Tuberous Zypergrass

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Tuberous Zypergrass
Tuberous Sedge Grass (Cyperus rotundus)

Tuberous Sedge Grass ( Cyperus rotundus )

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Subfamily : Cyperoideae
Genre : Sedge grass ( Cyperus )
Type : Tuberous Zypergrass
Scientific name
Cyperus rotundus
L.

The tuberous cypergrass ( Cyperus rotundus ), also called nutgrass , oriental cyperroot or round cyperroot , is a species of the genus of the cypergrass ( Cyperus ) within the sourgrass family (Cyperaceae). It is very common and an invasive plant in many areas of the world; In prehistoric times it was used in many ways, but today it is only rarely used.

description

Runners with a 2 centimeter tuber
Cross section through a triangular stalk
Foliage leaves
Compound inflorescence with bracts
Partial inflorescence with three-fold flowers

Appearance and leaf

The tuberous sedge grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 15 to 90 centimeters. There are fiber roots. With a length of rarely 2, mostly 5 to 12 centimeters and a diameter of 1 to 2 millimeters, slender runners with lower leaves are formed; they are initially white and fleshy and later become wiry and very dark brown. The runners grow in the soil in all directions, those that reach the soil surface enlarge to form ellipsoidal plant tubers with a length of 10 to 35 millimeters and a diameter of mostly 3 to 8, 2 to 25 millimeters . These dark-reddish to brown plant tubers form runners again and a chain of tubers is created. The mostly single, upright stalks that rarely stand together in pairs are smooth, relatively slender and triangular in cross section with a width of 0.7 to 3.4 millimeters. The lower area is thickened into a tuber.

The alternate leaves , arranged in three lines only on the lower part of the stalk, are at most as long as the stalk and are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The brown, membranous leaf sheath usually dissolves into fibers. The simple, bluish-green, more or less flat and more or less V-shaped leaf blade is linear, entire and with a width of 2 to 5 or up to 6 millimeters and a length of usually 5 to 30, rarely up to 50 centimeters parallel nerve.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowering time in China is between May and November. The two or three, rarely up to five more or less V-shaped bracts are longer or sometimes shorter than the inflorescences, with a length of 0.5 to 10 centimeters and a width of 0.5 to 4 millimeters, and are horizontal to an angle forming from 45 °. In the terminal, simple or compound inflorescences, there are rarely two, mostly four to six (three to ten), mostly with lengths of 2 to 12 centimeters, branches of different lengths, many spikes together. With a length of mostly 15 to 25 (12 to 30) millimeters and a width of 20 to 30 (12 to 50) millimeters inverted-delta-shaped or broadly ellipsoidal ears, three to ten (two to twelve) spikelets are somewhat loosely arranged. The obliquely spread spikelets are flattened with a length of 1 to 3 (0.4 to 4) centimeters and a width of 1.5 to 2 millimeters and are linear in outline and contain 8 to 28 flowers. The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. The three stamens have linear anthers with a length of 1 to 2.5 millimeters. The 1.3 to 3.5 millimeter long stylus ends in three pits, which are rarely 1.8 to, usually 2 to 3.3 millimeters longer than the stylus.

The seated, when ripe brownish to black nuts are triangular and obovate-oblong or with a length of 1.4 to 1.7, rarely up to 1.9 millimeters and a width of 0.8 to 1 millimeter ellipsoid with a blunt upper end.

Set of chromosomes and metabolism

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 80, 84, 96, 100, 104, 108, 110, 112, 116, 124, 132, 138, 160, about 200. Cyperus rotundus uses the C 4 - pathway .

ecology

The diaspores are the nuts .

The magnificent butterfly Cosmopterix attenuatella mines in the leaves.

distribution

The wide natural distribution area of Cyperus rotundus extends from Central and Southern Europe to Africa to East Asia : it includes Cape Verde , Azores , Madeira , Canary Islands , St. Helena, Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco , Tunisia , Western Sahara, Chad , Djibouti, Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia , Sudan , Socotra, Kenya , Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Zaire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast , Ghana , Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland , South Africa, Madagascar , Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Cyprus, Sinai, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ciscaucasia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Taiwan, the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan , Yun nan, Zhejiang and Xinjiang, the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku, Korea, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Austria , Switzerland , Albania , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece (including Crete), Italy (including Sardinia, Sicily), Romania, Serbia , Slovenia , France (including Corsica), Portugal, Spain (including Balearic Islands), Marshall Islands, Micronesia , Northern Mariana Islands and Wake Island.

Cyperus rotundus is a neophyte in the following areas and is considered an invasive plant by most government agencies : in the Australian states of New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia; in the US states of Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California and Hawaii; in the Mexican states of Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz and Yucatan; in Central America Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama; on the Caribbean islands of Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Barbados, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Anguilla, Aruba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands, Trinidad and Tobago; in South America French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Argentina; in the Pacific Islands Cook Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, Fiji, Niue and Tonga.

As an invasive plant on Maui

Invasive plant

Cyperus rotundus has a wide original distribution in the Old World and is a neophyte in large areas of the New World . It is considered an invasive plant in many areas of the world . One often finds the term “world's worst weed” for Cyperus rotundus, which translates as “the worst weed in the world”; according to Holms 1977, Cyperus rotundus takes 1st place among the “worst weeds” (World Worst Weed).

Hardly any weed has spread to more (at least 92) countries in the world. It affects fields and plantations worldwide of at least 52 species of crops. It thrives in all types of soil. It survives the highest temperatures known in agriculture. In the USA, for example, this species, called purple nutsedge , thrives in cultivated fields, wasteland , roadsides, pastures and natural ecosystems. The fast-growing Cyperus rotundus is very unpopular with private garden owners and horticultural companies, especially in subtropical to tropical areas . With the chains of plant tubers, Cyperus rotundus spreads rapidly and regenerates quickly. Once Cyperus rotundus has established itself, weed control is very difficult.

Control measures

Mechanical control such as mowing or plowing can push back nutgrass and the related tiger nuts. Also solarization can push back the effective Knollige nutsedge.

For example, moth species of the genus Bactra ( Bactra minima ) are used for biological pest control of nutgrass by insects .

The fungus Dactylaria higginsii and the rust fungus Puccinia canaliculata are mainly used for biological pest control of nutgrass . In India, due to the high degree of infection, the rust fungus Puccinia romagnoliana is being tested in mulberry tree plantations for biological pest control of nutgrass. Other possible adversaries and pathogens are assessed as inadequate.

Chemical control is relatively difficult and usually takes several years. Different herbicides such as different glyphosates or atrazine are used. Different chemical control methods were investigated.

History of use, ethnobotany and cultivation

The nutgrass is high in carbohydrates . According to an investigation of fossil teeth in central Sudan, nutgrass is said to have served as a source of food there as early as the Mesolithic . The use of nutgrass as a spice plant in the early Greek diet (in the Late Bronze Age ) is well documented.

The nutgrass provides a round, reddish-white tuber, sometimes called the cyprus root. The pounded tuber gives off a spicy smell. Some sources describe the taste of the runners as hazelnut-like. Freshly harvested, however, they should have a strong taste, reminiscent of menthol ; They get a milder taste through drying. The tuber can be eaten raw or cooked, although some sources describe it as inedible raw. The dried underground plant parts can also be ground and used like grain.

The seeds are also edible, but because of their small size they are only used in times of hunger.

Cyperus rotundus was used in traditional Chinese medicine . The medicinal effects of the ingredients were examined. Extracts from the plant tubers are said to reduce nausea and muscle cramps. Essential oils , alkaloids , cardiac glycosides , flavonoids , polyphenols , sugar , starch and resin are important ingredients of the tuberous syphilis . The tuberous Zypergrass is used as a diuretic , diaphoretic and carminative . Nutgrass inhibits the caries- causing bacteria Streptococcus mutans .

In China, Cyperus rotundus was used in landscaping. There are reports that Cyperus rotundus has been used to reduce soil erosion in India .

Cyperus rotundus is poor animal feed as it becomes fibrous after a while, but when better feed is not available it is used for this.

In the literature there are reports on the use of the aromatic subterranean plant parts for the production of essential oils, for example in India. The Hausa traditionally use nutgrass to make perfumes. Dried underground plant parts are ground into a fine powder and used like talcum powder.

Baskets, mats and hats are made from the leaves.

Cyperus rotundus is sometimes grown in tropical areas. When growing Cyperus rotundus , you should choose sunny locations with moist to wet, somewhat loamy to slightly sandy soils . It can be grown at almost any pH. Nutgrass is sensitive to frost, but according to some sources it can thrive in areas with frost.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Cyperus rotundus took place in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 45. The specific epithet rotundus means round. A homonym of Cyperus rotundus L. is Cyperus rotundus Benth. published in Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas , 1840, p. 28. Synonyms of Cyperus rotundus L. are: Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla , Cyperus agrestis Willd. ex explos. & Link , Cyperus hexastachyos Rottb. , Cyperus hydra Michx. , Cyperus rotundus var. Quimoyensis L.K.Dai , Cyperus tetrastachyos Desf. , Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. , Cyperus rubicundus Vahl , Cyperus bicolor Vahl .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Cyperus rotundus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  2. ↑ a b dpa report, adopted u. a. by Spiegel Online, July 17, 2014: Ancestral eating habits: Nutgrass every day
  3. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 125 ( online ).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gordon C. Tucker, Brian G. Marcks, J. Richard Carter: Cyperus. : Cyperus rotundus , p. 169 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515207-7
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Lun-Kai Dai, Gordon C. Tucker, David A. Simpson: Cyperus. : Cyperus rotundus , p. 232 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, August 20, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n USDA Plant Guide : Purple Nutsedge - Cyperus rotundus L.
  7. ↑ a b c Ecoport data sheet.
  8. ↑ Cyperus rotundus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  9. ↑ JC Koster, S. Yu. Sinev: Momphidae, Batrachedridae, Stathmopodidae, Agonoxenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Chrysopeleiidae . In: P. Huemer, O. Karsholt, L. Lyneborg (eds.): Microlepidoptera of Europe . 1st edition. tape 5 . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2003, ISBN 87-88757-66-8 , pp. 116 (English).
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cyperus rotundus at Plants For A Future . Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  11. ↑ Top 10 World's Worst Weeds - PDF.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f M. M. Riemens, RY van der Weide, WT Runia: Nutsedge: Biology and Control of Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus esculentus , review of a literature survey. Plant Research International BV Wageningen University , 2008. Full text PDF.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / library.wur.nl  
  13. ^ VP Gupta, Vineet Kumar, RK Mishra, V. Thiagarajan, RK Datta: "Puccinia romagnoliana" Marie & Sacc. - a Potential Bioherbicide Agent for Biocontrol of Purple Nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) in Mulberry. In: Journal of Phytopathology. 150, 2002, pp. 263-270. doi : 10.1046 / j.1439-0434.2002.00753.x
  14. ↑ Stephen Buckley, Donatella Usai, Tina Jakob, Anita Radini, Karen Hardy: Dental Calculus Reveals Unique Insights into Food Items, Cooking and Plant Processing in Prehistoric Central Sudan . PLoS ONE , Volume 9, Issue 7 2014: e100808 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0100808
  15. ↑ Chiron Vol. 33, 2003 (Commission for Ancient History and Epigraphy of the German Archaeological Institute), p. 185
  16. ↑ Universal-Lexikon 2012 without further references, quoted from deacademic (dot) com , accessed on July 17, 2014
  17. ↑ a b Heinz A. Hoppe: Angiosperms . In: drug studies . 8th edition. tape 1 . Walter de Gruyter, 1975, ISBN 978-3-11-083691-2 , p. 384 ( Cyperus rotundus L. on page 384 in the Google book search).
  18. ↑ H.-H. Yu, D.-H. Lee, S.-J. Seo, Y.-O. You: Anticariogenic properties of the extract of Cyperus rotundus. In: American Journal of Chinese Medicine , Volume 35, Issue 3, 2007, pp. 497-505. PDF  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. doi : 10.1142 / S0192415X07005016@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / web.a.ebscohost.com  
  19. ↑ What ancient plaque reveals about our ancestors. Message from the dpa. In: Die Welt , July 17, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  20. ^ Roger Blench: An Overview of the Context of the JEWEL Project: Access Rights and Conflict Over Common Pool Resources in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands. (PDF document; 849 kB), page 15 (English)
  21. ^ Linnaeus scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org in 1753 .
  22. ↑ a b Cyperus rotundus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 18, 2014.

Web links

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