Fort Pförring

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Fort Pförring
Alternative name Celeusum
limes ORL 75 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 15
Dating (occupancy) Trajan
until around 233 AD (?)
Type Alenkastell
unit Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis
size approx. 194 × 201 m = 3.9 ha
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone fort
State of preservation clearly recognizable, up to five meters high embankment, heavily dilapidated remains of the east gate and the north corner tower.
place Pförring
Geographical location 48 ° 49 '6.5 "  N , 11 ° 40' 56.5"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 49 '6.5 "  N , 11 ° 40' 56.5"  E
height 370  m above sea level NHN
Previous Kastell Kösching (west)
Subsequently Vexillation camp Eining-Unterfeld (northeast)
Fort Eining (northeast)
Upstream Small fort at Hinteren Seeberg (northwest)
Small fort Hienheim (northeast)

The fort Pförring (ancient name Celeusum ; more recently also Epona, Eponaburgium, Epenberg, Pünburg, Pinoburgium ) was a Roman equestrian fort . Today it is located around 900 meters north in the corridor in front of the Bavarian market in Pförring in the Eichstätt district and was built as the location of a mounted Roman unit to secure the Danube crossing . This transition is mentioned in the Nibelungenlied as ze Vergen .

location

Fort Pförring according to historical and new findings
The fort in its position facing the Limes

The Pförring area was already settled in prehistoric times. A continuity up to Roman times could not be proven in the area of ​​the military camp and its village. The former fort square, also known as Biburg , is located on an almost square small plateau on the northeastern edge of the Kelsbach valley and stands out clearly from the landscape with its slopes. Planted trees and bushes also indicate the former fence. Next to the Porta Praetoria , the north-west gate of this warehouse, there is an old beer cellar surrounded by trees. In the south lies the Danube lowland, in the west the Kelsbach flows past, which in its name still reminds of the ancient place. From the north-west gate, the Roman military could see the highway leading to Fort Eining . Pförring was on Donausüdstrasse , between the older Eining and Kösching forts .

Research history

Scholars became aware of the Biburg as early as the 16th century . Johannes Aventinus (1477–1534) was already aware of a consecration stone now kept in Munich, which, in addition to the Celtic horse goddess Epona, also names the Campestres, who were viewed by the Roman legionaries as the goddesses of the parade ground. In addition to this find, the scholar named other inscription stones, all of which had been found in the fields near Pförring. On the historical site, which Aventinus was known as Pünburg , Epona , Pinoburgium and Eponaburgium , some coin finds are said to have been made during this time.

A picture taken during the excavation campaign in 1893
The attempt to reconstruct the east gate made of modern materials in 2013

For 1838 it is reported that the gateways, ramparts and moats are still clearly visible and that many coins, especially from the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138), were found. Even before and later, lay people were digging in the area, as the innkeeper Ignaz Busch, who discovered the building inscription on the Porta decumana , the southern camp gate, in 1843 . But the first scientific excavations were not carried out until the Reich Limes Commission (RLK). The fort square, measuring around 194 × 201 meters, was oriented with its broad side to the northwest in the direction of the ancient course of the street. The excavators discovered a circumferential double-pointed ditch exposed at the four gates, probed the position of the four corner towers and gates and then took a closer look at the Principia (staff building). Overall, however, the Principia also remained largely unexplored except for the flag shrine ( Sacellum or Aedes ).

In 1977 and 1978 emergency excavations took place to the west and south of the fort area. These measures were made necessary by the construction of the federal road 229 . The weir system and the associated camp village ( vicus ) have been overflown by aerial archaeologists for decades . In 2005, the planned route of a gas pipeline through the camp village was largely prevented and thus damage to the ground monument was greatly reduced, but in 2007 excavations were necessary in the course of the pipeline construction.

In 2005 and 2006, geophysical prospections were carried out using magnetic field measurements on parts of the fort, making it possible for the first time to make statements about the timber construction. In 2007 this research was extended to the northeast of the vicus . In addition, additional follow-up examinations took place in the same year in an area south of the fort that had already been cut in 1977.

The investment program of the national UNESCO world heritage sites launched by the federal government in 2009 was used to develop the fort for tourism and to safeguard its existence. Part of the money, which also came from other sources of funding, went into the follow-up examination of the two only visible foundation trains of the fort - for the northern corner tower and the northeast gate. Its investigation was carried out between 2009 and 2010 by the Ingolstadt excavation company Pro Arch under the scientific direction of Jan Weinig. Initial documentation by the Reich Limes Commission had already taken place there in 1908. The corner tower was newly conserved after these measures. In addition to these investigations, the embankments and edge areas of the fort area were cleared of the up to one meter thick layer of ancient rubble and stones that had been moved here from the adjacent fields. In addition, the area of ​​the embankment was cleared of bushes and scrub. An information point was also built at a parking lot on Bundesstraße 229, which provides information, among other things, about the newly created circular path along the fort. The main focus of the measures was the construction of a steel frame, completed in 2013, which simulates a Roman gate in a simplified form. Since this construction, developed by an architectural office, was to be built directly over the original remains of the north-east gate, the remains of the gate have been filled in according to the new documentation. For the planned construction, five to seven meter long bored piles were then driven into the ground and a concrete slab was placed over the ancient foundations. Above this, the structure, which has been reduced to 13 meters for structural reasons, and whose surfaces consist of a textile covering, was built.

The entire undeveloped area of ​​the fort and camp village is now threatened by intensive agriculture, erosion and ongoing robbery excavations; no excavations have taken place inside the fort since 1893. The formerly restored remains of the east gate and the north corner tower have fallen apart again.

Predatory graves

The greed of the robbers in Pförring has meanwhile reached unbearable proportions. In 2007, the perpetrators did not shy away from entering the excavation site at night. They not only stole material from documented findings, but also robbed metal objects from the exposed subgrade using probes. Only the employment of a security service put an end to the nocturnal hustle and bustle.

Prehistoric settlement

Around 400 meters north-west of the fort, on a loess slope sloping gently to the west, there was a prehistoric fortification that was around 60 × 60 meters in size and formed a shifted square and was surrounded by three parallel trenches. Based on aerial photographs, it is assumed that they were built as pointed trenches. The orientation of these approach obstacles is roughly north-south and south-east-northwest. The research assumes that the work probably originates from the Hallstatt period and belonged to the type of fortified manor houses at that time. In Roman times, two stone buildings lying one behind the other were built on the now completely leveled underground of a ditch corner, one of which has an almost square shape, while the other has an elongated shape with at least two clearly separated rooms. These buildings probably still belonged to the vicus of the fort. Fissures, which also disrupt the prehistoric site on the edge, could speak for clay pits of a nearby Roman brickworks or pottery.

With the geomagnetic prospecting of the interior of the fort in 2005/2006, prehistoric structures also became clear in the area of ​​the Retentura . The measurement image clearly showed an oval installation, around 40 × 80 meters in size, surrounded by a double trench, the long side of which is aligned almost exactly in a north-south direction and comes close to the Roman sanctuary to the north. The geophysicist Jörg Faßbinder , who works for the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments , assumed an end-Neolithic or Altheimer-era earthwork. Later, when the earthwork was either gone or was leveled, a courtyard surrounded by a double moat was created at this point, which easily accommodated the old structure in its expansion. In 2007, only the northern part of him was known. With a rounded top of the trench that extends under the inner courtyard of the Principia , this meets in a north-westerly direction and, like its northern counterpart 400 meters away, could also form a displaced rectangular shape as a whole. On its north-northwest facing flank there is a much smaller moat within the enclosure, which Fassbinder viewed as a possible Hallstatt manor. This rectangular complex, which is also surrounded by a double moat, is oriented with its long side almost exactly in a north-south direction. In the west it takes over the moat of the large complex and in the east overlaps up to half of the oval of the oldest settlement. To what extent this small complex and the larger moat work at the same time or one after the other could only be clarified by an excavation under the Roman cultural layers .

Building history

The crew will probably have consistently been the Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis named in the military diploma issued on June 30, 107 in Weißenburg (1st cavalry troop “Flavia singularium” Roman civil rights, dutiful and faithful.). It is said to have built the first wood and earth fort at the beginning of the 2nd century. Various finds, especially Terra Sigillata , could be dated to this time.

Based on the building inscription found in a field in 1843, it is known that the Ala built the fort in stone in 141. The Imperial Limes Commission was able to determine that the limestone defensive wall was a good meter thick and that there was a wooden battlement inside. Intermediate towers were not discovered. The builders carved the round arches of the four double gates from volcanic tuff . From the remains of the gates themselves it could be seen that they consisted of 0.16 meter thick iron-studded planks.

Enclosure

The slope of the fort, which is clearly visible in the terrain

The embankment, which is up to five meters high today, was specially built for the facility. In the south-west and south-east of the fort, terraces have been identified, which may have to do with preparatory leveling of the fort area. As is customary in this period, the four corners of the rectangular stone defensive wall, which is around 194 × 201 meters (= 3.9 hectares), are rounded (playing card shape). There was a watchtower in each. Intermediate towers are unknown. All four gates of the camp were equipped with double passages and each was flanked by two towers.

Three pointed ditches were found in front of the embankment. Until 2007, these could only be analyzed more precisely on the northeast side. Both the outer and inner trenches are exposed in front of the northeast gate, while the middle one was only passed over a wooden bridge. During the excavations carried out at the northeast gate in 2009, the remains of a stone tablet were uncovered.

Interior development

Principia

The headquarters building was oriented to the northwest. The structure of the Principia largely followed the scheme usual in the Principate. A large multi-purpose hall stood in front of the actual building, which stood in the middle above the Via principalis . This road connected the south-west and north-east gates in Pförring. Behind it, the service and administration rooms are grouped around an open inner courtyard. In the center, in the rear part of the Principia , was the sanctuary of the flag and the troop treasury. This sanctuary was equipped with a semicircular apse in Celeusum. The design of the sanctuary with apses had become common in the Roman castles, especially in the Germanic area, from the middle of the 2nd century. The apse of Pförring does not arch out of the building, as is often observed on the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes, but is integrated into the structure invisible to the outside viewer, as can still be seen today in the small fort "In der Harlach" . In the staff building remains of hair and clothing from a large bronze were found, which are dated between 150/250 AD.

Accommodation and utility buildings

To the west, next to the Principia, there was presumably a storage building ( Horreum ) , which was first made known through aerial photographs. To the east, the magnetometer inspection found a complex structure that could belong to the remains of the commandant's house ( praetorium ) . Many details are known today about the elongated team barracks and stables built in plastered half-timbered construction. Each residential unit ( Contubernium ) consisted of an anteroom (Arma) , in which weapons and possibly horses were housed, as well as the adjoining actual living room of the soldiers ( Papilio - Latin for "tent"). At the end of each barrack there was a head building with the apartment for centurions. In the front camp (Praetentura) , the camp area between the Praetorial Front and the Principia , there were two crew quarters along the Via praetoria (main camp road from the staff building to the northwest gate), each with the front sides facing the street. The two more northerly were designed as double barracks for horse and rider, followed by two barracks of normal size. The same picture was presented in the Retentura , the rear warehouse area south of the headquarters building. Towards the defensive wall, now flanking the narrow side of the via decumana that fell out there , two double barracks had been built. Before that, the magnetometer could clearly see at least one simple barrack east of the Via decumana . The pit-like anomalies that can be seen in the measurement to the west also make it probable that the crew would be accommodated there, which would correspond to the standard scheme for fortifications at the same time. Further elongated barracks for the troops were made in the area of ​​the outer latera , the central part of the camp, on which the principa , the horreum and the praetorium were also located. Here the accommodation was built with its long sides on the Via sagularis , Lagerringstrasse, which surrounds the interior of the fort. There are still other structures that could belong to workshops (Fabrica) and other buildings required in a barracks.

More details and the end of the fort

Fragmentary copy of an honorary inscription for Emperor Caracalla (211 to 217). The original is lost.

It is believed that Emperor Caracalla visited the camp in 213. This is indicated by the remains of a limestone slab on which nine centimeter high gilded letters made of sheet bronze were originally attached. This plate is considered part of an honorary inscription for the emperor. Such inscriptions with inlaid letters were also uncovered at many other fort sites in the Limes, for example in Pfünz and at the Schirenhof .

The end of the camp is seen in the Alemanni storm of 233. A unfortunately incomplete treasure find ends with a coin from the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander (222–235), but the end could also have come much later.

Building inscription

Building inscription

The building inscription from 141 was for Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161) and in the original reads:

Imp (eratori) Caesari divi
Hadriani fil (io) divi Tr (aiani)
nepo (ti) Tito Ael (io) Hadri
ano Antonino Aug (usto)
Pio pontif (ici) maximo
p (atri) p (atriae) consul (i) III tribun (icia)
pot (estate) IIII ala I singular (ium)
p (ia) f (idelis) c (ivium) R (omanorum)

Translation: "To the emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of the deified Trajan, to Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, high priest, father of the fatherland, consul for the third time, holder of tribunician power for the fourth time, the first horse troop" Flavia singularium " Roman citizenship, dutiful and faithful. "

The original of this inscription was for a long time on the side wall of the Sebastianikirche in Pförring. In 2012 the restoration was carried out in a local stonemasonry and is to be set up on the market square in future.

Troops and officers

The Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis was a troop of around 500 horsemen. Some surviving remains are evidence of officers of this unit. But soldiers from other garrisons also settled in the important Limesort Pförring after their honorable discharge from military service. The apparently wealthy Decurio (Rittmeister) Primus Saturninus of the Ala I Hispanorum Auriana came here from the Weissenburg Castle at the end of the 2nd century AD . His 1.22 x 0.5 meter grave inscription, which once belonged to a corresponding monument, was found during the renovation of the Pförring parish church in 1903 and can be found today on the Sebastian Chapel there: next to the Decurio , his wife, Julia Victorina, is named.

Epitaph of Primus Saturninus
Prim (us) Saturninus
ex dec (urione) al (ae) Auri (anae) m (issus) h (onesta) m (issione)
Iul (iae) Victorinae uxo (ri)
Prim (ae) Saturninae / [---

Translation: "Primus Saturninus, former honorably discharged captain of the Ala Auriana has his wife Julia Victorina ..."

The name of a commander ( Praefectus alae ) of the Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis , Aelius Bassianus, was preserved on an altar for the Campestres and the Celtic horse goddess Epona .

Campest (ribus) et
Eponae ala I.
sing (ularium) p (ia) f (idelis) c (ivium) R (omanorum) qui prae (est)
Ael (ius) Bassianus
praef (ectus) v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) l (aetus) m (erito)

Translation: "For the goddesses of the maneuvering place and Epona, the First Ala Flavia Singularium of Roman citizens, reliable and loyal, who commands Aelius Bassianus, gladly, joyfully and for a fee redeemed her vows."

Fort bath

The fort bath was 150 meters southeast of the fort and was decorated with frescoes. It was destroyed in 1823.

Vicus, temples and tombs

After previous older excavations, the road leading out of this gate was encountered during the emergency excavation during the construction of the bypass road in 1977 around 250 meters south of the Porta decumana . The wooden strip houses oriented towards this route were interpreted as the oldest traces of construction in the camp village. In order to get a more precise picture of this situation, a supplementary excavation took place in this area in 2007. It was found that the well-developed road leading south from the Porta decumana towards the Danube was 5.40 meters wide in the area investigated. Two usage horizons were identified, whereby the already known strip houses were based on the older route, which was possibly just a kind of beaten path. With the expansion of the path, the street was given an accompanying ditch up to 1.20 meters wide on its eastern edge. The datable ceramic spectrum from the ditch was probably made around the middle of the 2nd century AD.

In 1978 excavations took place immediately west of the fort on the occasion of the new road construction. Here, too, the camp village ( vicus ) was cut. Various stone buildings could be examined.

During the previous excavations, silver dishes were found in a temple and a pottery was discovered in the east in the early 1980s. Early historical graves could be observed nearby. During the geophysical prospecting in 2007 in the northeast it was found that the vicus is around 60 meters away from the fort. Settlement structures can only be seen behind a street that bypasses the camp and runs parallel to the defensive wall from southeast to northwest. At the north corner of the outer fort ditch, the route bends to the southwest and then leads past the northwest front of the fort to Heerstraße to Kösching. In the south it runs past the fort bath.

Due to the ongoing regular agricultural use, cremation graves, which are connected to the fort in the north, were repeatedly plowed in the past. Around 300 meters northeast of the military complex, already outside the vicus , there was another cemetery belonging to Pförring on both sides of the ancient route leading from the fort to Castra Abusina (Eining). The grave finds made in this place suggest that the vicus inhabitants had a high standard of living. Among the urns found were so-called face urns . In 1979 the foundations of a burial tower near this Roman road could be addressed with the help of aerial archeology . Burial towers are also to be seen as monuments of the social prestige and prosperity of a family.

At the end of the camp village, traces were found during the excavations in 2007. A layer of culture up to one meter thick lay over the vicus findings. It contained, among other things, a horizon of abandonment and an overlying Roman leveling layer. Some conclusive finds from the Roman era, such as terra sigillata from the Middle Gaulish and Rhineland-Palatinate as well as some coins, date back to the middle of the 2nd century AD. Was built. Another box-built well was dendrochronologically examined. It was built in AD 220.

In summary, it was found that the large and representative buildings that were found clearly exceeded the Eininger finding in terms of number and scope , which suggests the size and importance of Pförring. The ongoing investigations at the fort also identified many remains of buildings in the southeast and northeast of the fort.

Further found material

Ceramics

Terra Sigillata Bowl in the shape of Drag. 37 with the potter's stamp Satto fecit - "Satto did this"
The relief with Romulus and Remus

With the help of ceramics, the founding of the fort could be located in the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). The pottery stamps on the found Terra Sigillata ( Satto fecit , Drag. 37 , Carantini M [lost] and Mercator ) speak for this dating.

Militaria

In a layer of fire in the Principia , arrowheads and bullet bolts were found among several metal finds. The discovery of clay slingshots also allows a further insight into the armament of the troops.

Two larger bronze fragments of chest lock plates, fragments of other chest lock plates and other pieces of equipment from parade armor of the cavalry come from a deposit found in the camp village , which was made in the uncertain period of the first half of the 3rd century AD. The hoard also included the fragments of two bronze masked helmets of the "oriental" type. These finds are now in the Archaeological State Collection in Munich .

In 1990 the upper part of one in the 2nd / 3rd One-piece bronze greaves from the 19th century depicting the goddess of victory Victoria and the god of war Mars . This piece is also in Munich.

Stone monuments

In addition to the building inscription in the wall of the Pförring churchyard, two tombstones and a stone relief depicting Romulus and Remus are particularly well known . All three pieces are now in the Sebaldus Chapel near the parish church. The remaining finds were brought to the State Archaeological Collection in Munich and to the Eichstätt Museum of Prehistory and Early History.

Post-pastoral use

During the Great Migration , Pförring was used for isolated burials. The post-Roman burial of a man with very few, simple accessories was found in the oldest vicus area in 1977. A pit two meters away contained two horse skeletons. An immediate resettlement of the place could not be deduced from these individual finds.

An important find that was recovered in the summer of 2016 was an unspoiled, post-castle chamber grave. It throws a spotlight on the time of late antiquity , when the Romans had withdrawn behind the Danube and Pförring had been abandoned. The grave, which was on a hill, was uncovered in anticipation of a planned new building area in the north-west of Pförring. It came to light in a future canal route. Not far from the former Roman settlement area apparently Germanic newcomers settled. These included a wealthy upper class, as the finds around women's burials show. The young, 1.73 meter tall woman wore at least seven necklaces made of coral, amber, glass and metal around her neck. There were bronze brooches, a bone comb, a weaving sword and a hairpin. The belt hanger was also remarkable. This included decorative keys, jars, cans, tweezers and a shell of the sea snail. In addition to ceramic additions, a glass vase was uncovered. As archaeological excavations in 2007 prove, there was also an early medieval settlement phase. In the southeastern vicus zone, a row cemetery from the early 7th century came to light.

The well-preserved ancient existence of the fort is due to its renewed use as a fortification in the Middle Ages. This shows that at least the wall ring of the camp must have been in a more or less good condition after the Limes fall . In the Middle Ages, an 8 × 12 meter rectangular chapel with a semicircular apse was built inside the former multi-purpose hall connected to the Principia . It was located with the apse facing east in the area of ​​the former north-eastern front of the building and does not take any account of the ancient building structures.

Pförring in the Nibelungenlied

The Nibelungenlied mentions the Danube crossing at the fort as ze Vergen (for the ferrymen). Accordingly, the Burgundian princes Giselher and Gunther, who accompanied their sister Kriemhild on her bridal trip to see King Etzel, reached the fort square, which was still clearly visible during the Middle Ages due to continued use, and the river bank.

Monument protection

The Fort Pförring and the facilities mentioned are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , p. 321 ff.
  • Stefanie Berg-Hobohm , Alexandra Gram: Linear section in the edge area of ​​the vicus of Pförring. District of Eichstätt, Upper Bavaria . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria . 2007, pp. 71-73.
  • Roman fortifications. Findings and reconstruction . Colloquium volume, (=  series of publications by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation 7), Volk, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86222-131-8 ; in this:
    • Andreas A. Schaflitzl: The archaeological follow-up investigation of the porta principalis dextra in the Alenkastell Celeusum / Pförring . Pp. 28-57.
    • Sven Bittner, Thomas Stöckl: Material studies on Roman plaster samples from the Alenkastell Celeusum / Pförring . Pp. 58-69.
    • Christof Flügel , Jürgen Obmann: Visualization of Roman fort gates. The example of the porta principalis dextra of the Alenkastels Celeusum / Pförring . Pp. 12-27.
  • Karlheinz Dietz In: Wolfgang Czysz u. a .: The Romans in Bavaria. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-11-6 , p. 499 f.
  • Jörg Faßbinder : New results of the geophysical prospection at the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes . 4th specialist colloquium of the German Limes Commission 27./28. February 2007 in Osterburken. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site, 3), pp. 153–171, in particular pp. 167–169.
  • Jörg Faßbinder, C. Sebastian Sommer , Karin Berghausen: Magnetometer prospection of the cavalry fort Celeusum near Pförring. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2006. pp. 94–97.
  • Joseph Fink : The Fort Pfoerring. In: Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Berlin / Leipzig 1902, B VII No. 75
  • Thomas Fischer , Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 .
  • Felix Oswald: Index of potters' stamps on Terra Sigillata “Samian Ware”. East Bridgford 1931. (Reprinted 1964)
  • Monika Schwarzhuber: The Roman fort vicus von Pförring (= material booklets for Bavarian archeology 109), Laßleben, Kallmünz 2018, ISBN 978-3-7847-5409-3
  • Hans-Günther Simon : On the initial dating of Fort Pförring. In: Bavarian history sheets. 35, 1970, pp. 94-105.
  • Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 .

Web links

Commons : Kastell Pförring  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Joseph Fink: The fort Pfoerring. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Berlin and Leipzig 1902, B VII No. 75, 1.
  2. ↑ a b c d Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 112.
  3. ^ Otfrid-Reinald Ehrismann : The Nibelungenlied. Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-50872-3 , p. 33.
  4. ↑ a b c Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : The Limes. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 134.
  5. ^ Franz Xaver Mayer: Monographs, or topographical-historical descriptions of the places of the regional court district Ritenburg in the Upper Palatinate. In: Negotiations of the historical association for Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Ch. Ernst Brenck's Wittwe, Regensburg, 1838. p. 254.
  6. ↑ a b c Stefanie Berg-Hobohm , Alexandra Gram: Linear section in the edge area of ​​the vicus of Pförring. District of Eichstätt, Upper Bavaria . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria , 2007, pp. 71–73; here: p. 71.
  7. ↑ a b Jörg Faßbinder : New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 167.
  8. ↑ a b Josef Feldmann: Pförringer fort becomes accessible. Donaukurier dated November 30, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  9. ^ Hans-Heinrich Häffner and Lisa Feulner: Visualization of the north-east gate of Fort Celeusum in Pförring . In: Der Limes , 2, 2013, pp. 14-17; here: pp. 15–16.
  10. ↑ a b Stefanie Berg-Hobohm, Alexandra Gram: Linear section in the edge area of ​​the vicus of Pförring. District of Eichstätt, Upper Bavaria . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria , 2007, pp. 71–73, here: p. 73.
  11. ↑ Rainer Christlein, Otto Braasch: The underground Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-0855-7 , p. 138.
  12. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , pp. 168-169.
  13. ↑ CIL 16, 55 .
  14. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes. In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 167.
  15. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 . Photo plan p. 168.
  16. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 152.
  17. ↑ Martin Kemkes : The image of the emperor on the border - A new large bronze fragment from the Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Research on the function of the Limes. Volume 2. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-2117-6 , p. 144.
  18. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder, C. Sebastian Sommer, Karin Berghausen: Magnetometer prospection of the riding fort Celeusum near Pförring. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria. 2006, p. 94.
  19. ↑ CIL 03, 11921
  20. ↑ a b c Jochen Garbsch : Pförring / Celeusum . In: Walter Sölter (Ed.): The Roman Germania from the air . 2nd Edition. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1983, ISBN 3-7857-0298-1 , p. 42.
  21. ↑ CIL 03, 05912 .
  22. ↑ donaukurier.de of January 26, 2012: Roman stones will soon adorn the marketplace : [1]
  23. ^ Konrad Kraft : On the recruitment of ales and cohorts on the Rhine and Danube. Francke, Bern 1951, p. 75.
  24. ↑ CIL 03, 05910
  25. ↑ a b Stefanie Berg-Hobohm, Alexandra Gram: Linear section in the edge area of ​​the vicus of Pförring. District of Eichstätt, Upper Bavaria . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria , 2007, pp. 71–73, here: p. 72.
  26. ^ A b Walter E. Keller, Walter Grabert: The Romans on the Limes . 5th revised edition. Keller, Treuchtlingen 1998, ISBN 3-924828-49-0 , p. 85.
  27. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 168.
  28. ↑ Peter Kolb: The Romans with us . Museum-Pedagogical Center Munich, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-934554-02-4 . Fig. P. 91.
  29. ^ A b Rainer Christlein, Otto Braasch: The underground Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-0855-7 , p. 240.
  30. ↑ Joseph Fink : The fort Pfoerring . In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Berlin / Leipzig 1902, B VII No. 75, p. 21.
  31. ↑ Cf. Felix Oswald : Index of potters' stamps on Terra Sigillata Samian Ware. Private print, East Bridgeford 1931.
  32. ↑ Joseph Fink: The fort Pfoerring . In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Berlin / Leipzig 1902, B VII No. 75, p. 7.
  33. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann : Riders like statues from Erz. Von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1821-9 , p. 96 f.
  34. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann : Riders like statues from Erz. Von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1821-9 , p. 96 u. 99
  35. ↑ a b Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 146.
  36. ↑ Pförringer Kammergrab is an archaeological sensation . In: Information sheet of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Pförring No. 9, from September 1, 2016, pp. 16-17.
  37. ↑ Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , p. 169.