Chinese pine

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Chinese pine
Pinus tabuliformis Hua Shan3.jpg

Chinese pine ( Pinus tabuliformis )

Systematics
Class : Coniferopsida
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Type : Chinese pine
Scientific name
Pinus tabuliformis
Carr.
Branch with ripe cones

The Chinese pine ( Pinus tabuliformis , occasionally also written Pinus tabulaeformis ) is a two-needle tree species from the pine family (Pinaceae). It can live up to 300 years and is one of the economically most important tree species in China.

description

Habitus

The Chinese pine is between 25 and 45 meters high and reaches chest height diameters between 1 and 1.4 meters. It usually grows straight and forms an open crown . Young trees have a conical crown, while freestanding old trees are usually umbrella-shaped. Branch cleaning occurs as early as 10 years of age.

Needles

Two relatively rigid needles are formed per short shoot . These needles are between 10 and 15 centimeters long and around 1.5 millimeters thick. Each needle has between 5 and 12 resin channels in cross-section. At the base of each needle there is a 1 to 3 centimeter long needle sheath, which is initially white or gray and later brown in color. The needles stay on the tree for 3 to 4 years before they fall off.

Flowers, cones and seeds

The Chinese jaw becomes manable at around 10 years of age . The yellow-orange to yellowish-brown male cones are between 12 and 18 millimeters long. The rounded to egg-shaped female cones stand individually or in groups at the ends of long shoots . They are purple in color and around 7 millimeters long. The ovate and stalked cones ripen in September or October of the second year. When ripe, they are light brown in color and between 4 and 9 inches long. After the seeds have been released, the empty cones can remain on the tree for another 4 to 5 years. The brown seeds are elliptical in shape and 6 to 8 millimeters long. Each seed has a lanceolate, brown-striped wing about 1 centimeter long and 8 millimeters wide. The thousand grain weight is between 32.8 and 41.6 grams. The seedlings possess (6 to 13 cotyledons cotyledons ).

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Root system

The Chinese pine forms a taproot in deep locations , which in annual seedlings can already be 67 centimeters long. Lateral roots are mainly formed on shallow sites. As mycorrhizal -Partner experience various kinds of boletus ( Boletus ), the suillus grevillei ( Suillus grevillei ) and the Common pea litter Ling ( Pisolithus arhizus on).

bark

The cracked bark is gray-brown, more rarely blackish-gray to yellowish-brown. It is divided into plates and scales. The bark of the young shoots is light orange and later turns yellowish gray.

Wood

The yellowish white sapwood surrounds a yellowish brown core . The transitions between early and late wood as well as the annual rings are clearly visible. The rays of the wood cannot be seen with the naked eye. The wood has a very straight grain. The bulk density with a wood moisture content of 15% is 0.432 g / cm³.

Distribution and location

The Chinese pine is found in 12 provinces in northern China. The natural range extends north to the Yin Shan Mountains in Inner Mongolia . To the west it extends as far as the Helan Mountains in Ningxia , the Qilian Shan Mountains and the Datong Basin, as well as the Huang Shui river valley in Qinghai Province . To the south, the distribution area extends to the border between the provinces of Gansu and Sichuan . The eastern border runs along the Qin Ling and Huanglongshan Mountains in Shaanxi , Mount Funiu in Henan , Mount Lüliang in Shanxi , the Yan Mountains in Hebei and the Tai Shan and Mount Yi Mengshan in Shandong . The species is rarely planted outside of China.

The Chinese pine is a species of light tree of the relatively dry temperate climate. It is very drought-resistant and can withstand temperatures as low as −30 ° C. Depending on the location, the annual rainfall is 300 to 900 mm. The demands on the soil are low, and both acidic and basic soils are colonized. The species is found at altitudes between 500 and 2,500 meters.

Especially in the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi, the Chinese pine forms large-scale pure stands. Mixed stands are mainly made up of Betula platyphylla , Celtis koraiensis , the hedgehog juniper ( Juniperus rigida ), Picea asperata , Populus davidiana , Populus purdonii , the oriental white oak ( Quercus aliena ), Quercus liaotungensis , the Mongolian oak ( Quercus mongolica ), the Chinese cork oak ( Quercus variabilis ), the Chinese hemlock ( Tsuga chinensis ) and various types of whitebeam ( Sorbus ) and linden ( Tilia ).

Diseases and pests

The Chinese pine is attacked by a variety of harmful insects and fungi. However, there is hardly any economically significant damage. Especially in nurseries come Pythium aphanidermatum and Pythium dabaryanum on which the damping-off can cause. Fungi of the genera Cytospora and Valsa attack and damage the bark. Lophodermium pinastri causes needle yellowing, which can lead to the needles being shed.

The borer Dioryctria rubella and the louse Matsucoccus matsummurae attack the shoots. The caterpillars of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis feed on the needles. Massive damage to the cones is caused by Dioryctria mendacella .

use

The Chinese pine is of great economic importance, especially in northern China. The wood is mainly used as construction and furniture wood. But it is also used in plywood and paper production. After it has been preserved, it is suitable for masts, posts, railway sleepers, for building bridges and as pit wood. Old trees are also often used for resin extraction . An average of 1.5 to 2 kilograms of resin are extracted per tree and season.

Systematics

Chinese pine ( Pinus tabuliformis var. Henryi ) in Hunan Province

The Chinese pine is assigned to the sub-genus Pinus , the section Pinus and the subsection Pinus within the genus of the pines ( Pinus ) . Synonyms for the species are Pinus taihangshanensis Hu et Yao and Pinus tokunagae Nakai .

The Chinese pine is often divided into three or four varieties :

  • Pinus tabuliformis var. Henryi (Mast.) CT Kuan occurs in the provinces of Hunan and Shaanxi as well as in parts of Hubei and Sichuan . Often, however , the taxon is masted as a separate species, Pinus henryi . described.
  • Pinus tabuliformis var. Mukdensis (Uyeki ex Nakai) Uyeki : It occurs from northeastern China to northern Korea.
  • Pinus tabuliformis var. Tabuliformis (Syn .: Pinus sinensis Mayr nom. Illeg.): It occurs in China.
  • Pinus tabuliformis var. Umbraculifera Liou & QLWang : It occurs in the provinces of Liaoning and Hebei.

Furthermore, the species is divided into different climatic races. These can be distinguished primarily by their appearance and the growth intensity.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 509 .
  2. ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 510-511 .
  3. ^ Tropicos. [1]
  4. ↑ a b c Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 508 .
  5. ↑ a b c Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 510 .
  6. ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 511 .
  7. ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 512 .
  8. ^ Entry on Germplasm Resources Information Network, accessed February 8, 2010
  9. ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Pinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  10. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 2, p. 685

Web links

Commons : Chinese pine  album with pictures, videos and audio files