Teutonic order coming Altshausen
The Deutschordenskommende Altshausen was from 1264 to 1806 a commander of the Teutonic Order in the Deutschordensballei Schwaben-Alsace-Burgundy in Altshausen in today's Ravensburg district in Upper Swabia . The Schloss Altshausen is now the residence of the chief of the House of Württemberg Carl Duke of Württemberg and corporate seat of the Court Chamber of the House of Württemberg .
History of the Order and the Coming
In 1190, during the siege of the city of Acre in the Holy Land, merchants from Bremen and Lübeck built a field hospital for sick pilgrims and wounded crusaders at the gates of the city. This hospital community was transformed in 1198 into an order of knights based on the model of the Knights Templar and St. John with the Grand Master's official residence in Acre. Her sign was the black cross on a white coat. After the Crusades, which ended with the loss of the established kingdoms and holy places, the Order moved its Grand Master's seat to Venice in 1291 . Another focus of the order was colonization in the east, which is why the seat was moved from Venice to Marienburg in West Prussia , and after the defeat in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410 to Königsberg in East Prussia . From 1525, Lutheran and Reformed balles were created alongside the Catholic ones. The headquarters of the Grand Master was moved to Bad Mergentheim in what is now Baden-Württemberg . In 2010 Vienna is the seat of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
In 1264, the Teutonic Order received property in Altshausen and the surrounding area and thus succeeded Heinrich von Bigenburg , a relative of the Gebizo von Ravensburg . Power center was the castle Altshausen . In the following two centuries, the Teutonic Order succeeded in building a small, rounded-off rule around the center of rule Altshausen. Since 1440 the Landkomtur of the Deutschordensballei Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy resided in Altshausen. In the 18th century, the Teutonic Order had a spacious baroque palace built, but it remained unfinished (see Altshausen Palace ). Altshausen was the wealthiest comrade in the entire Swabian-Alsace-Burgundy Ballei.
Places to come
The Kommende Altshausen initially comprised the central town of Altshausen with eight associated hamlets and farms: the hamlets of Ragenreute and Reute, two farms each in Hirschegg, Hangen and Baltshaus , and one farm each in houses, Hundsücken and Zwirtenberg. There were four large leasehold farms in Altshausen and the surrounding area: Maierei Altshausen, Lichtenfeld, Tiergarten and Arnetsreute. In addition, the parish villages of Ebersbach with the hamlet of Ried were among the upcoming ; Hochberg with the hamlet of Luditsweiler ; Flesh cheeks ; Auditions ; and the villages of Eichstegen ; Kreenried with the hamlet Käfersulgen; Mendelbeuren.
A total of 1683 subjects lived in the rule in 1806. In this area, the Teutonic Order exercised all rights of rule; only at tithing were there any other beneficiaries. There were also twelve feudal estates owned by other manors, and the village of Mendelbeuren was held by the Teutonic Order of the Diocese of Constance as a Reichenau fief. In contrast, the order also owned its own feudal estates in other dominions. The Lords of Hohenfels, Ellhofen, Arnegg, Achberg and Gut Illerrieden an der Iller belonged to the Kommende Altshausen . In addition, she had a house in Ravensburg (the Altshauser Hof ), possessions in Sipplingen and Immenstaad on Lake Constance and vineyards on Lake Constance in Hinterhausen and Wallhausen. Cattle were kept and a dairy was operated on two of the order's own Alps in the Bregenz Forest , the Rindbergalp and the Hirschgundalp near Sibratsgälle.
The land commander was obliged to obey the Grand Master unconditionally, was not allowed to sell or significantly change anything without the Grand Master's approval and had to visit the religious houses and account books in his ballroom every two years.
The land commander carried the title of excellence .
Economy of the order
The economy of the Coming had its focus on agriculture , forestry , fish farming and the milling industry . Watermills can be found along the Altshausener, Mendelbeurer, Hühlener and Ebersbacher Achs. There was a court mill. The lower mill goes back to the year 1669 and shows the coat of arms of the Landkomtur von Roggenbach. Fish farming was particularly noteworthy for Altshausen. The Altshausener See had a length of 1500 meters and a width of 500 meters with a depth of 9 meters and an extension of 114 acres . Other lakes and artificial ponds were:
- Hirschegger Weiher, 150 acres
- Dornaweiher, 150 acres
- Ebenweiler See, 56 acres
- Great Mendelbeurer Lake, 50 acres
- Small Mendelbeurer Lake, 50 acres
- Ebersbacher See, 40 acres
- Three Kreenried ponds 40 acres each
- Pond near Hardt, 24 mornings
- Häuslersee near Blönried , 19 mornings
- Litzelbacher Weiher, 3 acres
According to a forest inventory, Altshausen identified a forest area of 2,722 acres in Württemberg in 1719 . In stock were firs , spruces , Book , oaks , alders , birches and pines .
Clergy and school system
According to its statutes, the Teutonic Order served God and the Emperor alone. The Coming Party had her own clergy for pastoral care and church services. As in the surrounding monasteries, Altshausen also had a small school. In it the clergy were prepared for study at what was then a university. In the wake of the Council of Trent , the attempt to set up a seminar failed, also due to the resistance of the Swabian prelates. These favored the Jesuits with their institutions in Constance.
After establishment of the Joseph's General seminars, the seminar in Altshausen remained opened because it was not on Austrian territory and the Apostolic Nuncio in Lucerne , the exemption could reach from the Beisteuerpflicht the sea Burger episcopal conference.
In the second half of the 13th century, the services of the Teutonic Order were no longer celebrated according to the rite of the Holy Sepulcher, but according to that of the Dominicans.
Judiciary
In 1386 Altshausen received high jurisdiction from King Wenzel . The Ravensburg breeding and workhouse was responsible for the coming ones. Criminals, the poor and vagabonds found their place there.
Military affairs
According to the Worms registers of 1521 , the comrade had three horses and 31 men to provide. In the cabinet wars of 1707, 1735 and 1757, only men were provided for the Swabian district infantry of the Imperial Army .
In 1748 the Landkomtur also set up a 100-man strong "citizen's guard on horseback", which, as an order force , was supposed to prevent incidents during the annual blood pressure to Weingarten . The riders were given yellow hussar uniforms with red lacing in the commander's livery and had to wear a mustache. In 1812 the Württemberg authorities banned the troops as a relic of statehood.
Social activity of the order
The Coming built a hospital in Altshausen as early as 1348. In 1540 another was added in the district of Schwärzbühl. In 1626, due to the increased demand due to the Thirty Years' War, a special sanctuary was built. In the years 1626 to 1638 there are lists of 247 plague deaths in the archives of the Coming. Two special cemeteries were created on a hill on the road to Hirschegg. In 1554 the first village school was built in the wake of humanism.
Emigration to Hungary
Emigration from the area took place mainly along the Danube down to Hungary and areas on the border of the Holy Roman Empire. A number of incidents are filed in the archives of the Coming and the court files. A mother with an illegitimate child of a dragoon was deported to Hungary. The soldier was later also expelled, not without receiving a further 50 beatings on two Sundays after Holy Mass. A certain Georg Eisenegger from Blönried was in constant fear because he had illegally impregnated Maria Müller from Altshausen. He was graciously allowed to work as a servant for the father-in-law, but after his death he was supposed to leave the territory.
The Bishop of Constance Konrad von Rodt was also titular abbot of a monastery in Szekszárd and could thus be contacted in particularly delicate cases for the purpose of an amicable solution. But righteous people also migrated from Vienna to Hungary via the Augustinians in order to find their happiness there.
According to Father Konstantin Stampfer's travelogue, he encountered so many beggars in the Coming Area that he jokingly said he was in front of Bethlehem.
Funeral of a land commander
On May 26, 1757, 49 clergymen attended the funeral of Landkomtur Philipp Johannes Anton Eusebius von Froberg. A castrum doloris was built in the church . The choir of the church was draped with black cloths, the coffin was wrapped in the order's flag. Epee and spurs, flanked by four skulls, and the deceased's coat of arms are grouped around the coffin. The Commander's favorite horse stood next to the coffin.
After the requiem, the funeral procession took place. Eight pallbearers lifted the coffin onto their shoulders. The valet, the county commander's black-veiled favorite horse, death cross bearer, four hussars on foot with their rifles turned upside down, caretaker with black standard, caretaker with white standard, singers, Levites, schoolmasters, clergy, capitulars, officials, soldiers, subjects formed the procession.
A Capuchin from Ravensburg gave the funeral sermon. At the end of the requiem, the bailiff distributed alms to the poor. Then the guests went to the funeral feast.
The coming of the order in art
In the large ceiling fresco of the church consecrated to Saint Verena in Bad Wurzach , the Landkomtur Christian Moritz Franz Count of Königsegg-Rothenfels, KK, is in the central ceiling fresco. Chamberlain, Field Marshal General and Colonel depicted in secular dress. A hallmark is the Teutonic Cross on the left chest of his coat.
Admission requirements of the Teutonic Order
The decision about the acceptance of the candidates of the order rests with the Landkomtur and his chapter. The candidate had to meet the following conditions:
- Inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire
- Eight noble ancestors on the father's and mother's side
- Minimum age 24 years
- Without bodily deficiency
- Without debt
- Without enmity
- To serve the sick
- The candidate could not have committed manslaughter
- Entrance fee of 100 gold guilders
- Position of a knightly horse
- Bring a breastplate or armor
- Obligation to stay with the Order for life
- To visit the Holy Land on the orders of the Commander
The services of the order to the candidate were such that the knight was always provided with water, bread and humble clothing.
Between 1647 and 1723 the order refused the acceptance of 88 candidates.
literature
- Gebhard Spahr : Oberschwäbische Barockstraße IV Altshausen to Birnau, Beerbaum 1982.
- Eberhard Fritz : Kingdom instead of religious orders. The secularization and mediatization of the Teutonic Order Coming Altshausen. In: Volker Himmelein / Hans Ulrich Rudolf (ed.): Old monasteries - new masters. Secularization in the German southwest. Essays, Part One. Ostfildern 2003. pp. 529-542.
- Eberhard Fritz: The House of Württemberg in Upper Swabia. For the administration of the Upper Swabian property. In the Oberland 1/1993 and 2/1993.
- Eberhard Fritz: The parishes of the German Order Coming Altshausen before the Thirty Years War. In: Altshauser Hefte 1/2004. Pp. 20-34.
- Eberhard Fritz: From Upper Swabia to Hungary. Emigration from the Teutonic Order of Altshau-sen in the 18th century. In: Altshauser Hefte 2/2005. Pp. 65-76.
- Eberhard Fritz: Music at the court of the land commander in Altshausen. A contribution to Upper Swabian musical culture . In: Music in Baden-Württemberg 15/2008. Pp. 45-64.
- Eberhard Fritz: The tradition of the German Order Coming Altshausen in the main state archive in Stuttgart. In: Altshauser Hefte 6/2009. Pp. 59-80.
- Eberhard Fritz: From Vorarlberg to Upper Swabia. Emigration after the Thirty Years War. In: Bludenzer Geschichtsblätter 93/2009. Pp. 74-97. [Emigration from Vorarlberg to the Altshausen Teutonic Order].
- Eberhard Fritz: Families in the Teutonic Order Altshausen, 1600-1807. [Cardamina-Verlag] Plaidt 2012. ISBN 978-3-86424-048-5 .
- Eberhard Fritz: Rulership and subjects in the Teutonic Order Coming Altshausen. Everyday Life in the Age of Wars and Crises (1618-1715). In: Ulm and Oberschwaben 60 (2017). Pp. 276-338.
Web links
- Landkommende Altshausen in the database of monasteries in Baden-Württemberg of the Baden-Württemberg State Archives
Individual evidence
- ↑ Eberhard Fritz: From Upper Swabia to Hungary. Emigration from the Teutonic Order Altshausen in the 18th century. In: Altshauser Hefte 2/2005. Pp. 65-76.
Coordinates: 47 ° 56 ′ 20.5 ″ N , 9 ° 32 ′ 26.4 ″ E