Cutthroat trout
| Cutthroat trout | ||||||||||||
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Cutthroat trout |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Oncorhynchus clarki | ||||||||||||
| ( Richardson , 1836) | ||||||||||||
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Oncorhynchus clarki clarki |
The cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki ) is a freshwater fish from the salmon fish family . It is native to the cold rivers and streams of the Pacific Basin in North America and is found in the coastal mountains of the Pacific, the Great Basin, and the Rocky Mountains . The cutthroat trout, a Pacific trout, belongs to the genus Oncorhynchus , which also includes the rainbow trout . The name cutthroat comes from the red color on the underside of the lower jaw. The name clarki was given in honor of the explorer William Clark , one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark expedition . Cutthroat trout inhabit small to medium-sized rivers and streams with cold, oxygen-rich water and gravel, alluvial or rock-bottom flowing waters, the typical habitat of the west coast . Cutthroat trout spawn in spring and mix with rainbow trout through natural hybridization. The two species can produce fertile offspring. Some of the coastal populations of Oncorhynchus clarki are anadromous .
Some subspecies of the cutthroat trout are threatened. O. c. alvordensis and O. c. macdonaldi are already considered extinct. Cutthroat trout are kept in trout farms, u. a. to increase native wild populations. The species is one of the "state fish" in seven US states.
Taxonomy
The scientific name of the cutthroat trout is Oncorhynchus clarki . It was among the first trout to be discovered by the Spanish conqueror Francisco de Coronado in the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers near Santa Fe . It was mainly the subspecies Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout O. c. virginalis . The species was first described in the records of William Clark from 1804-1806. They were catches from the Missouri River , near what is now the Great Falls in Montana . They were specimens of the subspecies of the West Slope Cutthroat Trout O. c. lewisi , which was first referred to as Salmo clarki . John Richardson assessed the species Salmo clarki on a tributary of the Columbia River , named "Katpootl", presumably today's Lewis River . The type description was very similar to today's cutthroat trout from coastal areas. In 1989, morphological and genetic studies showed that the trout of the Pacific Basin are genetically more closely related to the Pacific salmon than to the trout. Therefore, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout and other trout species in the Pacific Basin have been included in the genus Oncorhynchus since 1989 . Cutthroat trout genetics are currently being researched at the University of Colorado.
Subspecies
The 14 known subspecies of the cutthroat trout are endemic fish in their respective geographic regions. Scientists believe that the cutthroat trout evolved over the past two million years from other Oncorhynchus species that migrated up the Columbia and Snake Rivers .
| Geographic group | Surname | Scientific name | distribution | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pacific Coast | Coastal Cutthroat Trout, also known as the "Sea-Run" Cutthroat |
O. c. clarki ( J. Richardson , 1836) |
Native of coastal rivers in northern California to Alaska . O. c. clarki is the type species of cutthroat trout. |
 O. c. clarki coastal cutthroat trout |
| Crescenti trout | O. c. clarcki forma crescentii | No longer considered a subspecies, it is classified as an endemic population of inshore cutthroat trout in Lake Crescent , Washington state . | ||
| Great Basin | Alvord Cutthroat Trout | † O. c. alvordensis Behnke , 2002 |
Was endemic to the backwaters of Alvord Lake in southeast Oregon , is considered extinct or extinct. |
 O. c. utah bonneville cutthroat trout |
| Bonneville Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. utah ( G. Suckley , 1874) |
Native to the tributaries of the Great Salt Lake . | ||
| Humboldt Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. humboldtensis Behnke & Trotter, 2008 , |
Occurs exclusively in the upper Humboldt River in northern Nevada . The Humboldt Cutthroat Trout is recognized by the Nevada Division of Wildlife as a local form of the subspecies O. c. henshawi , whose distribution as a “distinct population segment” is limited to the Humboldt River. | ||
| Lahontan Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. henshawi ( Gill & Jordan , 1878) |
Native to western Nevada. It is considered an endangered species (1975). | ||
| Whitehorse Basin Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. ssp. Is regarded by Behnke as an undescribed separate subspecies (2002) |
Native to southeast Oregon. Regarded by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as a "distinct population segment" of the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout. | ||
| Paiute cutthroat trout |
O. c. seleniris ( JO Snyder , 1933) |
Endemic to the Eastern Sierra Nevada and is considered a threatened species (1975). | ||
| Northern Rockies | Snake River Fine Spotted Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. behnkei (Montgomery, 1995) |
Native to the Snake River of Idaho and Wyoming ; is considered by some to be a population of O. c. bouvieri viewed. |
 O. c. behnkei Snake River Fine-Spotted cutthroat trout O. c. bouvieri Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout  |
| West Slope Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. lewisi (Girard, 1856) |
Native to northern Idaho, Montana , British Columbia, and Alberta . | ||
| Yellowfin Cutthroat Trout | † O. c. macdonaldi (Jordan & Fisher, 1891) |
Was endemic to Twin Lakes , Colorado ; is now considered extinct. | ||
| Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. bouvieri (Jordan & Gilbert , 1883) |
Native of the upper reaches of the Snake River, Yellowstone Lake, and the Yellowstone River in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. | ||
| Southern Rockies | Colorado River Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. pleuriticus ( Cope , 1872) |
Native of the tributaries of the Green River and Colorado River . |
 O. c. virginalis Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout |
| Greenback cutthroat trout |
O. c. stomias (Cope, 1871) |
Native to the Arkansas River and South Platte River in eastern Colorado; the species is considered threatened (1978). | ||
| Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout |
O. c. virginalis ( CF Girard , 1856) |
Native to New Mexico and southern Colorado. |
description
Within their natural range as well as in the regions where the cutthroat trout was introduced as a new species, there is great variation in size, color and adaptation to the environment. In their drawing, the Cutthroat Trout varies from a golden to gray or green back coloration, which can be different for subspecies, races (English: strains) and depending on the habitat. The fish have distinctive red, pink or orange stripes along their lower jaw and in the lower area of their gill cover. Because of this characteristic coloring, they were given the name "Cutthroat" by the American adventure writer Charles Hallock in the article "The American Angler" from 1884. Some coastal rainbow trout such as Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus or the Columbia River Redband Trout ( O. m. Gairdneri ) also show reddish or pink neck markings. Inland subspecies differ from the coastal forms of the cutthroat trout by a distinct lack of spots on the top of the head. At sexual maturity, the different populations and subspecies reach body lengths in the range of 15 to 102 centimeters. Body length and weight depend on the habitat and food supply. Anadromous migratory forms of cutthroat trout weigh on average 0.9 to 2.3 kilograms, while pure river forms weigh significantly less at 11 to 91 grams. In lakes, however, weights of 5.4 to 7.7 kilograms can be achieved. The Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Henshawi ) is the largest member of the Oncorhynchus clarki species . This subspecies is on average 20 to 23 centimeters long in small streams, in larger rivers already 20 to 56 centimeters. The IGFA world record for cutthroat trout is 99 centimeters long and weighs 19 kilograms.
Way of life
Cutthroat trout mostly inhabit small to medium-sized, clear, oxygen-rich, shallow rivers with gravel beds. They are native to the rock-bottomed alluvial rivers and streams, the typical waters of the Pacific Basin on the west coast of the United States , the Great Basin, and the Rocky Mountains . The spawning season begins in spring. In coastal waters often as early as February, in high mountain lakes and rivers often only after the snow has melted, at the latest in July at water temperatures of 6 to 8 ° C. Lake forms of the cutthroat trout inhabit medium-deep, cold lakes with suitable shallow banks and aquatic vegetation for sufficient food production. For reproduction, the lake forms either seek out flowing waters with a corresponding gravel bottom or, under certain circumstances, spawn on the gravel bottom of the lakes if there is a certain water circulation. Cutthroat trout often interbreed with the closely related rainbow trout and can produce fertile offspring, commonly known as cutbows (Cutthroat x Rainbow Trout). These hybrids in turn often show the orange-red slash of the cutthroat trout as a characteristic drawing. Taxonomically they are difficult to tell apart. Natural hybridization with the Gila trout ( O. gilae ) and the Apache trout ( Oncorhynchus apache ) also occur where the ranges of these species overlap. Other large species of trout and char are considered natural enemies of the cutthroat trout, either as brood predators or predatory fish that prey on smaller cutthroat trout, herons, king fishermen and, for sea-dwelling cutthroat trout, seals, dogfish and salmon.
distribution and habitat
Cutthroat trout are common in western North America . Due to geographical isolation, they developed into different subspecies, which colonized the most diverse river systems of the mountain waters. The cutthroat trout is found on the coast of the Pacific Northwest from Alaska to British Columbia , to northern California , in the Cascade Range , the Great Basin and in southern Alberta . Some coastal populations, such as the coastal cutthroat trout ( O. c. Clarki), are semianadromic; H. they spend a few months in the marine environment, where adult specimens search for food, and migrate back into the rivers in early spring, where they feed on insects and fish spawn. Historically speaking, the species has the second largest distribution area of all salmonids in North America , after the American Arctic char ( Salvelinus namaycush ). However, the natural range of many subspecies decreased dramatically, such as B. the Westslope-Cutthroat-Trout ( O. c. Lewisi ), which only inhabits 10% of its natural range. The reasons for the decline are habitat degradation and the introduction of invasive fish species. Cutthroat trout have also been introduced into numerous other waters outside of their area of origin, but not nearly as intensively as rainbow trout. Cutthroat trout were introduced into Lake Michigan in the 1890s but failed to develop wild populations there. Yellowstone cutthroat trout, for example, have been introduced into the Huron Sea. Although cutthroat trout are not native to Arizona , they are repeatedly released into the high mountain lakes of the White Mountains in the northeast of the state at the endeavors of the Arizona Game and Fish Department .
Habitat
Cutthroat trout require cold, oxygen-rich, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms or cold, medium-depth lakes. A healthy cutthroat trout habitat also includes certain bank vegetation, which prevents silting up or silting up. Cutthroat trout often seek out beaver dams to protect them from dehydration or to spend the winter . Most populations remain in fresh water and form local river stocks. The two subspecies coastal cutthroat trout ( O. c. Clarki ) and coastal rainbow trout ( O. m. Irideus ) have undergone a coevolution . Parts of the distribution area of the west slope Cutthroat trout ( O. c. Lewisi ) overlap with the distribution area of the Redband rainbow trout ( O. m. Gairdneri ), but this is due to natural barriers such as waterfalls etc. on a spawning rise in the upper reaches of the river prevented. There are three subspecies that live in the endorheic basins of the Great Basin and can tolerate salt water as well as slightly alkaline water to some extent. Cutthroat trout are feeding opportunists. Cutthroat trout living in the river feed primarily on aquatic or land insects that fall into the water. Fish eggs, small fish, frogs, salamanders, crabs and other crustaceans are also part of their diet. Coastal cutthroat trout are predatory and hunt smaller fish. Within the range of the North American char species Bull Trout ( Salvelinus confluentus ), the cutthroat trout is a prey fish of this predatory and fish-eating species.
Artificial Propagation
Various cutthroat trout subspecies are artificially propagated in private commercial, state and federal fish farms to obtain saplings for river and lake systems, where they either occur naturally or are used as alien fish. At the beginning of the 20th century, various fish farms were set up by the US Bureau of Fisheries ( United States Fish and Wildlife Service ) in Yellowstone National Park . These fish farms not only produced Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Bouvieri ) for the park, but also took advantage of the abundant production of fish eggs for possible needs in other US states . From 1901 to 1953, a total of 818 million trout eggs were moved from Yellowstone National Park to other states. The fish farm Lahontan National Fish Hatchery, also operated by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, had set itself the task of managing the stocks of Lahontan cutthroat trout in large lakes such as Pyramid Lake (Nevada), Walker Lake (Nevada), Fallen Leaf Lake, California, June Lake, California, Marlette Lake, Gull Lake, and Truckee River. The trout farm produces between 300,000 and 400,000 young Lahontan cutthroat trout each year. Jackson National Fish Hatchery annually produces around 400,000 saplings of Snake River Fine Spotted Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Behnkei ) for waters in Idaho and Wyoming. Leadville National Fish Hatchery produces between 125,000 and 200,000 Snake River Fine Spotted Cutthroat Trout, Greenback Cutthroat Trout, and Rainbow Trout for the Fryingpan River and Arkansas Rivers in Colorado . The Bozeman National Fish Hatchery, originally a fish farm for cutthroat trout in Bozeman , Montana , since 1983 the Bozeman Fish Technology Center, now plays a significant role in the conservation of greenback ( O. c. Stomias ) and west slope cutthroat trout ( O. c. Lewisi )
Endangerment status
The original range of the cutthroat trout was reduced by anthropogenic impacts such as overfishing, urban development and habitat degradation or loss. Other factors include mining, grazing and logging. The population densities decreased sharply, some populations even disappeared completely. Another cause of the decline is the introduction of alien species such as the brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) or the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). The greatest threat to natural stocks is hybridization with the rainbow trout and the "cutbows" as a crossbreed product. In the Yellowstone ecosystem , the proliferation of the large and predatory Namaycush char ( Salvelinus namaycush ) has resulted in a dramatic decline in the population of O. c. bouvieri led. Outbreaks of rotational sickness ( Myxobolus cerebralis ) in the spawning areas of the cutthroat trout led to a further threat to the population.
Interspecific and intraspecific breeding
The interspecific crossing with the rainbow trout threatens the genetic purity of numerous subspecies of the cutthroat trout, since the crossing products carry the genes of both parents. The population of the West Slope Cutthroat Trout was also genetically "distorted" by crossing it with the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout, which is why pure West Slope Cutthroat Trout are rarely found today. Most of the time, pure-bred west slope cutthroat trout only occur above migration barriers such as waterfalls etc. The appearance of rainbow trout in these waters was mainly responsible for the disappearance of the two subspecies Yellowfin Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Macdonaldi ) and Alvord Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Alvordensis ).
Fall of the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout
The Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout population collapsed due to overfishing in the 1960s. Only a switch to catch and release (catch and release fishing) and an end to the stocking measures led to a recovery of the population. American char ( Salvelinus namaycush ) were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994 . The Namaycush char was originally found in Shoshone Lake , Lewis Lake ( Wyoming ) and Heart Lake , and as a result of government restocking measures, also in the Snake River system . However, they were never officially used in the Yellowstone River. It could only be an accident or an illegal operation. This change in the ecosystem in Yellowstone National Park also has other effects: The Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout was originally an important source of protein and fat for grizzly bears , which they caught in large quantities in the tributaries of the lakes. The American arctic char lays its eggs in the deep sea bed and is far more difficult for the bears to catch. As a consequence, the bears increasingly switch to elk calves , which are therefore increasingly decimated. In 2000, the Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout population was found to have fallen to 10% of their population size by the early 20th century. Radical measures to contain the Arctic char began in 1996, killing over a million specimens of the undesirable fish species and allowing the Yellowstone cutthroat trout to recover. Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout can coexist with Arctic Char in other ecosystems , such as the isolated Heart Lake, which has little fishing pressure.
Turning sickness
Many subspecies of the cutthroat trout are highly susceptible to rotating sickness, including whirling disease ( Myxobolus cerebralis ). Only the Snake River Fine Spotted Cutthroat Trout is evidently resistant to this parasite.
Use
Sport fish
Cutthroat trout are valued sport fish , especially by fly fishermen . This type of fish is also targeted in Yellowstone National Park. Fishing for Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout has the same status as fishing for Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Pyramid Lake Nevada, fishing for West Slope Cutthroat Trout in the coastal mountains and catching “searun” Cutthroat Trout in the Pacific, such as B. in Puget Sound . The record weight is 19 kilograms, caught in Pyramid Lake in 1925.
Icon fish
The cutthroat trout is iconic fish in the states of Idaho , Montana, and Wyoming . Cutthroat trout subspecies are symbolic fish in Colorado , Nevada , New Mexico, and Utah .
- Idaho, Montana and Wyoming: Cutthroat Trout ( O. clarki )
- Colorado: Greenback Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Stomias )
- Nevada: Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Henshawi )
- New Mexico: Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Virginalis )
- Utah: Bonneville Cutthroat Trout ( O. c. Utah )
Web links
- Cutthroat trout on Fishbase.org (English)
- Fish lexicon Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii)
- Cutthroat trout
- Dr. Dave Neely podcast (Discussion on the diversity of cutthroat trout)
- Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki ), Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management Leaflet, National Resources Conservation Service (Engl.)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki. In: Robert J. Behnke, Joe Tomelleri, Donald S. Proebstel: Trout and Salmon of North America. Free Press, Chanticleer Press Ed., 2002, ISBN 0-7432-2220-2 , pp. 137-234.
- ↑ Gerald R. Smith, Ralph F. Stearley: The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts. In: Fisheries. Volume 14, Issue 1, 1989. doi : 10.1577 / 1548-8446 (1989) 014 <0004: TCASNO> 2.0.CO; 2
- ↑ Cutthroat Trout Research ( Memento of the original from December 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Robert J. Behnke, Patrick C. Trotter: The case for humboldtensis : a subspecies name for the indigenous cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) of the Humboldt River, Upper Quinn River, and Coyote Basin drainages, Nevada and Oregon. In: Western North American Naturalist. Volume 68, No. 1, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 2008, pp. 58-65.
- ^ Humboldt Cutthroat Trout. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 191-214.
- ↑ Species Profile- Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi). US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ Species Fact Sheet: Lahontan cutthroat trout, US Fish and Wildlife Service
- ^ Mary M. Peacock, Veronica Kirchoff: Analysis of Genetic Variation and Population Genetic Structure in Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi). Extant Populations Final Report, US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ Species Profile-Paiute cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris). US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ Snake River Finely Spotted Cutthroat Trout
- ↑ Fine Potted Snake River. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 295-319.
- ↑ Cutthroat Trout west slope. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 103-143.
- ^ Extinct Subspecies. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 449-465.
- ↑ Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 245-294.
- ^ Colorado River Cutthroat Trout. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 359-388.
- ↑ Species Profile -Greenback Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias). US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ Grande Cutthroat Trout. In: Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , pp. 421-447.
- ^ Patrick C. Trotter: Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9 , p. 13.
- ↑ IGFA International Game Fish Association, 19 kg cutthroat trout caught in 1925 in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA
- ^ A Single New Mongrel Species. In: Anders Halverson: An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 2010, ISBN 978-0-300-14087-3 , pp. 145-164.
- ↑ Apache Trout Oncorhynchus apache Recovery Plan. US Fish and Wildlife Service, August 2009.
- ↑ Anglerzeitung, Profile Cutthroat Trout ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Stephan Scott Crawford: Salmonine Introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes: An Historical Review and Evaluation of Ecological Effects. National Research Council of Canada, 2001, ISBN 0-660-17639-4 , p. 74.
- ^ Cutthroat Trout. ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Arizona Game and Fish Department.
- ^ Seth M. White, Frank J. Rahel: Complementation of Habitats for Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in Watersheds Influenced by Beavers, Livestock, and Drought. In: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. Volume 137, 2008, pp. 881-894.
- ↑ Michael J. Jakober, Thomas E. McMahon: Role of stream ice on Fall and Winter Movements and Habitat Use by Bull Trout and Cutthroat Trout in Montana Headwater Streams. ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 1998: 223-235.
- ↑ Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi. US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ BC Conservation Data Center: Species Summary Oncorhynchus clarkii Cutthroat Trout. Ministry of Environment, Government of British Columbia.
- ↑ Bull Trout Facts (Salvelinus confluentus). US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ Mary Ann Franke: A Grand Experiment - 100 Years of Fisheries Management in Yellowstone. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Part I, Fall 1996, In: Yellowstone Science. Volume 4, Issue 4, p. 5.
- ↑ The Lahontan National Fish Hatchery Complex in Marble Bluff
- ^ The Lahontan National Fish Hatchery. US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ Jackson: Species and Production. US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ Leadville National Fish Hatchery in Leadville, Colorado
- ^ Leadville Species and Production. US Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ Bozeman Fish Technology Center
- ↑ The Yellowstone Lake Crisis: Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion. National Park Service, 1995.
- ^ Robert J. Behnke, Joseph R. Tomelleri: Trout and Salmon of North America. Free Press, New York, ISBN 0-7432-2220-2 , pp. 201-206, 221-224.
- ↑ Wilderness Defined - The Evolution of an Ideal. In: Paul Schullery, John D. Varley: Yellowstone Fishes - Ecology, History, and Angling in the Park. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA 1998, ISBN 0-8117-2777-7 , pp. 90-101.
- ^ WC Kendall: The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington DC, 1921, pp. 22-23.
- ↑ Yellowstone Park: Trout threatens deer. In: Der Spiegel. Spiegel-Online Wissenschaft, accessed March 4, 2014.
- ↑ Why deer have to fear trout. On: Wissenschaft.de on May 15, 2013, accessed on September 12, 2019.
- ^ Todd M. Koel, Patricia E. Bigelow, Philip D. Doepke, Brian D. Ertel, Daniel L. Mahony: Conserving Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout for the Future of the GYE. In: Yellowstone Science. Volume 14, No. 2, Spring 2006, pp. 20-28, published by Yellowstone Center for Resources
- ↑ Lake Trout Suppression and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Recovery: It's About More than Just Fish. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Richard Parks: Fishing Yellowstone National Park-An Angler's Complete Guide to more than 100 streams, rivers and lakes. In: Globe Pequot Press. Guildford, CT 2003, ISBN 0-7627-2285-1 , pp. 107-108.
- ↑ David Nickum: Whirling Disease in the United States. ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ David Rains Wallace: Yellowstone: a natural and human history. National Park Service, Washington, DC 2001, p. 78, "... by the 1980s the lake's cutthroats were providing a world-class sport fishery for people as well as a vital food source for grizzlies ..." - "since the 1980s the Cutthroat trout are a first-class fishing opportunity and serve as food for the grizzlies "
- ^ Bob Jacklin, Gary LaFontaine: Fly Fishing the Yellowstone in the Park. Globe Pequot Press, Guilford, CT 2004, ISBN 1-59228-076-5 , p. 110. Quote: “The Yellowstone River is known widely for two things: The Spectacular Yellowstone Falls and a few miles of world-class dry-fly fishing for native cutthroat trout. “- The Yellowstone River is world famous for two things: for the spectacular Yellowstone waterfalls and for the first-class fishing for native cutthroat trout with the dry fly
- ↑ Craig Matthews, Clayton Molinero: The Yellowstone Fly Fishing Guide. The Globe Pequot Press, Guilford, CT, ISBN 1-55821-545-X , p. 11. Quotation: “In 1994 Yellowstone Park official introduced a fee permit policy to help pay the increased cost of protecting and enhancing this world-class fishery "
- ↑ Les Johnson: Fly-Fishing Coastal Cutthroat Trout: Flies, Techniques, Conservation. Frank Amato Publishers, Portland, OR 2004, ISBN 1-57188-334-7 .
- ^ Cutthroat Trout, ( Oncorhynchus clarki ) International Game Fish Association, accessed December 23, 2013.
- ↑ Idaho State Emblems, Idaho Secretary of State ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Accessed December 23, 2013.
- ↑ Montana Code Annotated 2013 State Fish Accessed December 23, 2013.
- ↑ State Symbols ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Wyoming Secretary of State, accessed December 23, 2013.
- ↑ Nevada Facts and State Symbols Accessed December 23, 2013.
- ^ State Symbols New Mexico Secretary of State, accessed December 23, 2013.
- ↑ Utah State Fish - Bonneville Cutthroat Trout Pioneer Utah's Online Library, accessed December 23, 2013.
