Corydoras
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Corydoras | ||||||||||||
Lacepède , 1803 |
Corydoras is a genus of fish from the family of armored and callous catfish (Callichthyidae). The genus belongs to the subfamily of armored catfish (Corydoradinae), which differs from the subfamily of calluses (Callichthyinae) by the lack of a row of bone plates between the dorsal and adipose fin and the smaller size. The animals, between 3 and 12 cm in size, are characterized by a characteristic body structure (double row of bone plates, overlapping like roof tiles from front to back: armor plates) and very variable coloration. An important distinguishing feature for species identification is (among other things) the expression and number of perforations ( odontodes ) on the pectoral spines. With a few exceptions, these catfish are bottom fish, which, as intestinal breathers , can swim to the surface of the water at regular intervals when there is insufficient oxygen in the water, where they can absorb atmospheric oxygen and breathe on the bottom. The phenomenon of intestinal respiration can also be observed under optimal housing conditions, albeit less often. The ability to breathe in the intestines does not indicate a greater tolerance to poor water quality.
The name Corydoras (German about "with helmet and spear") is derived from the Greek kory ("helmet") and dory ("lance", "spear") and probably refers to the bone plates armoring the body and the spiky first beam the pectoral fins .
ecology
The range of the genus includes the whole tropical and subtropical South America , the Amazon basin , the central Brazilian highlands, the northern pampas of Argentina and also z. B. the Caribbean island of Trinidad . In accordance with these geographical indications, the individual species are adapted to sometimes very different conditions. Corydoras come in white water (e.g. Marañón , Río Huallaga , Rio Branco , Río Napo , clay-colored, mineral-rich suspended matter), black water (e.g. Rio Negro , tar-brown to cola- colored, rich in humic substances, acidic) and clear water (central Brazil, Rio Guyana , slightly acidic). The Corydoras biotope descriptions cited in the specialist literature make it clear how different the temperature conditions can be. Thus Corydoras TYPES in the central Brazilian highlands at temperatures ranging from 8 to 10 degrees Celsius between the hottest and coldest months accustomed. In Guayanaschild encountered species, however, live at nearly constant temperatures between 25 and 27 degrees Celsius.
Social behavior
What most Corydoras species have in common is their sociable behavior. Almost only species of the Corydoras acutus group occur individually or in pairs . A species-appropriate aquarium keeping requires - with the exception mentioned - group keeping (at least 6 animals per species) and plants to which most species attach their eggs. Species of the Acutus group, on the other hand, can show a very pronounced territorial behavior and do not occur in nature in groups of their own species, but rather alone, in pairs or together with other mostly similarly colored short-snouted Corydoras species.
nutrition
Red mosquito larvae , tubifex , enchytrae (all: live) are popular. In aquarium conditions, high-quality dry food (in tablet form) is a good addition. The uptake of detritus (suspended and suspended matter of organic origin from parts of plant and animal tissue) from the substrate has been reported and frequently observed in the specialist literature . Mulm is therefore constantly rummaged through and eaten.
Systematics
There are now almost 160 valid species. Corydoras is a paraphyletic collective genus, i.e. This means that the genus does not include all descendants of the most recent common ancestral form. The species of the Brochis genus, which is no longer regarded as valid, are available for example. B. related within the genus Corydoras and, as a recent study shows, also the genera Aspidoras and Scleromystax . The authors of the study, which show cases of Müllerian mimicry between different Corydoras species, examined a total of over 400 described and undescribed Corydoras species and color forms, divided them into nine kin lines (including Aspidoras and Scleromystax ) and suggested new generic names for some.
Simplified cladogram of armored catfish according to Alexandrou et al.
Corydoradinae |
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Corydoras acutus group ( Corydoras Sensu stricto )
- Corydoras acutus Cope, 1872
- Corydoras amapaensis Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras areio Knaack, 2000
- Corydoras aurofrenatus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903
- Corydoras blochi Nijssen, 1971
- Corydoras cervinus Rössel, 1962
- Corydoras coriatae Burgess, 1997
- Corydoras cortesi Castro, 1987
- Corydoras desana Lima & Sazima, 2017
- Corydoras ellisae Gosline, 1940
- Corydoras filamentosus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras fowleri Böhlke, 1950
- Corydoras geoffroy La Cépède, 1803 ( type species )
- Corydoras heteromorphus Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras maculifer Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1971
- Corydoras narcissus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1980
- Corydoras negro Knaack, 2004
- Corydoras orcesi Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras ourastigma Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras oxyrhynchus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
- Corydoras pastazensis Weitzman, 1963
- Corydoras saramaccensis Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras sarareensis Dinkelmeyer, 1995
- Corydoras semiaquilus Weitzman, 1964
- Corydoras septentrionalis Gosline, 1940 (Possibly a synonym of Corydoras cortesi )
- Corydoras serratus Sands, 1995
- Corydoras simulatus Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras solox Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras spilurus Norman, 1926
- Corydoras stenocephalus Eigenmann & Allen, 1942
- Corydoras treitlii Steindachner, 1906
- Corydoras vittatus Nijssen, 1971
- Corydoras zawadzkii Tencatt & Ohara, 2016
Free-swimming miniature armored catfish (" Microcorydoras ")
- Corydoras guapore Knaack, 1961
- Sickleback catfish ( Corydoras hastatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888)
- Corydoras mamore Knaack, 2002
- Corydoras paucerna Knaack, 2004
- Miniature catfish ( Corydoras pygmaeus Knaack, 1966)
Corydoras elegans group ( "Gastrodermus" )
- Corydoras bilineatus Knaack, 2002
- Hatched armored catfish ( Corydoras elegans Steindachner, 1877)
- Corydoras gracilis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976
- Corydoras nanus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
- Corydoras napoensis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
- Corydoras nijsseni Sands, 1989
- Wavy armored catfish ( Corydoras undulatus Regan, 1912)
Corydoras paleatus group
- Corydoras albolineatus Knaack, 2004
- Corydoras carlae Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras cochui Myers & Weitzman, 1954
- Corydoras diphyes Axenrot & Kullander, 2003
- Corydoras Ehrhardti Steindachner, 1910
- Corydoras flaveolus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras gryphus Tencatt et al., 2014
- Corydoras longipinnis Knaack, 2007
- Corydoras lymnades Tencatt et al., 2013
- Blue catfish ( Corydoras nattereri Steindachner, 1877)
- Corydoras ortegai Britto, Lima & Hidalgo, 2007
- Marbled armored catfish ( Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns, 1842))
- Corydoras potaroensis Myers, 1927
- Corydoras reynoldsi Myers & Weitzman, 1960
- Corydoras steindachneri Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1973
- Corydoras tukano Britto & Lima, 2003
Corydoras aeneus group (" Osteogaster ")
- Metal armored catfish ( Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858))
- Corydoras eques Steindachner, 1887
- Corydoras melanotaenia Regan, 1912
- Rust-armored catfish ( Corydoras rabauti La Monte, 1941)
- Corydoras zygatus Eigenmann & Allen, 1942
Pointed-snouted armored catfish
- Silver lining catfish ( Corydoras agassizii Steindachner, 1877)
- Corydoras ambiacus Cope, 1872
- Corydoras approuaguensis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras arcuatus Elwin, 1939
- Corydoras bifasciatus Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras brittoi Tencatt & Ohara, 2016
- High armored catfish ( Corydoras britskii (Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983))
- Corydoras condiscipulus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1980
- Corydoras crimmeni Grant, 1998
- Corydoras crypticus Sands, 1995
- Corydoras delphax Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras difluviatilis Britto & Castro, 2002
- Corydoras ephippifer Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras garbei Ihering, 1911
- Corydoras geryi Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983
- Corydoras gomezi Castro, 1986
- Magnificent Corydoras ( Corydoras haraldschultzi Knaack, 1962)
- Imitator catfish ( Corydoras imitator Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983)
- Corydoras incolicana Burgess, 1993
- Corydoras isbrueckeri Knaack, 2004
- Corydoras lamberti Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
- Corydoras latus Pearson, 1924
- Leopard armored catfish ( Corydoras leopardus Myers, 1933)
- Pointed-headed emerald armored catfish ( Corydoras multiradiatus (Orcés V., 1960))
- Corydoras noelkempffi Knaack, 2004
- Corydoras ornatus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976
- Corydoras orphnopterus Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras pantanalensis Knaack, 2001
- Corydoras pinheiroi Dinkelmeyer, 1995
- Corydoras pulcher Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1973
- Net catfish ( Corydoras reticulatus Fraser-Brunner, 1938)
- Flag-tailed catfish ( Corydoras robineae Burgess, 1983)
- Corydoras robustus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1980
- Corydoras seussi Dinkelmeyer, 1996
- Corydoras sodalis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
- Corydoras spectabilis Knaack, 1999
- Emerald armored catfish ( Corydoras splendens (Castelnau, 1855))
- Corydoras sychri Weitzman, 1960
- Corydoras virginiae Burgess, 1993
Short- snouted armored catfish (" Hoplisoma ")
- Corydoras acrensis Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras adolfoi Burgess, 1982
- Corydoras amandajanea Sands, 1995
- Corydoras amphibelus Cope, 1872
- Corydoras apiaka Espíndola et al., 2014
- Corydoras araguaiaensis Sands, 1990
- Corydoras armatus (Günther, 1868)
- Corydoras atropersonatus Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras axelrodi Rössel, 1962
- Corydoras baderi Geisler, 1969
- Corydoras bicolor Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
- Corydoras boehlkei Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1982
- Corydoras boesemani Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
- Corydoras bondi Gosline, 1940
- Corydoras breei Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1992
- Corydoras brevirostris Fraser-Brunner, 1947
- Corydoras burgessi Axelrod, 1987
- Corydoras caudimaculatus Rössel, 1961
- Corydoras concolor Weitzman, 1961
- Corydoras copei Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
- Corydoras coppenamensis Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras cruziensis Knaack, 2002
- Corydoras davidsandsi Black, 1987
- Corydoras duplicareus Sands, 1995
- Corydoras evelynae Rössel, 1963
- Corydoras eversi Tencatt & Britto, 2016
- Corydoras gossei Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras granti Tencatt et al., 2019
- Corydoras griseus Holly, 1940
- Corydoras guianensis Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras habrosus Weitzman, 1960
- July catfish ( Corydoras julii Steindachner, 1906)
- Corydoras knaacki Tencatt & Evers, 2016
- Corydoras kanei Grant, 1998
- Corydoras leucomelas Eigenmann & Allen, 1942
- Corydoras loretoensis Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1986
- Bias tape catfish ( Corydoras loxozonus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983)
- Spotted catfish ( Corydoras melanistius Regan, 1912)
- Corydoras melini Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1930
- Corydoras metae Eigenmann, 1914
- Corydoras multimaculatus Steindachner, 1907
- Corydoras oiapoquensis Nijssen, 1972
- Corydoras osteocarus Böhlke, 1951
- Corydoras panda Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1971
- Corydoras paragua Knaack, 2004
- Corydoras parallelus Burgess, 1993
- Corydoras polystictus Regan, 1912
- Corydoras punctatus (Bloch, 1794)
- Corydoras sanchesi Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1967
- Corydoras schwartzi Rössel, 1963
- Corydoras similis Hieronimus, 1991
- Corydoras sipaliwini Hoedeman, 1965
- Corydoras sterbai Knaack, 1962
- Corydoras surinamensis Nijssen, 1970
- Corydoras trilineatus Cope, 1872
- Corydoras weitzmani Nijssen, 1971
- Corydoras xinguensis Nijssen, 1972
Not assigned
- Corydoras benattii Espíndola et al., 2018
- Corydoras costai Ottoni et al., 2016
- Corydoras froehlichi Tencatt et al., 2016
- Corydoras gladysae Calviño & Alonso, 2010
- Corydoras hephaestus Ohara et al., 2016
- Corydoras lacrimostigmata Tencatt et al., 2014
- Corydoras micracanthus Regan, 1912
- Corydoras pavanelliae Tencatt & Ohara, 2016
- Corydoras petracinii Calviño & Alonso, 2010
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ Axel Zarske: Corydoras. 2004, p. 258.
- ↑ Corydoras on Fishbase.org (English)
- ^ A b Markos A. Alexandrou, Claudio Oliveira, Marjorie Maillard, Rona AR McGill, Jason Newton, Simon Creer & Martin I. Taylor: Competition and phylogeny determine community structure in Müllerian co-mimics. Nature 469, 84–88 (January 2011), doi : 10.1038 / nature09660 Supplementary Information (5.9M) (PDF; 6.2 MB)
- ↑ a b Markos A. Alexandrou & Martin I. Taylor: Evolution, ecology and taxonomy of the Corydoradinae revisited (PDF; 0.3 MB)
- ↑ Ingo Seidel: New findings about the relationships among armored catfish in Aquaristik Fachmagazin No. 223 February / March 2012, Tetra-Verlag GmbH, ISSN 1437-4854
literature
- Hans-Georg Evers : Armored catfish: Aspidoras, Brochis, Corydoras . Ulmer Verlag. 1994 Stuttgart, ISBN 3-8001-7286-0 .
- Günther Sterba : The world's freshwater fish. 2nd Edition. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4 .
- Axel Zarske: Corydoradinae , Corydoras , Corydoras […]. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , pp. 257-277.