Ruest village church

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Village church and nursing home (1995)
First construction inspection (1993)

The village church Ruest is an early Gothic stone church in the Mecklenburg town of Ruest , a district of the municipality of Mestlin in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania .

history

North side of the church roof (1993)

Ruest was first mentioned in 1352 when Prince Nicolaus von Werle and his son Johann established the income and possessions of the Mestliner Dankward von Gustävel, located behind the village of Mustelyn next to the road to Ruyst . Witnesses at that time were the prepositus Erghardus from Dobbertin Monastery , the Techentine rector Bernhardus and the below squire Ywanus de Belowe . The place name is derived from the Old Slavonic rust . Following the Polish word ruzczek Mäusedorn Ruest is as Mäusedornort interpreted. The von Gustävel families were named as church patrons from 1354 onwards. In the years from 1448 to 1461 they sold their possessions and the church patronage to the provost Nicolaus Beringher and the prioresses Gehse Dessyn and Ermegard Oldenboghes from the Dobbertin monastery . Ruest was the third largest monastery village in 1496. In 1557 the church patronage was exercised by the Dobbertin monastery in the visitation protocol and Achim Plagemann and Wilken Dolgen were named as church lawyers in Ruest. His duties, duties and rights changed over the years. He was responsible for ecclesiastical matters such as arranging the order of the church land, bringing in the harvest and maintaining the value of the church buildings.

During the Thirty Years War in 1627 the Swedish troops with Colonel Hunnich also marched through Ruest. After fires and looting, all Hufen, the farms and the land of the farmers were devastated. The church too had suffered badly. Around 1650 the Mestlin pastor Johann Simonis lived in the Vicarien-Katen in Ruest, which the Mestlin rectory had become a victim of the war riots. In 1662 there were four farmers and two kossats as smallholders without draft cattle. In the list of confessors from 1704, Pastor Andreas Petrie named 21 residents in Ruest, but the church building is still quite damaged. In 1754 the village consisted of nine farms, a blacksmith and a village mayor and the schoolhouse. Further interesting events of the following decades were described in 1785 in Detailed message from churches and parish matters to Mestlin and Ruest . The construction of a barn was approved by the state parliament in Malchin in 1782 and the construction of a new brick farmhouse was approved by the state parliament in Sternberg in 1783. The construction of another farmhouse was approved in 1796 and a farmer's barn in 1797.

Building description

Exterior

After the renovation (2008)
East gable (1997)

The small rectangular stone church with its flat, cassette-like wooden beam ceiling is a simple sacred building with no signs of vaulting. The outer walls consist of hewn field stones, only the window reveals are made of bricks in the monastery format . The foundations are made of field stones. The gabled roof was with plain tiles covered today notgesichert with corrugated bitumen. The historically valuable roof structure consists of a collar beam roof with carved oak and pine wood that is dated to 1484. The rafter spacing of 1.25 meters is stiffened by a St. Andrew's cross .

The east facing gable is the most delicate of the whole building. It is decorated with five large two-lane pointed arches in the format of a monastery above a stair frieze. The Gothic niches are provided with smooth lime plaster. The building corners of the 10-meter-wide and 16-meter-long nave were reinforced by supporting pillars that were later built in 1777 and tapered towards the top. The church was very sparingly equipped with windows. The two flat-arched windows on the east gable are in two parts and framed in arched panels made of brick. There are two arched windows on the south side of the nave and one on the north side. Around 1597 there are said to have been brightly painted panes with inscriptions in some windows. On the north side, in addition to the von Strahlendorff coat of arms , the names Christopher and Hinrich von Strahlendorff and the year 1666 are said to have been on the panes . There is a walled-up portal on the eastern north side , which can still be seen from the inside. The entrance portal on the south side has a round arch on the inside and a pointed arch on the outside.

For the old, dilapidated bell tower in front of the west gable, work began on the half-timbered tower approved by the state parliament in Rostock in 1814. Only four years later, in the summer of 1818, was the approved church tower inspected and released after inserting 12 brackets on the framework at a height of eight meters . At that time the tower had a steep gable roof and was hipped to the west and east. The outer walls were erected in oak frameworks up to 15 meters high and the 240 compartments were brick-faced. The timber frame construction was secured by six small and one large St. Andrew's cross. The lattice tower was secured and boarded up in 1994.

particularities

Scrapings on the bricks of the east gable, 2011

On the lower left side of the east gable, three bricks lying one on top of the other with five two to three centimeters large, scraped-off curves can be seen between the field stones. These go back to forgotten rituals and are known as the plague mark . According to earlier traditions, the brick dust scraped out was said to have helped as a miracle cure against diseases in humans and animals during the plague .

On the mortar of the field stone masonry on the east gable that was built during the construction period, joint scratches could be discovered as squares or rectangles around the field stones.

Interior

The interior is covered with a flat beam and coffered ceiling made of hewn pine. In the roof structure there is a covering of pine wood over the joists, which is bolted to the joists of the coffered ceiling. The cover is locked to the ridge point of the rafters by vertical columns. The covering and the vertical columns are made of pine. The remaining furnishings are post-Reformation, even the stalls are simple and without jewelry. The usable stalls came to the church in Dabel . But around 1758, in addition to the confessional and sexton near the pulpit, there were 11 in number for the steward at Dinnes and the courtiers from Ruest, the last chair was for the people from Klein Pritz. After this, all women's chairs in the Rüster community followed in the usual direction towards the width.

The floor is covered with brick. There are octagonal brick panels in the altar area.

altar

Altarpiece
Consecration cross and natural stone on the altar table

Like the one at Mestlin, the three-storey altarpiece with rich carvings, gilding and paintings was made in 1693 by Caspar Hirsch, a carpenter from Sternberg. The carpenter accepted the old altar in payment. The three paintings Last Supper , the multi-figure crucifixion and the Ascension are by the painter Borchard Bohme from Güstrow. On the back the inscription: In 1693 this altar is in honor of God and the church as an ornament, made with the help of good friends and this congregation, since the church patron was Mr. Christoff Friedrich von Jasmundt, pastor Mr. Johannes Simonis, and Mr. Andreas Petrie. Head Joachim Wiese, Michel Soltow. The massive altar table, bricked with cloister format stones, is dated to the Middle Ages, probably to the time the church was built. Plastered smoothly with a lime mortar on the top, there are small incised consecration crosses at each corner of the table , which were subsequently redrawn. In the middle of the altar table, next to the consecration cross, there is an almost square opening of 15 × 13 cm, which is covered with a colored structured natural stone with a smooth surface. Pastor Johann Clamor Buchholz wrote in his notes in 1758: There is also a tile of marble on the altar under the ceiling, which must have meant something special in ancient times. Perhaps the Reverend under the Mass has been placed on it. This seems to have escaped the attention of the visitors like the pictures of Mary. Now this sanctuary, if it was otherwise, has been completely forgotten and takes the place of a common stone.

pulpit

The high -quality oak pulpit from 1690, richly decorated with carvings, angel heads and inlays , stands on the south wall. Next to a puplet and a flap to sit on, there was an hourglass on the wall that was already defective at the time.

Baptismal font and baptismal angel

There was a baptismal font already before 1785, because the very old baptism was already on the church floor before my time, reported Pastor Johann Clamor Buchholz. The then tenant Kossel von Bolz und Dinnes had given the baptism to the church and hung it in front of the altar. When he fell away several times and threatened danger, the Gehgsel was removed with the consent of the community.

organ

Since 1865, the bell bag has been used to collect income for the purchase of an organ . The parapet organ (I / P / 7) was ordered from the organ builder Friedrich Hermann Lütkemüller in Wittstock in 1873 and installed in the west gallery in 1874. It is a series brochure in the neo-Romanesque style with five round-arched pipe fields and a left-sided game table. The slider chest instrument has registers on a manual (C – d 3 : Principal 8 ′, Salicional 8 ′, Gedackt 8 ′, Praestant 4 ′, Flute 4 ′, Octave 2 ′) and a pedal (C – c 1 : Subbass 16 ′ ). The pedal is permanently linked to the manual. On May 4, 1917, 35 prospect pipes weighing 25 kilos were removed for armament purposes and compensated with 195 marks. The organ pipes could be used again after 1918. But the organ has not been playable for decades, animals have severely damaged the sound structure and pipes, as a master organ builder discovered in 1987 after an appraisal.

Bells

In the belfry of elm wood tower hung until 1917 three bronze bells . The two older ones came to the Mestlin church in 1989 . The smallest, 0.6 meters in diameter, without an inscription or foundry mark, was confiscated on June 16, 1917 for armament purposes in the First World War and broken up by the wheelwright Dau with a few blows of the hammer. The large 640 kg heavy with a diameter of 1.10 meters was cast in 1389 in honor of Saint Stephen as the patron saint of the Ruester church. The two-line inscription reads: “Anno Domini MCCCLXXXIX. In majorem venerationem beati Stephani protomartyris, temporibus Jowiz, Reyctoris in Mestlin. "The lower writing:" O Rex Christi! Veni de Choris cum coelesti! "

On the middle 0.81 meter diameter bronze bell, cast in 1511, between the inscriptions, next to Saint Augustine and Saint Nicholas , Saint Mary with the child and other figures can be seen. The name of the church gentleman at the time, Hendrick van campen , can also be read. The bell is in Mestlin today.

Building history

The construction of the small stone church must have started around 1387, as the first bell was cast in 1389. As can be read on the bell inscription, the Ruester Church was consecrated to St. Stephen as the patron saint. The Ruester Church was always a branch church of Mestlin and is still looked after by Mestlin today. According to dendrological investigations, the walled rafter of the timber on the west gable was dated to around 1484. For the field stone church, the uncut field stones were collected from the surrounding fields . The burnt bricks came as remains from the construction of the Mestlin church. As the first patron donated 1,389 Dankwart of Gustävel the first large bronze bell. The second bell, cast in 1511, had the Dobbertin monastery cast.

The wooden tower, which was not built very straight, was not connected to the church, but the belfry was intended for three bells. It was a very old, improper building that has almost all sorts of flaws and cannot last long. It is very likely still the old one that was built here at the beginning and with the larger bell from Eynerley Age.

The tower roof, damaged during the Thirty Years' War, was not repaired until 40 years later. In 1765 the church roof covered with monk and nun roof tiles was so damaged that the service was disrupted in rainy weather. 1777 abgefaulten partly beam heads and damaged rafters were replaced, the attic and the roof replaced with plain tiles - tiles newly set. Pastor Johann Clamor Buchholz reported about it in 1785: Because the whole building, as I said, seems to be carried out very negligently, and probably even without cracks, by inexperienced bricklayers and experts, the reported cracks and deviations in the sides are therefore all the more evident to explain. To avoid further strong cracks, a couple of pillars had been installed a long time ago, and they were basically too low. There are therefore still noticeable cracks at both corners behind the altar, which I have already drawn attention to the Holy Cartridge.

Year of construction in the tower framework

In 1818 a new half-timbered tower was built by the Dobbertin monastery for the dilapidated wooden bell tower that had been demolished years ago.

After the great flight of 12 farmers and six new farmers at the end of July 1952, the church was hardly used anymore. The last service took place in 1982. Because of the danger of collapse of the dilapidated tower, the bells have not rung since 1987. The church was left to decay and should even be sold by the regional church after the political change . The subsequent newspaper war also made headlines outside of Mecklenburg as the Ruest case . Even former Ruester citizens who fled in 1952 came and helped. Other committed people, such as the Schwerin architect Eva-Maria Hetzer, have been helping since 1993 with immediate measures to secure the church, which is in danger of collapsing. In addition to the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the Free State of Bavaria, the Bavarian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Association of Village Churches in Need , the Messerschmitt Foundation and the German Foundation for Monument Protection also participated in their rescue . But due to strong storms in early April 1994, the ten-meter-long roof collapsed on the north side. Not only the nails of the roof battens were rusted through. With the emergency safety measures implemented, the partially collapsed roof was repaired in 1995 and provided with corrugated bitumen in order to prevent further moisture damage inside the church. The bricks in the desolate half-timbering were removed and the church tower was clad with wooden formwork in 1996 after static protection.

On October 5, 1996, Mestlin Pastor Jens Krause gave the inauguration, which was also attended by many former citizens of Ruest. In 1952 Ruest had 26 farmsteads next to the church, today there are only six houses in the village.

Pastors

Names and years indicate the verifiable mention as pastor. Since Ruest was a branch church of Mestlin, all pastors lived in Mestlin.

  • 0000–1352 Hermann von Gutztrow, priest.
  • 1352–1381 Heinrich Praemuhle / Hinrich Pramitten as rector of the church and lord of the church in Mestlin.
  • 1381–1389 Rector Johann Wytz also Kirchherr zu Mestlin.
  • 1439– 0000Andreas Altona as priest and vicar.
  • 1447– 0000Peter Winckler, Kirchherr.
  • 1511–1541 Heinrich von Campen, Kirchherr.
  • 1541–1557 According to the visitation protocol of 1557, Joachim Harney was an old, weak altar who had not studied, and was completely inept because he did not know the catechism and understood nothing of the doctrine, so that he declared himself incapable of preaching.
  • 1569– 0000Nicolaus Georgius.
  • 0000–1584 Johann Leonisius from Parchim.
  • 1585–1612 Andreas Schnepel from Sternberg.
  • 1617–1638 Bartholomäus Simonis from Malchow .
  • 1638–1645 due to war events, no service was held in Mestlin either.
  • 1645–1688 Johann Simonis from Mestlin, son of the predecessor.
  • 1688–1705 Andreas Petri, previously a cantor in Sternberg, a man of good science, a cheerful disposition and decent morals .
  • 1706–1716 Georg Brennecke from Parchim.
  • 1717–1753 Carl Helmuth Neander.
  • 1753–1793 Johann Carl Clamor Buchholz, wrote the Buchholz Chronicle from 1784 to 1785.
  • 1793–1816 Johann Adam Schulz from Egeln near Halberstadt .
  • 1816–1829 Martin Joachim Jakob Heydemann from Lexow near Malchow .
  • 1830–1871 Johann Heinrich Birkenstädt from Granzin near Lübz .
  • 1872–1895 Ludwig Heinrich Hunzinger, previously in Dreilützow.
  • 1895–1918 Karl Axel Albert Theodor Erich Walter from Alt Meteln .
  • 1918–1933 Friedrich August Alexander Wehner, previously in Kladrum .
  • 1933–1938 Otto Schmidt.
  • 1938–1974 Friedrich Hermann Georg Heise.
  • 1974–1982 vacant
  • 1982–1991 Matthias Ortmann.
  • 1993-2005 Jens Krause, from Mestlin.
  • 2005– 0000Kornelius Taetow, from Mestlin.

Churchyard

Grave of seven unknown German soldiers in Ruest (2011)

Also in the church there were burials of personalities such as Dinnies and Klein Pritz. So in September 1755 Georg Hinrich Grell, a long-time administrator of various noble estates, here from Dinnis. Rittmeister von Memerty from Klein Pritz was buried in front of the altar in 1772 and his wife Dorothea, née von Grabow, in 1775. But in 1781 the hunting Juncker Gottfried Ludewig von Bülow from Klein Pritz was buried near the church in Thür . After 1780 the churchyard wall was repaired. It was surrounded by a stone wall and pillars and the entrance was closed with a wooden gate made of oak. The grave sites for Dinnies and Klein Pritz were on the north and west sides of the church. The Ruester had free burial places on the south and east sides. The pastor's horses, who came from Mestlin, were even allowed to graze in the cemetery during church services and other official functions.

Field stone wall around the churchyard (2012)

On February 5, 1949, the council of the municipality of Ruest applied for permission to demolish the cemetery walls in order to use the material to build five new farmer's stables in accordance with order 209 in the municipality. Today the entire church area is again surrounded by a dry stone wall made of field stones.

Near the memorial for the Ruester soldiers who fell in World War I , there is also a communal grave for seven German soldiers whose names are unknown and who were shot by Russian soldiers in May 1945 on the Brandmoor south of the village.

Parish

The Ruester parish has always been part of the Mestlin Church as a branch church . The Evangelical Lutheran Parish of Mestlin includes the places Dinnes, Groß Niendorf with church , Hohen Pritz with church , Klein Pritz, Kukuk, Mestlin mir church , Mühlenhof (Techentin) , Ruest with church and Vimfow. The parishes of Kladrum and Techentin with their nine village churches belong to the Parchim provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the North Church . The pastorate is in Mestlin. Divine service is celebrated in Ruest every year on Ascension Day for all three parishes.

See also

literature

  • Johann Clamor Buchholz: Detailed news from churches and parish matters to Mestlin and Ruest. Mestlin 1784/85.
  • Friedrich Schlie : The art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. IV. Volume: The district court districts of Schwaan, Bützow, Sternberg, Güstrow, Krakow, Goldberg, Parchim, Lübz and Plau. Schwerin 1901. Reprint 1993, ISBN 3-910179-08-8 , pp. 376-378.
  • Dieter Garling: Ruest, chronicle of a Mecklenburg village. Goldberg 2002.
  • Johnn-Georg Nehls: Ruest. About the growth and decay of my home village. Mülheim-Ruhr 1994.
  • Georg Dehio : Handbook of the German art monuments, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Munich, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-422-03081-6 , pp. 502-503.
  • ZEBI e. V., START e. V .: Village and town churches in the Parchim parish . Bremen, Rostock 2001, ISBN 3-86108-795-2 , p. 209.
  • Fred Ruchhöft : The development of the cultural landscape in the Plau – Goldberg area in the Middle Ages. Ed .: Kersten Krüger / Stefan Kroll. In: Rostock studies on regional history. Volume 5, Rostock 2001, ISBN 3-935319-17-7 , pp. 150, 270, 279, 312.
  • Fred Beckendorff: Ruest. The village. The church , in: The village, town and monastery churches in the nature park and its surroundings. Ed. Naturpark Nossentiner / Schwinzer Heide (= From Culture and Science, Volume 3), Karow 2003, pp. 56–57.
  • Tilo Schöbeck: Medieval churches between Trave and Peene. Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86732-131-0 , pp. 65, 259, 277, 307, 364.

swell

Printed sources

Unprinted sources

  • State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS)
    • LHAS 1.5-4 / 3 documents Dobbertin monastery
    • LHAS 2.12-3 / 5 church visits
    • LHAS 3.3-3 / 1 Provincial Monastery / Monastery Office Dobbertin. No. 3164 Church bills 1820–1825, No. 3897 Income and expenses Church Ruest 1780–1800, 1830–1833, No. 3905 Ruester Church receipts 1741–1748, No. 4171 Ordinance on ringing church bells in the event of death in 1774, No. 4172 Revision protocols 1661 , 1719–1721, 1834, no. 4179 Repair of the Church 1857–1860.
    • LHAS 3.2-4 Knightly fire insurance
    • LHAS 5.11-2 Landtag negotiations , Landtag assemblies , Landtag minutes and Landtag committee
    • LHAS 5.12-4 / 2 Mecklenburg Ministry of Agriculture, Domains and Forests
  • State Church Archives Schwerin (LKAS)
    • LKAS, OKR Schwerin, Specialia, Dept. 1. No. 77 Parish of the village Schlowe from Ruest to Borkow, Dept. 3. No. 459 Stolkosten 1880–1907, Dept. 4. No. 629 Kirchenweg from Schlowe to Ruest and Klein Pritz 1882.

Web links

Commons : Dorfkirche Ruest  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. MUB XIII. (1884) No. 7875.
  2. ^ Paul Kühnel: The Slavic place names in Mecklenburg. MJB 46 (1881) p. 123.
  3. LHAS 1.5-4 / 3 documents Dobbertin monastery. Regesten No. 142, 145.
  4. ^ List of the personalities of the Dobbertin Monastery
  5. Johann Clamor Buchholz: Detailed information from churches and parish matters to Mestlin and Ruest. 1785, pp. 7-20.
  6. Ribnitz City Archives: State Parliament Protocol Malchin, November 26, 1782, No. 19. State Parliament Protocol Sternberg, November 25, 1783, No. 9.
  7. Georg Dehio: Ruest, Gem. Mestlin, District Parchim. 2000, p. 502.
  8. Tilo Schöfbeck: Medieval churches between Travelodge and Peene. 2014, p. 364.
  9. Johann Clamer Buchholz: From the accessories, ornaments and merchandise of the church to Rüest . 1785, pp. 71-73.
  10. LHAS 5.11-2 Minutes of the Landtag. December 2, 1814, No. 6.
  11. LHAS 5.11-2 Protocols of the Landtag. Minutes of the state parliament of December 20, 1818 at Malchin, No. 16.
  12. ^ Fred Beckendorff: Ruest. 2003, p. 57.
  13. Horst Alsleben : Calls for help faded in the wind. Mecklenburg, issue 19, 1994.
  14. Werner Urban: Twisted bowls and scraped grooves in the bricks of medieval churches. 1993. pp. 3-42.
  15. Horst Alsleben : Church is open to tourists for viewing. Ruester church hides some secrets. SVZ Lübz - Goldberg - Plau, May 28, 2001.
  16. Andreas Baumgart: Documentation of some findings in the church in Ruest. 1998, p. 3.
  17. Eva-Maria Hetzer: Structural description of the original version. April 22, 1994.
  18. Johann Clamor Buchholz: From the accessories, ornaments and merchandise of the church to armor. 1758, p. 77.
  19. ^ Johann Clamor Buchholz: Of the accessories, ornaments and merchandise of the church in Eüest. 1785, p. 71.
  20. Andreas Baumgart: Consecration crosses on the altar table. 1998, p. 4.
  21. ^ Johann Clamor Buchholz: From the accessories, ornaments and merchants of the church to Rüest. 1785, p. 73.
  22. ^ Johann Clamor Buchholz: From the accessories, ornaments and merchandise of the church in Ruest. 1785, p. 71.
  23. LHAS 5.11-2 Minutes of the Landtag. November 13, 1872, no.23.
  24. LHAS 5.11-2 Minutes of the Landtag. February 10, 1875.
  25. Information on the organ
  26. ^ Friedrich Drese: The organ builder Friedrich Hermann Lütkemüller and his work in Mecklenburg. Malchow 2010.
  27. ^ Friedrich Schlie: The branch church village Ruest. 1901, pp. 377-378.
  28. Tilo Schöfbeck: Medieval churches between Travelodge and Peene. 2014, p. 364.
  29. ^ Johann Clamor Buchholz: From the tower to Ruest. 1785, p. 116.
  30. LHAS 5.11-2 Protocols of the Landtag. Minutes of the state parliament of December 20, 1818 at Malchin, No. 16.
  31. Horst Alsleben: Church in new splendor. Numerous efforts saved the church. Mecklenburg, issue 10, 1996.
  32. Horst Alsleben: Calls for help faded in the wind. Mecklenburg, issue 10, 1994.
  33. ^ Horst Alsleben: Ruester village church received a new roof. Elde-Express, February 8, 1996.
  34. Dorfkirchen in Not e. V. - Ruest at Dorfkirchen in Not e. V.
  35. Horst Alsleben: Church in new splendor. Mecklenburg Church Newspaper, November 3, 1996.
  36. ^ Gustav Willgeroth : The Mecklenburg-Schwerin pastors since the Thirty Years' War. Wismar 1925.
  37. ^ Friedrich Schlie: The branch church village Ruest. 1901, pp. 376-378.
  38. Johann Clamor Buchholz: Detailed information from churches and parish matters to Mestlin and Ruest. 1785, pp. 7-20.
  39. MUB XIII. (1884) No. 7883.
  40. MUB XIII. (1884) No. 7883.
  41. MUB XX (1900) No. 11382.
  42. LHAS 3.2-3 / 1 Landeskloster / Klosteramt Dobbertin. No. 4007 Election of a priest in 1645 in Mestlin.
  43. LHAS 3.2-3 / 1 Landeskloster / Klosteramt Dobbertin. No. 4003 Carl Leopold, Duke of Mecklenburg and Pastoris Brennecke of Mestlin, 1716.
  44. LHAS 3.2-3 / 1 Landeskloster / Klosteramt Dobbertin. No. 4007 Election of a priest in 1717 in Mestlin.
  45. Johann Clamor Buchholz: From the burial places in the church to Ruest. 1784.
  46. ^ Johann Clamor Buchholz: Protocol of December 4, 1780 on the repair of the churchyard wall.
  47. ^ Johann-Georg Nehls: Ruest. About the becoming and forgetting of my home village. Chronicle 1994, p. 33.

Coordinates: 53 ° 36 ′ 54.1 ″  N , 11 ° 56 ′ 39.2 ″  E