running. He joins the KTV and is trained by his sports teacher at the Bismarck high school, Emil Welschinger . The shared desire to triumph in the run ties the young talented runner and the old, experienced trainer together. Over the next six years, Welschinger developed his talent in a targeted manner and noticed about his long-striding protégé that he had a "wonderful rhythmic running feeling that no other runner had ever seen." In mid-June 1954, Carl won the Karlsruhe district championships in the university stadium 100 meters in 10.9 seconds.

After failing to take part in the Olympic Games in Melbourne in 1956 due to injury, Kaufmann always drove in two directions - both athletically and artistically: “I trained very hard, but never for long. The Melbourne history taught me that I can't just rely on sports. From 1956 on I was registered in Karlsruhe both at the Sports Institute of the Technical University and at the Baden Conservatory for artistic training. ”In between he trained without losing sight of his actual professional goal.

In the vote of the German sports press in 1959, Kaufmann came third behind Martin Lauer and Rudi Altig in the election of “ Sportsman of the Year ”. During the television broadcast, he was not only celebrated for his sporting successes, but also for his brilliantly performed performance song by Barinkay from the " Gypsy Baron ." Charly serenaded his comrade Martin Lauer, for which the Karlsruhe music student received rave applause. He really wanted to become a singer and had given his first public Schubert and Schumann concerts in 1959 and had also appeared on television with Otto Höpfner in the “ Blauer Bock ”. At the Schauspielhaus in Karlsruhe he sang Tamino in “The Magic Flute”, Count Mantua in “Rigoletto”, with his voice reaching over two octaves, studied operatic roles by Verdi and Puccini and received offers from various theaters. At the beginning of the Olympic year 1960 he got the stage maturity at the theater.

In addition to studying piano and singing at the Badische Hochschule für Musik, he also appeared as a pop singer. His songs And Amor runs with and A night in Taormina achieved a certain level of awareness. In 1962 he was hired by the director of the “Koblenz Summer Games” as a tenor to sing the role of Prince Lilo-Taro in the Paul Abraham operetta Die Blume von Hawaii . In 1967 he founded the amateur theater Die Käuze in Karlsruhe, which he directed until his death.

The career as a track and field athlete

The 100 and 200 meter runner

After less than a year as a junior sprinter of the KTV he was already in August 1954 with a remarkable 11.0 seconds in Ludwigsburg German youth champion over 100 meters. The following year, Kaufmann started for Karlsruher SC from the end of 1954 , but continued to train with coach Welschinger, winning his first German adult championships with 200 meters in the individual and the 4 x 100 meter relay . He won the 200 meter final at the same time against and the relay together with Heinz Fütterer . The 200 meters were still the distance of the young runner. In the following international match on August 28, 1955 in Stockholm against Sweden, he and Fütterer are a tenth apart. Carl wins in 21.3 s ahead of Fütterer with 21.4 s. Fütterer repeatedly points out that the 200-meter defeat at the 1955 German championship in Frankfurt against the 19-year-old "Charly" Kaufmann was his worst defeat. Ironically, a club comrade ended Fütterer's long winning streak. On September 17, 1955 in the international match in Hanover against France, the three KSC sprinters Lothar Knörzer , Kaufmann, Fütterer and Manfred Germar from Cologne win the 100-meter relay in 41.0 seconds. On the same day, Fütterer won the 100 meters in 10.4 s, Carl on September 18 the 200 meters in 21.3 s. The national relay ran twice in this line-up with 40.7 seconds in Helsinki on August 23 and in Bucharest on October 2, even better times. In the “footsteps of my spikes” Manfred Germar emphasizes his particular joy about the relay time at the international match in Helsinki in front of 80,000 spectators against Finland in 40.7 s, which was the best post-war time of a German relay, although the relay was more than 15 meters ahead at the finish have.

With a legitimate prospect of being nominated by the DLV for the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Kaufmann went into 1956. The first setback hit him during an Olympic course in the spring of 1956; he tore his muscle. But there were no serious worries, he still had six months until the Olympics. Four weeks before the German championships in Berlin from August 17th to 19th, he suffered another muscle tear. Now he went to the university clinic in Freiburg for treatment. After receiving a “miracle injection”, he was able to train painlessly again after three days. After a short training session, he finished third in the German 200-meter championships . The speed was there again, the condition was only lacking in the last few meters. Eight days later, however, he felt the old injury again during training. He drove to Freiburg again, got another injection and at first everything seemed to be fine.

In September, a junior international match in Krakow against Poland became his key nomination criterion. He won the 100 meters in 10.6 s and led the 4 x 100 meter relay to victory as the final runner. After the relay race, however, he immediately felt his old injury again. The team management pushed him against his personal conviction to start the 200-meter run. Shortly before the finish, he suffered another muscle tear and only limped across the finish line. For the 20-year-old Carl Kaufmann, the dream of the Olympics was over. It was a sporting blow and a bitter life experience.

The lessons that Carl Kaufmann drew from the consequences of injuries, the insights he derived from it, were that sport is not everything and that fame is very fleeting. He realized that he couldn't rely on the sport alone. School, theater and music are the pillars that give him support and that he builds on alongside sport. He graduated from high school and studied singing with Kammersängerin Elisabeth Friedrich in Karlsruhe .

In sporting terms, 1957 will be a year of standstill, of sticking to a good national level. Feet and legs work perfectly, but there is no improvement in performance over 100 and 200 meters. He is able to sprint for 10.5 and 10.6 seconds over 100 meters and settles in several runs over the 200 meters between 21.2 and 21.6 seconds. At the German championships he takes second place over the 200 meters as well as the 4 x 100 meter club relay of the KSC.

Coach Welschinger already has concrete plans in this phase to prepare Carl for the 400 meters. “It was always clear to me that Carl would be a 400-meter runner. At this step and this organ power. But we didn't want to try it until next year to show off for the 1960 Olympic Games. ”“ Charly ”Kaufmann himself, but wasn't thinking about the 400 meters at the time; this requires a lot of persuasion by the trainer.

The 400 meter runner

Carl Kaufmann, 1960

After much persuasion, Carl ran the 400 meters for fun. The result was an astonishing 47.9 seconds. He likes this route. From now on, it's all about becoming a top-class 400-meter runner. He describes his 400 meter debut as follows: “Three weeks before the German championships in 1958, I had not yet qualified, neither over 100 meters nor over 200 meters. My trainer and I therefore decided that 14 days earlier, at the South German Championships in St. Georgen, I should run the 400 for the first time. Three days before the Süddeutsche I ran for 47.9 seconds on my first attempt at a training run at the Karlsruhe University Institute. A time that gave me confidence. Three days later in St. Georgen I won in 47.6. That was my breakthrough over 400 meters. "

On July 20, 1958, Kaufmann ran the stadium lap in 46.9 seconds at the German championships in Hanover, winning the title. Wolfgang Wünsche writes about it in the sports report on 20./21. July 1958: "58. DM in the Lower Saxony Stadium in Hanover. The biggest sensation was the 400-meter run with the expected duel between Carl Kaufmann from Karlsruhe and Karl-Friedrich Haas (Nuremberg), who won the Olympic Games . Despite the outside track, Kaufmann wins in 46.9 seconds. It was only his fifth 400 meter race. ”Kaufmann and Welschinger are now certain: 400 meters is the right route.

His trainer continues to rely on interval training: “That's the secret. For example, if a runner wants to run the 400 meters in 46 seconds, provided of course that he has the physical prerequisites, then he must run the time in training over 100 meters, which is 46 multiplied by four, i.e. 11.5 seconds . However, it is not enough to trot the 100 meters in 11.5, rather the endurance of the runner must be strengthened through the interval training so that he can maintain this pace over 400 meters. ”Another key phrase from Welschinger is:“ It there are two phases during the season in which the athlete is able to perform at their best. During summer ripening in June, early July, and (eight weeks later) at the beginning of autumn, late August, early September. It's not a magic formula, but a completely natural rhythm of nature to which humans are subject. ”The development of runner Carl Kaufmann does not speak against the thesis of his trainer.

One month later, on August 21, 1958 in Stockholm, it was enough for the German champion at the 6th European Athletics Championships, who was disabled by a groin inflammation, to "only" reach fourth place in 47.0 s, at the same time behind old master Haas, who again won the Bronze medal. As a starting runner, he brings his comrades in the lead in the 4 x 400 meter relay and can look forward to the silver medal in 3: 08.0 min compared to the victorious relay from Great Britain in 3: 07.9 min. In the 1959 season, the Karlsruhe driver felt better than ever: “From the first races I felt that I had become stronger again. Above all, I only now had an almost unmistakable sense of speed, which enabled me to run my own race in every race, that is, almost without considering the respective opponents. I started with 47.7 seconds, quickly increased to 47.0 seconds and when I came to 46.4 in Zurich on July 7th, I was the third fastest German of all time over this distance: only Rudolf Harbig , the former world record man this distance, and Karl-Friedrich Haas, Melbourne's Olympic runner-up, had ever been faster. "

On July 26th, he won the German championship over 400 meters in 46.9 seconds . In the international match on August 1 at the White City Stadium in London against Great Britain, he defeated the reigning European champion John Wrighton in 46.8 s . The run on September 19, 1959 on the low-speed 500-meter track in Cologne during the international match against Poland became a real bang. In 45.8 seconds, “Charly” Kaufmann ran a new German record, a new European record and at the same time the best time in the world in 1959!

In the Olympic year 1960, he contracted an ankle splintering in January, the horror of 1956 is still deep and looking back on the situation, Kaufmann said: “I never would have thought that I would come to the Olympic Games. But luckily it worked and I was better than expected. "

Starting with 46.4 s on June 8 in Bremen over the 400 meters, he put an impressive series up to the climax on July 24, 1960 at the German championships , with winning the German championship in 45.4 s, with a new European record down. Knut Teske reports in his about the businessman who ran a strong race over the 200 meters in 21.0 s in Frankfurt on June 29, against Armin Hary who set a world record in Zurich with 10.0 s over 100 meters just eight days ago Hary biography "Runner of the Century" with the words: "Hary had to fight over 200 meters. Carl Kaufmann, who presented himself in fantastic form after switching from the sprint to the stadium lap in the Olympic season, attacked Hary right through to the finish, even if the world record holder was clearly sparing himself in the finish. Kaufmann's 21.0, which hardly any of the German 400-meter runners can achieve today, scratched the periphery of the world class back then. "

Kaufmann's training plan in the Olympic summer is documented using the example of a week in July: Sunday, July 10th, free; Monday, July 11th, free; Tuesday, July 12th: 20 times 70 meters in 8.2 seconds, at intervals of one minute; Wednesday, July 13th, free; Thursday, July 14th, teaching student plus one hour handball, jogging and massage; Friday, July 15th: three starts with a focus on technology, three starts over 30 meters, three times 70 meters in 7.6 to 7.8 seconds and once 300 meters in 34.6 seconds; Saturday, July 16, one and a half hours of tennis.

The highlight of the 1.84 m tall and in his best days 73 kg athlete was the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome . The six starters for the final were selected from 54 participants from 42 countries. After the two semi-finals it became clear that only four of the six runners were seriously considered for the medals: Indian sergeant Milkha Singh , stylistically shiny red-haired Malcolm Spence from South Africa, European record holder Carl Kaufmann and 28-year-old sports student Otis Davis , who only came third in the US Olympic eliminations. The 19-year-old US boy Earl Young from Abilene Christian College and the second German representative, Manfred Kinder from OSV Hörde, were not given any medal chances. In the course of the lane distribution, Kaufmann was assigned the second, followed by Young on the third, then Davis on four, Spence on five, Singh on six and Kinder on the outside lane. It was not forgotten how he caught up with the leading American Otis Davis in a thrilling final spurt and threw himself over the finish line on the rain-soaked track. Only after evaluating the target photo was Davis declared the winner, while Kaufmann received the silver medal . Both runners were awarded the same time: 44.9 s - a world record at the time. That was three tenths of a second below the old world record and thus the first time that this distance was covered under 45 seconds.

Davis had previously completed the preliminary run with 46.8 s, the intermediate run with 45.9 s and the semi-finals with 45.5 s; Carl Kaufmann noted the times as 47.3, 46.5 and 45.7 s. Competent experts commented on the 400-meter final in Rome, including the silver medalist from 1956, Karl-Friedrich Haas: “There will not be a race like this again anytime soon. Running a world record under this nervous load is unlikely. It is actually pointless to discuss another outcome after such a great achievement. But Kaufmann could even have won. In the first 50 meters, he left Davis too far away. He never does that otherwise. Maybe that was what made the difference. In the end Kaufmann was terrific. ”Heinz Fütterer is quoted as follows:“ If Charly had been a little slower, he might still have had the physical strength to be the first to cross the finish line and could have won. I had previously seen him in Berlin at the German championships in the preliminary run, intermediate run, in the preliminary round and in the final and knew what he could do. He ran downright playfully. In the run-up, he tackled in 22.5 seconds and then ran easily. I saw before Rome that he can handle 45. Carl was light-footed, he was a mixture of sprinter and stalker. "

He won another silver medal as the last runner of the season , next to him consisting of Hans-Joachim Reske , Manfred Kinder and Johannes Kaiser , who finished with 3: 02.7 min. just behind the US season, took second place. Again, Otis Davis was first across the finish line. Sports journalist Gustav Schwenk , an eyewitness in the Roman Olympic Stadium, attached great importance to the statement: “You have to imagine, the German relay stayed below the world record, but did not win. Kaufmann's individual time in the relay was 44.86 s. Otis Davis ran slower. Kaufmann was the outstanding man. ”In contrast, sports historian Volker Kluge lists the following individual times in his Olympic chronicle: Reske 47.0; Children 45.6; Kaiser 45.4; Merchant 44.5! According to Kluge, Davis would have run 44.4. All of that, mind you, with flying changes.

Martin Lauer , Germany's former world record holder in the 110 meter hurdles, said in retrospect about Kaufmann in the FAZ on March 25, 1996: “German athletics could, yes, would still appreciate itself today if it had someone like Charly. It doesn't need to run faster than it did half a century ago, and it would still be one of the best in the world. I encourage everyone to consider that. "Gustav Schwenk, who accompanied him for decades, described Carl Kaufmann" as an exception in every respect ". It is also remarkable for Schwenk that “Carl trained all his life in Karlsruhe with a single coach, namely Emil Welschinger. Nowadays our athletes change coaches way too soon. National coach Ferdi Kisters gave tips back then, but Charly stayed true to his coach! "

For his achievements, Kaufmann was awarded the Silver Laurel Leaf in 1960 ; He received further honors through the award of the Federal Cross of Merit on the ribbon of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic and the recognition by the Golden Plaque of the city of Karlsruhe.

The end as a runner

In the year after the Olympics in Rome, 1961, Kaufmann reached his best time in the international match on October 28 in Santiago de Chile with 46.6 seconds. Lecture tours, engagements as a singer, marriage in August 1961 and the birth of sons Michael (* 1962), Marcus (* 1963) and Christopher (* 1964), the later sports exams at the Technical University in Karlsruhe, increasingly prevented the continuous and goal-oriented Training work. With 46.7 s he finished fourth at the German championships in Augsburg on August 11, 1963, after running 47.5 s in the Olympic eliminations in Berlin on August 23, 1964, he ended his athletic career.

Placements at German championships

• 1954 - 100 meters: youth champion in 11.0 s
• 1955 - 200 meters: Champion in 21.4 s; 4 × 100 meters: Master in 40.8 s ( Lothar Knörzer , Carl Kaufmann, Heinz Fütterer , Hans-Peter Meyer )
• 1956 - 200 meters: third in 21.7 s
• 1957 - 200 meters: second in 21.5 s; 4 × 100 meters: second in 40.9 s (Knörzer, Kaufmann, Fütterer, Meyer)
• 1958 - 400 meters: Champion in 46.9 seconds
• 1959 - 400 meters: Champion in 46.9 seconds
• 1960 - 400 meters: champions in 45.4 s
• 1961 - 400 meters: fourth in 47.9 s
• 1963 - 400 meters: fourth in 46.7 s; 4 × 400 meters: sixth in 3: 15.0 min (Hans-Jürgen Heckenhauer, Gerhard Stegmann , Werner Hauger, Carl Kaufmann)
• 1964 - 400 meters: fifth in 47.4 s; 4 × 400 meters: Second in 3: 10.8 min (Stegmann, Gerhard Hennige , Klaus Weigand, Kaufmann)

family

Carl Kaufmann was married from 1962 to 1975 and had three sons from this marriage. His daughter, who was born in 1985 from his second marriage, Larissa Kaufmann , is a track and field athlete with the Karlsruhe Athletics Association and has been champion of Baden several times.

literature

• Klaus Amrhein: Biographical manual on the history of German athletics 1898–2005. 2 volumes . Darmstadt 2005 published on German Athletics Promotion and Project Society.
• Michael Dittrich & Daniel Merkel: Bel ami of the cinder track: the life of Carl Kaufmann. Verl. Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-89533-724-6 .
• Volker Kluge : Summer Olympic Games. The Chronicle II. London 1948 - Tokyo 1964. Sportverlag Berlin, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-328-00740-7 .
• Carl Kaufmann , in: Internationales Sportarchiv 03/2003 of January 6, 2003, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely accessible)

Web links

• Literature by and about Carl Kaufmann in the catalog of the German National Library
• Biography on the page of the theater "Die Käuze"
• Official website "about the athlete Charly Kaufmann"
• Entry in the sports book volume 1 (PDF; 3.41 MB)
• Carl Kaufmann in the Stadtlexikon Karlsruhe

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Michael Dittrich & Daniel Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track: the life of Carl Kaufmann. , Göttingen 2010, p. 19.
2. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Summer Games. Chronicle II, pp. 499/500
3. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Summer Games. The Chronicle II p. 505/506
4. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 126
5. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 150
6. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 135
7. ↑ Bernhard Wagner: With the pike jump to the world record , Badische Latest Nachrichten , August 3, 2020
8. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 21
9. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 27
10. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. Pp. 31/32
11. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 33
12. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 33
13. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 55
14. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 55
15. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 55
16. ↑ Der Spiegel , 5/1962, p. 73.
17. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 36
18. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 38
19. ↑ Dittrich, Merkel: The "White Lightning". The life of Heinz Fütterer. Publishing house Die Werkstatt. Göttingen 2006. ISBN 3-89533-547-9 . P. 149
20. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 38
21. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 40
22. ↑ Manfred Germar: The traces of my spikes. Wilhelm Limpert Publishing House. Frankfurt am Main 1961. Publisher number 6159. P. 44
23. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 41
24. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 42
25. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 43
26. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 45
27. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 45
28. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. Pp. 47/48.
29. ↑ European Championships 08/24/58 Stockholm Athletics - 4 x 400 m relay men competitions, medal table. Institute for Applied Training Science , accessed on January 12, 2020 . 
30. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 50.
31. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 52.
32. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P.56.
33. ↑ Knut Teske: Runner of the Century. Publishing house Die Werkstatt. Göttingen 2007. ISBN 978-3-89533-574-7 . P. 227.
34. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 59.
35. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 67.
36. ↑ Olympic Games 09/06/60 Rome Athletics - 400m men's competitions, medal table. Institute for Applied Training Science , accessed on January 12, 2020 . 
37. ↑ Volker Kluge: Olympic Summer Games. Chronicle II, pp. 499/500.
38. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 71.
39. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 74.
40. ↑ Olympic Games 09/08/60 Rome Athletics - 4 x 400 m relay men competitions, medal table. Institute for Applied Training Science , accessed on January 12, 2020 . 
41. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 81.
42. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 162.
43. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 163.
44. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 171.
45. ^ Dittrich, Merkel: Bel ami of the ash track. P. 117